This document outlines alternatives for controlling field bindweed, a pernicious weed. It discusses cultural controls like preventing the spread of bindweed seeds and parts between fields. Physical controls include using black plastic mulch or fabric barriers. Crop rotations and cover crops can also help suppress bindweed by providing shade or competing for resources. Specific crop rotations and sequences involving forage sorghum, sunflowers, pumpkins, and alfalfa are highlighted. The document also describes a 5-year non-chemical strategy combining mechanical tillage and cropping.
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Presentation by Jim Shrefler for the July 2013 Horticulture Workshop for the Oklahoma Beginning Farmer and Rancher Program. Held at the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture in Poteau, OK.
Presenter: Norman Uphoff
The Cornell Agroforestry Working Group/ The Management of Organic Inputs in Soils of the Tropics Group (CAWG/MOIST) Seminar Series 2003, USA
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long lived species, is flawed. Seed mixes, both for
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Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
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Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
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People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
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Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. CROP ROTATIONS AND COVER CROPS
Rotations that include tall, shade-producing crops can reduce
bindweed problems, since the weed is not very competitive
under shady conditions. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are
excellent competitors with bindweed, especially when they are
solid-seeded in narrow rows. Sunflowers planted at 40,000 plants
per acre can also be a good competitor.
Some northern organic vegetable growers report good results
from a sequence of green-manure crops. One such sequence
Photo by Doug Wilson, USDA NRCS
starts with fall-planted rye and vetch. Then the cover crop is
Growing disked down in late spring, and the field is replanted to buckwheat or oats with
alfalfa has peas. Later in the summer, the field is disked and replanted to buckwheat again. In
been shown to the fall, rye and vetch are planted again for over wintering. The following spring,
greatly reduce this field will be well suited to organic vegetable production. This sequence is
or eliminate used to control many perennial weeds, including bindweed. In southern states,
bindweed. a summer cover crop of forage sorghum or sudangrass could be substituted for
buckwheat or oat-pea mixtures.
In 1985, The New Farm magazine featured a farmer in Fort Collins, Colorado, who
used pumpkins and banana squash as a cheap bindweed “herbicide.”(Mattingly,
1985) The farmer, John Mattingly, allowed the bindweed to germinate in spring
then tilled the field. In June he planted pumpkins. He fertilized with liquid ni-
trogen injected through the irrigation water, which stimulated the pumpkins’ leaf
and vine growth. Within a few weeks, the bindweeds were shaded and strangled
by the pumpkins so badly that they produced no seed. After pumpkin harvest,
he disked down the pumpkin vines. Mattingly suspects that there is a chemical
in the pumpkin vines that discourages bindweed, because he’s had no bindweed
in his pumpkin field for nine years.(Mattingly, 1985) He finds uses for his pump-
kins, including Halloween sales and feeding them to his cattle and hogs. He says
pumpkins have twice as much crude protein as corn.
Growing alfalfa has been shown to greatly reduce or eliminate bindweed.(Cox,
1909) The frequent cutting for hay and the smothering effect of the crop puts
bindweed at a disadvantage. Hay cutting works like mowing and tillage to reduce
top growth. Once cut, the alfalfa grows faster than bindweed and shades it out.
Two or three years of alfalfa in the crop rotation will greatly reduce bindweed in
a following corn crop.(Cox, 1909)
COMBINING MECHANICAL AND CROPPING STRATEGIES
Fred Kirschenmann writes about a five-year non-chemical strategy developed at
South Dakota State University that makes it pretty difficult for any bindweed to
survive.(Kirschenmann, 1992) The overall tillage system used in this five-year plan
starts by tilling in bindweed at the bloom stage, when bindweed has most of its
energy stored in the above-ground portion rather than the roots.
The first year of the rotation begins with seeding the infested field to sweet clover
with an oat nurse crop. The oats are harvested at maturity, and the sweet clover
is allowed to grow until the following spring.
PAGE 2 //FIELD BINDWEED CONTROL ALTERNATIVES
3. Year two starts by tilling the sweetclover into the top 3 to 4 inches
with a heavy disc. Generally, within three weeks bindweed
will start coming back, along with some of the clover. Then a
sweep plow or under cutter is used to kill this regrowth. The
sweep plow’s advantage is that it cuts the bindweed roots off
underground, will not drag plant roots to other parts of the field,
and it leaves a mulch of dead plants on the field. Kirschenmann
continues using the sweep plow on bindweed spots throughout
the bindweed’s bloom stage. The sweep plow can be run at a
3-inch depth during these later stages.
The third year, he plants an aggressive early spring crop such as spring wheat. Sunflowers
Following wheat harvest, Kirschenmann chisel plows the field to encourage the planted at
bindweed to regrow. After bindweed regrows, he runs the sweep plow through 40,000 plants
the field. per acre
can be good
In year four, he tills as soon as the fields are dry enough to get bindweed to grow,
competitors
and he runs the sweep plow when the bindweed reaches bloom stage. By mid-
June a buckwheat crop is planted. The sweep plow can be run again just prior to
against
buckwheat planting, if necessary, to take out the final bindweed plants. The fast- bindweed.
growing buckwheat smothers any remaining bindweed. Following buckwheat
harvest, Kirschenmann runs the sweep plow again then plants a rye cover crop.
In the fifth year, following rye harvest, he chisel plowed the field again to cause
any remaining bindweed to regrow. Around mid-October the sweep plow is run
one last time.
LEAST-TOXIC HERBICIDES
There are several new herbicides made from natural substances such as acetic
acid, clove oil, thyme oil, and soap, some of which can be used in certified organic
production. These are discussed below. Before using one of these herbicides,
make sure it is approved under the National Organic Program by first checking
with your certifying agency.
Several acetic acid (vinegar) based herbicides have been developed for non-se-
lective post-emergent use, including St. Gabriel Labs’ BurnOut Weed and Grass
Killer concentrate, Nature’s Glory Weed and Grass Killer concentrate, Greenergy’s
Blackberry and Brush Block, Alldown Green Chemistry Herbicide, and Ground
Force from Abby Labs. These may come in handy as a spot spray in combination
with cultural controls. Acetic acid herbicides work best when used in the sun.
All of these, except Blackberry and Brush Block, are effective at burning down top
growth but will not kill the roots. Blackberry and Brush Block is designed to kill
the roots; it is applied as a soil drench. It is made of concentrated vinegar, and
the soil will have to be limed after treatment to restore the pH before plants can
grow on the site again. Reapplication is typically necessary for sustained control.
A word of caution, however; vinegar in concentrations greater than 5% acetic
acid may be hazardous—causing burns on the skin or eye damage—and should
be handled with care. When applying acetic-acid herbicides, it is wise to wear a
mask to avoid inhalation, and gloves to prevent skin contact. Acetic acid can also
erode some sprayer parts.
//FIELD BINDWEED CONTROL ALTERNATIVES PAGE 3
4. Nature’s Glory Weed and Grass Killer RTU and Fast Acting BurnOut RTU are
registered with EPA. Greenergy’s Blackberry and Brush Block and Alldown Green
Chemistry herbicide have a 25(b) “minimum risk pesticide” exempt status with
EPA so do not have EPA registration numbers. The Greenergy product label lists
acetic acid as an inert ingredient and citric acid (at 7% concentration) as the active
ingredient. If an herbicide has an EPA registration number, it has been approved
for sale “at the Federal level,” however, companies must still register their products
with the individual states to sell them there.
Acetic-acid herbicides are an expensive treatment for large areas, and thus are
much better suited for spot spraying. Approximate cost for broadcast application
of these vinegar herbicides ranges from about $70 per acre to more than $800 per
acre. These products are available at some yard and garden outlets. I found them
for sale on several Web sites by using a typical search engine like Google.com.
Matran II is a non-selective post emergent for use on annual grasses and broadleaf
weeds. It contains 34% clove oil and is best used on young weeds less than 2 inches
high. It can be mixed with vinegar. Xpress herbicide, containing clove and thyme
oils, is also a non-selective herbicide for burn-down of a large number of weed
species. It’s typically used for general broadleaf and annual grass control before
or after planting vegetables, grains, legumes, fruit or nut trees, berry bushes, and
grape vines.
Depending on how bad the infestation is, it may be worth considering spot-spray-
ing the bindweed with a systemic herbicide such as Roundup, or another glypho-
sate formulation, if you are not certified organic. A systemic herbicide kills the
whole plant, including the roots. Some other least-toxic herbicides to consider
in non-organic production would be Finale (glufosinate-ammonium) and Scythe
(pelargoic acid). Scythe, made by Mycogen Corporation, is a contact, non-selective,
broad-spectrum, foliar-applied herbicide. Less control is typically seen on mature,
inactive, or biennial and perennial weeds using Scythe. It has no root activity or
residual effect but kills only top growth. Finale is promoted as an environmentally
safe herbicide used as a burn-down spray. It has very low toxicity, and once ap-
plied, it breaks down into natural compounds such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
and water. It has no root activity.
Possible least-toxic herbicide choices for bindweed control.
Herbicide Organic Allowed?
BurnOut Weed and Grass Killer Yes/NOP ingredients
Nature’s Glory Weed and Grass Killer Unknown
Greenergy’s Blackberry and Brush Block Unknown
Alldown Green Chemistry Herbicide Yes/OMRI listed
Ground Force Yes/OMRI listed
Matran II Yes/ USDA Organic
Xpress Yes/NOP ingredients
Glyphosate (Roundup et al) No
Finale No
Scythe No
PAGE 4 //FIELD BINDWEED CONTROL ALTERNATIVES
5. REFERENCES
Anon. 2001. You can conquer field bindweed. Growing for Market. June.
p. 10-11.
Cox, H.R. 1909. The Eradication of Bindweed or Wild Morning Glory. USDA
Farmers’ Bulletin 386. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 19 p.
Kirschenmann, F. 1992. Eradicating field bindweed; tillage, rotation knock out
weed. Northern Plains Sustainable Agriculture Society Newsletter. January.
p. 5.
Mattingly, John C. 1985. This feed kills weeds. The New Farm. September-Oc-
tober. p. 35.
Stahlman, P.W. 1984. Field Bindweed: Prevention and Control. North Central
Regional Extension Publication 206. Kansas State University. June. 8 p.
FURTHER RESOURCES
Leininger, Wayne C. 1988. Non-chemical Alternatives for Managing Selected Plant
Species in the Western United States. Colorado State University Cooperative Exten-
sion and U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 20-23.
Weaver, Susan. 2001. Field Bindweed. Ontario’s Ministry of Agriculture and Food.
Fact sheet. Agdex No. 640. 4 p. On-line at www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/
crops/facts/01-007.htm.
Zollinger, Richard K., and Rodney G. Lynn. 2000. Identification and Control of
Field Bindweed. North Dakota State University Extension Service. W-802. 10 p.
On-line at www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/weeds/w802w.htm.
SUPPLIERS LIST
St. Gabriel Laboratories Greenergy, Inc.
800-801-0061 P.O. Box 6669
www.milkyspore.com/index2.htm Brookings, OR 97415
Greenergy@Earthlink.net
SommerSet Products, Inc.
4817 Normandale Highlands Dr. DeWitt Company
Bloomington, MN 55437 905 S. Kingshighway
952-820-0363 Sikeston, MO 63801
www.sumrset.com 573-472-02048
800-888-9669
Nature’s Glory www.dewittcompany.com
866-298-2229
http://naturesglory.intrnear.com/US/
//FIELD BINDWEED CONTROL ALTERNATIVES PAGE 5