Figure 9-3 shows an energy diagram for the dissolving of an ionic comp.docx
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Figure 9.3 shows an energy diagram for the dissolving of an ionic compound. Discuss what factors are going to tend to make this process more favorable-in other words would likely make the com pound more soluble. Solution Factors that increases the solubility of ionic compounds: Higher the solvent-solute interaction, higher the solubility of ionic compounds in the solvent. As polar solvent dissolve polar solute, ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvent like water. Polar solvent strongly attract the ions of the solid compound. Common ion effect decrease the solubility of the ionic compounds if the salts ion is already present in the solvent. For example CaSO?(s) ? Ca²?(aq) + SO?²?(aq) If either of Ca 2+ and SO 4 2- is already present in the solvent the solubility of CaSO4 in the solvent decrease due to common ion effect. For an endothermic reaction increase in temperature increases the solubility of the ionic compound in the solvent as predicted by Le Chatelier Principle. For an exothermic reaction increase in temperature decreases the solubility of ionic compound in the according to Le Chatelier Principle. .
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Acid base titration
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PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS I - ACID BASE TITRATIONS
MRS. SUPRIYA K. MANE
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-I
ACID BASE TITRATIONS
MODERN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, MOSHI, PUNE
The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubi.pdf
The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubility of an ionic precipitate
when a soluble compound combining one of the ions of the precipitate is added to the solution in
equilibrium with the precipitate. It states that if the concentration of any one of the ions is
increased, then, according to Le Chatelier\'s principle, the ions in excess should combine with the
oppositely charged ions. Some of the salt will be precipitated until the ionic product is equal to
the solubility of the product. In simple words, common ion effect is defined as the suppression of
the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte containing a common ion.
Many transition metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions. For
example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added,
such as when hydrochloric acid is added. This is due to the formation of soluble CuCl2 complex
ions.By pulling Ag+ ions out of this equilibrium, the equilibrium must shift to replace them as
best it can. i.e. more AgBr(s) must go into solution. The solubility of a slightly soluble salt
increases when one of its ions can be changed to a soluble complex ion.Adding the ammonia
introduces another equilibrium and we can sum the two equilibrium present.Original
EquilibriumAgBr(s) <=====> Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+][Br-]
Solution
The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubility of an ionic precipitate
when a soluble compound combining one of the ions of the precipitate is added to the solution in
equilibrium with the precipitate. It states that if the concentration of any one of the ions is
increased, then, according to Le Chatelier\'s principle, the ions in excess should combine with the
oppositely charged ions. Some of the salt will be precipitated until the ionic product is equal to
the solubility of the product. In simple words, common ion effect is defined as the suppression of
the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte containing a common ion.
Many transition metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions. For
example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added,
such as when hydrochloric acid is added. This is due to the formation of soluble CuCl2 complex
ions.By pulling Ag+ ions out of this equilibrium, the equilibrium must shift to replace them as
best it can. i.e. more AgBr(s) must go into solution. The solubility of a slightly soluble salt
increases when one of its ions can be changed to a soluble complex ion.Adding the ammonia
introduces another equilibrium and we can sum the two equilibrium present.Original
EquilibriumAgBr(s) <=====> Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+][Br-].
Solubility 1 physical pharmacy Lab
Solubility is a property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution
PHYSICAL PHARMACY Report - pH and Buffers.pptx
University of Southern Mindanao
2 BS Pharmacy A (AY: 2023-2024)
PHARM 12 - Physical Pharmacy
All About pH and Buffers This contains the topics about Acids, Bases and Buffers.
REFERENCES
7.1A: Acid-Base Theories and Concepts. (2017, June 3). Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction/7.1A%3A_Acid-Base_Theories_and_Concepts#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20primary%20theories
Applied Physical Pharmacy (2014) McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-0-07-180442-4
Abdella, S., Abid, F., Youssef, S. H., Kim, S., Afinjuomo, F., Malinga, C., Song, Y., & Garg, S. (2023). pH and its applications in targeted drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today, 28(1), 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103414
Admin. (2022, December 1). Ionization Of Water - Nature of Water, Detailed explanation of Self Ionization of Water and Pure water’s Ion. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/chemistry/ionization-of-water/
Byju’s. (2022, July 4). Is NaCl it An Acid or Base-. https://byjus.com/question-answer/is-nacl-an-acid-or-base/
Johnston, M. (2023, April 9). Hydrogen: What’s the difference between H, H2, H+, H- and OH- ? Watermatters.
https://www.watermatters.ca/blogs/articles/hydrogen-what-s-the-difference-between-h-h2-h-h-and-oh
Libretexts. (2023, July 18). 14.2: Ionization of Water. Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.02%3A_Ionization_of_Water
Niederquell, A., Stoyanov, E. V., & Kuentz, M. (2023). Physiological buffer effects in drug supersaturation - A mechanistic study of hydroxypropyl cellulose as precipitation inhibitor. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 112(7), 1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.013
pH of Salts in Water | Department of Chemistry | University of Washington. (n.d.). https://chem.washington.edu/lecture-demos/ph-salts-water#:~:text=Since%20this%20reaction%20produces%20OH,sodium%20acetate%20solution%20is%20basic.
Based on differences in electronegativity- how would you characterize.docx
Based on differences in electronegativity, how would you characterize the bonding in sulfur dioxide, SO2?
Essay answers are limited to about 500 words (3800 characters maximum, including spaces).
3800 Character(s) remaining
Solution
The atom with less electronegative is central atom and the atoms with more electronegtive are terminal atoms.
So, Sulphur with less electronegative is central atom and Oxygens are terminal atoms.
S ( Z = 16 ) 1st excited state electronic configuration is,
1s2 s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 3d1
S in its first exicted state undergoes sp2 hybirdisation due ot which it has 1 paired sp2 hybrid orbital and 2 unpaired sp2 hybrid orbitals. And also S has one p and one d orbital with unpaired electrons.
O (Z = 8) E.C is 1s2 2s2 2p4
Each O has two unpaired electrons in its valence shell.
The each sp2 unpaired hybrid orbital of S overlaps with one of the unpaired p - orbital ofeach oxygen along the internuclear axis to form single S - O sigma bond with each Oxygen.
The reamining unpaired pure p-orbitals of S overlaps with unpaired p - orbital of each oxygen perpendicular to the internuclear axis to form one pi bonds with each oxygen.
Still S ia remained with one lone pair of electons.
Due to this SO 2 is in bent shape and has the bond angle < 120 0
.
Balance the redox reaction by inserting the appropriate coefficients-.docx
Balance the redox reaction by inserting the appropriate coefficients. redox reaction: | Fe3+ + NO + H2O- Fe2+ + H+ + No;
Solution
Fe in Fe+3 has oxidation state of +3
Fe in Fe+2 has oxidation state of +2
So, Fe in Fe+3 is reduced to Fe+2
N in NO2- has oxidation state of +3
N in NO3- has oxidation state of +5
So, N in NO2- is oxidised to NO3-
Reduction half cell:
Fe+3 + 1e- --> Fe+2
Oxidation half cell:
NO2- --> NO3- + 2e-
Balance number of electrons to be same in both half reactions
Reduction half cell:
2 Fe+3 + 2e- --> 2 Fe+2
Oxidation half cell:
NO2- --> NO3- + 2e-
Lets combine both the reactions.
2 Fe+3 + NO2- --> 2 Fe+2 + NO3-
Balance Oxygen by adding water
2 Fe+3 + NO2- + H2O --> 2 Fe+2 + NO3-
Balance Hydrogen by adding H+
2 Fe+3 + NO2- + H2O --> 2 Fe+2 + NO3- + 2 H+
This is balanced chemical equation in acidic medium
Answer:
2 Fe 3+ + NO 2 - + H 2 O —> 2 Fe 2+ + 2 H + + NO 3 -
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Similar to Figure 9-3 shows an energy diagram for the dissolving of an ionic comp.docx
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS I - ACID BASE TITRATIONS
MRS. SUPRIYA K. MANE
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-I
ACID BASE TITRATIONS
MODERN COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, MOSHI, PUNE
The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubi.pdf
The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubility of an ionic precipitate
when a soluble compound combining one of the ions of the precipitate is added to the solution in
equilibrium with the precipitate. It states that if the concentration of any one of the ions is
increased, then, according to Le Chatelier\'s principle, the ions in excess should combine with the
oppositely charged ions. Some of the salt will be precipitated until the ionic product is equal to
the solubility of the product. In simple words, common ion effect is defined as the suppression of
the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte containing a common ion.
Many transition metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions. For
example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added,
such as when hydrochloric acid is added. This is due to the formation of soluble CuCl2 complex
ions.By pulling Ag+ ions out of this equilibrium, the equilibrium must shift to replace them as
best it can. i.e. more AgBr(s) must go into solution. The solubility of a slightly soluble salt
increases when one of its ions can be changed to a soluble complex ion.Adding the ammonia
introduces another equilibrium and we can sum the two equilibrium present.Original
EquilibriumAgBr(s) <=====> Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+][Br-]
Solution
The common ion effect is responsible for the reduction in the solubility of an ionic precipitate
when a soluble compound combining one of the ions of the precipitate is added to the solution in
equilibrium with the precipitate. It states that if the concentration of any one of the ions is
increased, then, according to Le Chatelier\'s principle, the ions in excess should combine with the
oppositely charged ions. Some of the salt will be precipitated until the ionic product is equal to
the solubility of the product. In simple words, common ion effect is defined as the suppression of
the degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte containing a common ion.
Many transition metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions. For
example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added,
such as when hydrochloric acid is added. This is due to the formation of soluble CuCl2 complex
ions.By pulling Ag+ ions out of this equilibrium, the equilibrium must shift to replace them as
best it can. i.e. more AgBr(s) must go into solution. The solubility of a slightly soluble salt
increases when one of its ions can be changed to a soluble complex ion.Adding the ammonia
introduces another equilibrium and we can sum the two equilibrium present.Original
EquilibriumAgBr(s) <=====> Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) Ksp = [Ag+][Br-].
Solubility 1 physical pharmacy Lab
Solubility is a property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution
PHYSICAL PHARMACY Report - pH and Buffers.pptx
University of Southern Mindanao
2 BS Pharmacy A (AY: 2023-2024)
PHARM 12 - Physical Pharmacy
All About pH and Buffers This contains the topics about Acids, Bases and Buffers.
REFERENCES
7.1A: Acid-Base Theories and Concepts. (2017, June 3). Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Inorganic_Chemistry_(Housecroft)/07%3A_Acids_bases_and_ions_in_aqueous_solution/7.01%3A_Introduction/7.1A%3A_Acid-Base_Theories_and_Concepts#:~:text=There%20are%20three%20primary%20theories
Applied Physical Pharmacy (2014) McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-0-07-180442-4
Abdella, S., Abid, F., Youssef, S. H., Kim, S., Afinjuomo, F., Malinga, C., Song, Y., & Garg, S. (2023). pH and its applications in targeted drug delivery. Drug Discovery Today, 28(1), 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103414
Admin. (2022, December 1). Ionization Of Water - Nature of Water, Detailed explanation of Self Ionization of Water and Pure water’s Ion. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/chemistry/ionization-of-water/
Byju’s. (2022, July 4). Is NaCl it An Acid or Base-. https://byjus.com/question-answer/is-nacl-an-acid-or-base/
Johnston, M. (2023, April 9). Hydrogen: What’s the difference between H, H2, H+, H- and OH- ? Watermatters.
https://www.watermatters.ca/blogs/articles/hydrogen-what-s-the-difference-between-h-h2-h-h-and-oh
Libretexts. (2023, July 18). 14.2: Ionization of Water. Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/ChemPRIME_(Moore_et_al.)/14%3A_Ionic_Equilibria_in_Aqueous_Solutions/14.02%3A_Ionization_of_Water
Niederquell, A., Stoyanov, E. V., & Kuentz, M. (2023). Physiological buffer effects in drug supersaturation - A mechanistic study of hydroxypropyl cellulose as precipitation inhibitor. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 112(7), 1897–1907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.013
pH of Salts in Water | Department of Chemistry | University of Washington. (n.d.). https://chem.washington.edu/lecture-demos/ph-salts-water#:~:text=Since%20this%20reaction%20produces%20OH,sodium%20acetate%20solution%20is%20basic.
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Based on differences in electronegativity- how would you characterize.docx
Based on differences in electronegativity, how would you characterize the bonding in sulfur dioxide, SO2?
Essay answers are limited to about 500 words (3800 characters maximum, including spaces).
3800 Character(s) remaining
Solution
The atom with less electronegative is central atom and the atoms with more electronegtive are terminal atoms.
So, Sulphur with less electronegative is central atom and Oxygens are terminal atoms.
S ( Z = 16 ) 1st excited state electronic configuration is,
1s2 s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 3d1
S in its first exicted state undergoes sp2 hybirdisation due ot which it has 1 paired sp2 hybrid orbital and 2 unpaired sp2 hybrid orbitals. And also S has one p and one d orbital with unpaired electrons.
O (Z = 8) E.C is 1s2 2s2 2p4
Each O has two unpaired electrons in its valence shell.
The each sp2 unpaired hybrid orbital of S overlaps with one of the unpaired p - orbital ofeach oxygen along the internuclear axis to form single S - O sigma bond with each Oxygen.
The reamining unpaired pure p-orbitals of S overlaps with unpaired p - orbital of each oxygen perpendicular to the internuclear axis to form one pi bonds with each oxygen.
Still S ia remained with one lone pair of electons.
Due to this SO 2 is in bent shape and has the bond angle < 120 0
.
Balance the redox reaction by inserting the appropriate coefficients-.docx
Balance the redox reaction by inserting the appropriate coefficients. redox reaction: | Fe3+ + NO + H2O- Fe2+ + H+ + No;
Solution
Fe in Fe+3 has oxidation state of +3
Fe in Fe+2 has oxidation state of +2
So, Fe in Fe+3 is reduced to Fe+2
N in NO2- has oxidation state of +3
N in NO3- has oxidation state of +5
So, N in NO2- is oxidised to NO3-
Reduction half cell:
Fe+3 + 1e- --> Fe+2
Oxidation half cell:
NO2- --> NO3- + 2e-
Balance number of electrons to be same in both half reactions
Reduction half cell:
2 Fe+3 + 2e- --> 2 Fe+2
Oxidation half cell:
NO2- --> NO3- + 2e-
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2 Fe+3 + NO2- --> 2 Fe+2 + NO3-
Balance Oxygen by adding water
2 Fe+3 + NO2- + H2O --> 2 Fe+2 + NO3-
Balance Hydrogen by adding H+
2 Fe+3 + NO2- + H2O --> 2 Fe+2 + NO3- + 2 H+
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Answer:
2 Fe 3+ + NO 2 - + H 2 O —> 2 Fe 2+ + 2 H + + NO 3 -
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Answer:-
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Answer 2:
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Basic EPS = (220000 - 54000)/42000 = $3.95
.
File- LineScrabbleDriver-java -U 4- in-Desktop-Guess this is the death.docx
File: LineScrabbleDriver.java /U 4/ in/Desktop/Guess this is the death of me-GRASP CSD uava. 87% )- 12:19 Q Project Settings Tools Window Help import java.util.Scanner: import java.io.* public class LineScrabbleDriver public static void main(String argsl]) try string fileName; Scanner scan new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println(\"Enter a file name please fileName = scan. nextLine(); Linescrabble anew Linescrabble(fileName) a.readLines) a.doLine(); e.consequence) catch (IOException e) System.out.println( \"Please enter a file name whose file has strings.\" Echo.java LineScrabbleDriver.java LineScrabble.java GRASP Messages | Runl/O | Interactions LineScrabbleDriver . java: 14: doLine( java . 1ang.String) intineserabble cannotbe applied to a dolineOi l error Compile Messages Stop Clear Copy Line:15 Col:1 Code:97 Top:1
Solution
In your LineScrabble.java
instead of public void doLine(String c)
replace with public void processLine(String c)
then it will execute successfully
.
Fill out the following table for four different IT systems- Note two.docx
Fill out the following table for four different IT systems.
·       Note two enterprise systems they connect with and their connection type.
·       Note two security vulnerabilities the connection may have and two to four ways each vulnerability could be potentially exploited.
Additional Comments:
An example row has been entered into the table in blue. This is only an example and should not limit what you do.
Keep in mind that enterprise systems cover a certain task in the enterprise (HR, CRM, Identity Management, etc.). They are not the components of a system (such as servers).
Connections can often be a direct connection/pipe, a file, a common database, or something else.
The vulnerability is what would make the connection vulnerable to an attack.
The related risk is an attack that could target the weakness.
Solution
When securing the modern enterprise, consider that IT systems do not operate alone. Securing them involves securing their interfaces with other systems as well. It is important to know the different interconnections each system may have.two security vulnerabilities the system may have and 2 to 4 ways each vulnerability could be potentially exploited. IT System Target System Connection Type Possible Security.
Vulnerability Related Risk
1. WMOS
2. WCS
3. network(database)
4.Incorrect accessibility
5.System Failures
6. Users accessing items not allowed
7.Users not having access to needed items
8.Loss of data and reboot time
9.Downtime of production
A first step to developing an enterprise security plan is to identify the specific vulnerabilities and related risks facing an organization. This list should be fairly exhaustive. Many vulnerability and threat pairs will not make the final cut for remediation, but an organization can only properly prioritize these if it has fully covered all of the risks.
.
FakeArrayList first - new FakeArrayl_ist(3)- first-set(2- 7-1)- first-.docx
FakeArrayList first = new FakeArrayl_ist(3); first.set(2, 7.1); first.set(l, 4.9); FakeArrayList second = new FakeArrayList(5); second.set(0, 9.1); second.set(1, 8.4);
Solution
class main_stack_frame
{ int identifier;
int address;
float contents;
public:
void set(int id,float cont)
{identifier=id;
contents=cont;
address=address;
}
}
class heap extends main_stack_frame
{ int identifier1;
int address1;
float contents1;
public:
void set(int id1,float cont1)
{identifier1=id1;
contents1=cont1;
address1=address1;
}
}
class test
{ public static void main(String args[])
main_stack_frame first= new main_stack_frame(3); // object of stack_frame class
heap second = new heap(5);// object of heap class
first.set(2,7.1);// calling set function of main_stack_frame
first.set(1,4.9)
second.set(0,9.1);// invoking set methd of heap class
second.set(1,8.4);
}
}
.
Explain why workplace spirituality seems to be an important concern-So.docx
Explain why workplace spirituality seems to be an important concern.
Solution
A culture that is most likely to shape high ethical standards is high in risk tolerance, low to moderate in aggressiveness, and focuses on means as well as outcomes. An innovative culture is characterized by the following: challenge and involvement, freedom, trust and openness, idea time, playfulness/humor, conflict resolution, debates, and risk-taking. A customer-responsive culture has six characteristics: employees who are outgoing and friendly; few rigid rules, procedures, and regulations; widespread use of empowerment; clear roles and expectations; and employees who are conscientious in their desire to please the customer.
Workplace spirituality is important for the following reasons: employees are looking for ways to counterbalance the stresses and pressures of a turbulent pace of life; people are looking for involvement and connection that they often don
.
Explanation of the similarities and differences between the Income Sta.docx
Explanation of the similarities and differences between the Income Statement and
Operating Activities section of the Statement of Cash Flows
a. What type of information is each statement conveying? Be specific and provide at least
two examples.
Solution
Cash flow from operating activities is a section of the cash flow statement that provides information regarding the cash-generating abilities of a company\'s core activities.
Example:
Cash flow from operating activities is generally calculated according to the following formula:
Cash Flow from Operating Activities = Net income + Noncash Expenses + Changes in Working Capital
The noncash expenses are usually the depreciation and/or amortization expenses listed on the firm\'sincome statement.
A statement of cash flows typically breaks out a company\'s cash sources and uses for the period into three categories: cash flows from operations, cash flows from investing activities, and cash flows from financing activities. Cash flows from operations primarily measures the cash-generating abilities of the company\'s core operations rather than from its ability to raise capital or purchase assets
The income statement is one of the three primary financial statements used to assess a company
.
Explain why Windows- Linux- and Solaris implement multiple locking mec.docx
Explain why Windows, Linux, and Solaris implement multiple locking mechanisms.
Describe the circumstances under which they use spin-locks, mutex locks, semaphores, adaptive mutex locks, and condition variables.
In each case, explain why the mechanism is needed.
I have already posted this question once before and there is an answer on the internet for this question. Please do not post that paragraph I need something a little more in depth then that. I am just wondering what Windows Linux and Solaris use do they use all these ( spin-locks, mutex locks, semaphores, adaptive mutex locks, and condition variables. ) or not and what is their purpse in each operating system.
Thank you so much for your time I really appreciate it.
Solution
In various operating systems windows, linux or solaris, we have multiprogramming as well as multiprocessing. Here we are doing multiple things at a same time. Here we have various threads working simultaniously to perfrom the task. We have a multiple threads working on a shared memory. So its improtant to maintain the data atomicity, which says if some one is working on any memory address then no other access it.
To achive it, we comes up with the multiple locking mechanisms. Various types of locks are being used on the bases of the requirement. But the main purpose of all the locks are same, which says that if one thread is working on any memory location then, first it will take a lock on the location, then perform its task and after that it will release the lock, so that other thread can access it.
.
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