Education takes place both formally through institutions like schools as well as informally through family discussions and lectures. Formal schooling is directed by trained teachers. The availability and accessibility of schooling varies between high, middle, and low income countries and is often shaped by cultural and social factors. For example, in many places schooling is more readily available to boys than girls. While schooling aims to promote concepts like equal opportunity, in reality access differs based on factors like income level, gender and race. Sociologists view key functions of education as socializing youth, promoting cultural innovation, integrating society, and enabling social mobility, though some argue it also serves to maintain social inequalities.

1. Education Chapter 14 pg.378-390

2. Education Is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, jobs skills, and cultural norms and values. Education also takes place in different ways: Informal family discussions Lectures Labs in large Universities

3. Schooling Formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

4. How much money can an Education earn you? Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

5. Schooling and Economic Development High-Income Countries (Canada-United Kingdom-United States) Available Formal Schooling. Available mainly to wealthy people. Especially well-off males. Greek root of schoolmeans “leisure”. Famous teachers such as Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle taught aristocratic, upper-classmen. K’ung Fu-Tzu shared wisdom with privileged few males. Low and Middle-Income Countries (China-Turkey-Bangladesh-Iran-Africa) Schooling shaped by cultural traditions. There is not much schooling available at all. School that is available tends to go to the boys and opposed to the girls.. Boys more likely to attend than girls. Only half of all children get to secondary school, and girls are less likely to attain this level of education. As a result, one third of people around the world cannot read or write.

7. Earn 10 percent of income of people in Canada.

8. Children continue to work in factories (60+ hours weekly).

9. Greatly limits chances for schooling.

10. 77 percent of children complete primary school.

11. Less than half continue to secondary education.

12. Very few enter college or university.

13. 60 percent are literate as a result.

14. Patriarchal society shapes education.

15. No investment in girls schooling.

17. Before industrialization brought mandatory education in 1872 only privileged few received schooling.

18. Early grades concentrate on transmitting Japanese traditions (obligation to family, striving to get into preschool)

19. Early teens partake in rigorous and highly competitive examinations.

20. More men and women graduate from high-school in Japan (94%) than Canada (89%) and the United States (88%)

22. In 1918, a mandatory education law was passed.

23. Children had to attend school till the age of 16 or until completion of grade 8.

24. Schooling in the United States tries to promote equal opportunity.

25. Opinion expresses cultural ideals rather than actual reality.

26. Century ago, women and blacks were excluded from higher education.

27. Even today most who attend college or university come from above-average incomes and non-whites remain under-represented. “Little Rock Nine” 1951. Scheduled to enter and desegregate the all-white Arkansas Central High School. But the Arkansas National Guard, under state orders, turn them away. On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court determined that school segregation was unconstitutional

29. Mixture of public schools, private schools and publically funded Roman Catholic Schools.

30. Throughout 20th century educational participation is influenced by gender, geographic location, and social class.

31. Turn of 20th century school attendance remained sporadic, men and women equally dropped out after grade 3. Especially rural children.

32. Despite egalitarian ideology they served to reproduce existing social class.

33. Canadian taxpayers spend an estimated $70.8 million on education. $2277 per Canadian.

35. Conditions were hardly equal between the sexes.

36. As the 20th century unfolded, women came to dominate the teaching profession.

37. Quality of instruction greatly improved.

38. Legislation passed that both sexes remain in school until mid-teens.

39. In 2001 52.6 percent of females in the working population aged 25-64 had completed post-secondary programs up from 40.8 percent in 1991.

41. Socialization: The transmission of ways of life from one generation to another. With training and advanced technology, societies rely on “teachers” to pass on this knowledge and skill set.

43. Latent Functions: Not overtly advertised, these are things like childcare for growing families. Schools also allow young adults to develop their skills and occupy themselves before heading in to the work world. As well, schools provide social networks and give young people the chance to hone their social abilities.

45. More young Canadians are attending courses at post-secondary institutions than in the last twenty years, but their is still under-representation from students of less privileged backgrounds.

46. Government funding has dropped sharply in 20 years, raising student fees 34percent by 2003.

47. Students who took out loans graduating in 1995 owed on average $11 000.

49. The Social-Conflict Approach asserts that:

50. Public education in the early 1900’s was meant to teach new immigrants to speak English and become obedient workers.

51. Standardised Aptitude tests are unfair as they reflect the dominant side of society, leaving minorities unfairly categorized. Contenders of the social-conflict approach feel that this advantage turns personal privilege in to personal merit.

53. The dropout rate for males was 1.5 times higher than females.

54. The perceived bureaucracy of the public school system had led to criticism of the administration that focuses purely on numerical standing (population, test scores, etc.)

55. The fear of student violence in our school system is growing , with one third of Canadian students alleging that violence had increased in their schools in the last 5 years (1999).