This document discusses file handling in C++. It defines a file as a collection of stored information, usually on a computer's disk. The main classes for file input/output in C++ are fstream, ifstream, and ofstream. It describes different file operations like opening, closing, reading from and writing to files. It also covers checking for the end of a file and different file opening modes. The two main types of files are text files, which are human-readable, and binary files, which store whole records at once in a non-readable format.

1. File Handling
IN C++

2. What Is File?
A file is a collection on information, usually
stored on a computer's disk. Information
can be saved to files and then later reused.

3. Flow Of Data

4. The following classes in C++
have access to file input and
output functions:
 fstream
 Ifstream
 ofstream

6. DIFFERENT FILE OPERATIONS
 OPENING A FILE
 CLOSING A FILE
 READING FROM A FILE
 WRITING ON A FILE
 CHECKING FOR END OF FILE

7. OPENING A FILE
1.By using the CONSTRUCTOR of the stream class.
ifstream transaction(“xyz.txt");
ofstream result("result.02");
2.By using the open() function of the stream class
ifstream transaction;
transaction.open(“xyz.txt");

8. File Mode Parameters
MODES MEANINGS
 ios::app Append to end-of file
 ios::ate Goto end of file on opening
 ios::binary Binary file
 ios::in Open existing file for reading
 ios::nocreate Open fails if file doesn't exist
 ios::noreplace Open fails if file already exists
 ios::out Open existing file for writing
 ios::trunc Deletes contents if it exists
The mode can combine two or more modes using bit wise or (l)

9. Checking For Successful File Opening
ifstream transaction("sale.txt");
if (transcation == NULL)
{
cout<<"unable to open sales.dly";
cin.get(); //waits for the operator to press any key
exit(l);
}

10. Closing of File
Stream name.close();
e.g., transaction.close();

11. Types of Files
 The two basic types of files are
1.Text File
&
2.Binary File

12. Text File Binary File
 When using a text file, we
write out separately each of
the pieces of data about a
given record.
 The text file will be readable
by an editor.
 for the text file we will use
the usual output
operator(<<) and will output
each of the pieces of the
record separately.
 with the text file we will read
each of the pieces of record
from the file separately,
using the usual input
operator(>>)
 When using a Binary file we
write whole record data to
the file at once.
 But the numbers in the
binary file will not be
readable in this way.
 For the binary file we will use
write to write to the file.
 With the binary file we will
use the read function to read
a whole record.

13. Prepared By:-
Jay Panchal 12202040501030
Kirtan Soni 12202040501032