Fetal Syndromes: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes
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Fetal syndromes are the #1 cause of infant death in US infants with greater than 800000 pregnancies/year affected by one of 4000 known fetal syndromes.
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3 pregnancy monitoring
1. Prenatal care involves monitoring a pregnancy through regular checkups to assess the health of the mother and fetus, identify potential risks, and help ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome.
2. Initial visits involve taking a medical history, conducting physical exams of the mother and fetus, and performing various tests. Subsequent visits focus on monitoring weight, blood pressure, fetal growth and heart rate.
3. Potential complications are identified through ultrasound exams, blood tests, and biophysical profiles to monitor fetal well-being and detect any issues that may require intervention.
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This document provides information on prenatal care, including definitions of common terms, how to diagnose and date a pregnancy, components of routine prenatal care visits, nutritional counseling recommendations, and recommended dietary allowances during pregnancy. Key points covered include determining parity, diagnosing pregnancy through presumptive, probable and positive signs and tests, estimating gestational age using various methods, components of initial and subsequent prenatal visits, weight gain recommendations, nutrition guidelines, and dietary allowances for vitamins, minerals, protein and calories during pregnancy.
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This document provides information for neonatologists on caring for newborns. It discusses the tasks of neonatologists, including informing parents and preparing for interventions if prenatal conditions are diagnosed. It also covers terminology related to newborns, the equipment and procedures needed for resuscitation of newborns in the labor ward, and assessing newborns using the APGAR scoring system. The document also summarizes potential problems that may require treatment or transfer to intensive care for newborns.
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The document provides information about homework help resources and a case study on abruptio placentae (placental abruption). It includes an introduction to abruptio placentae, objectives of studying the case, patient profile, assessments of the patient's health history and tests, anatomy and pathophysiology of the condition, and a nursing care plan. The case study aims to increase understanding of abruptio placentae, including diagnosing and treating the condition, administering appropriate drugs and transfusions, and formulating a nursing care plan.
Multiple pregnancy
Multiple pregnancies can involve twins, triplets or more. Twin pregnancies are the most common type and can be either dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). Risk factors include advanced maternal age, fertility treatments and genetic factors. Complications of twin pregnancies include preterm birth and low birth weight. Specific complications include twin-twin transfusion syndrome and discordant growth. Care involves monitoring for complications and intervening if needed to improve outcomes for both fetuses.
Doppler in IUGR
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Placenta Previa:Placental Abruption
This document discusses placenta previa and placental abruption. It defines placenta previa as abnormal implantation of the placenta near or over the cervical os. Risk factors include prior c-sections and advanced maternal age. Clinical manifestations include painless vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is made using ultrasound. Management may include observation, bed rest, or cesarean delivery depending on severity. Placental abruption is premature separation of the placenta and risks include hypertension and cocaine use. It causes vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Outcomes can include hemorrhage, preterm birth, or stillbirth.
Multifetal pregnancy (Twins Pregnancy)
This document discusses multiple pregnancy, including twins and higher order multiples. It covers the incidence, risks, types (dizygotic/monozygotic), complications, diagnosis and management of twin pregnancies. Key points include:
- Twins account for a significant percentage of preterm births and low birthweight infants.
- Determining chorionicity and zygosity is important for risk assessment and management.
- Monochorionic twins carry risks of complications like twin-twin transfusion syndrome requiring specialized care.
- Complications include preterm birth, growth discordance, fetal demise of one twin, and others. Careful monitoring and possible interventions may be needed.
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3 pregnancy monitoring
1. Prenatal care involves monitoring a pregnancy through regular checkups to assess the health of the mother and fetus, identify potential risks, and help ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome.
2. Initial visits involve taking a medical history, conducting physical exams of the mother and fetus, and performing various tests. Subsequent visits focus on monitoring weight, blood pressure, fetal growth and heart rate.
3. Potential complications are identified through ultrasound exams, blood tests, and biophysical profiles to monitor fetal well-being and detect any issues that may require intervention.
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Multiple pregnancy
Multiple pregnancies can involve twins, triplets or more. Twin pregnancies are the most common type and can be either dizygotic (fraternal) or monozygotic (identical). Risk factors include advanced maternal age, fertility treatments and genetic factors. Complications of twin pregnancies include preterm birth and low birth weight. Specific complications include twin-twin transfusion syndrome and discordant growth. Care involves monitoring for complications and intervening if needed to improve outcomes for both fetuses.
Doppler in IUGR
The document discusses Doppler ultrasound findings for a 25-year-old pregnant female with uncontrolled hypertension. Key findings include oligohydramnios, elevated head circumference to abdominal circumference ratio, and abnormal Doppler readings of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, and ductus venosus indicating fetal hypoxia and intrauterine growth restriction. The summary provides an overview of the patient details and significant ultrasound findings reported in the document.
Placenta Previa:Placental Abruption
This document discusses placenta previa and placental abruption. It defines placenta previa as abnormal implantation of the placenta near or over the cervical os. Risk factors include prior c-sections and advanced maternal age. Clinical manifestations include painless vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is made using ultrasound. Management may include observation, bed rest, or cesarean delivery depending on severity. Placental abruption is premature separation of the placenta and risks include hypertension and cocaine use. It causes vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Outcomes can include hemorrhage, preterm birth, or stillbirth.
Multifetal pregnancy (Twins Pregnancy)
This document discusses multiple pregnancy, including twins and higher order multiples. It covers the incidence, risks, types (dizygotic/monozygotic), complications, diagnosis and management of twin pregnancies. Key points include:
- Twins account for a significant percentage of preterm births and low birthweight infants.
- Determining chorionicity and zygosity is important for risk assessment and management.
- Monochorionic twins carry risks of complications like twin-twin transfusion syndrome requiring specialized care.
- Complications include preterm birth, growth discordance, fetal demise of one twin, and others. Careful monitoring and possible interventions may be needed.
early pregnancy complications
This document discusses early pregnancy complications including miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and molar pregnancy. It defines each condition and describes their causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Miscarriage is defined as expulsion of pregnancy tissue before 22 weeks gestation and can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, or complete. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when implantation occurs outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Molar pregnancy results from abnormal fertilization and can be complete or partial hydatiform moles, or develop into choriocarcinoma. The document provides details on evaluating and treating each complication.
Screening of high risk pregnancy
Screening and assessment of high-risk pregnancies involves identifying women at increased risk of complications through non-invasive tests like ultrasounds, NSTs and CSTs. Diagnostic tests then establish or rule out conditions and include invasive procedures like amniocentesis and cord blood sampling. Ultrasounds provide fetal images and assess growth while NSTs and CSTs monitor the fetal heart rate during rest and contractions. Amniocentesis analyzes amniotic fluid for genetic disorders while cord blood sampling draws fetal blood for similar tests when earlier methods were inconclusive. Both invasive procedures have a risk of miscarriage but can diagnose many conditions affecting the developing baby.
Amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluid maintain the perfect homeostasis between mother and fetus. It protect both mother and fetus from various complications. Details is enclosed in presentation.
Chorionic villus sampling
This document provides information about chorionic villus sampling (CVS), a prenatal screening test performed between 10-12 weeks of pregnancy. CVS involves removing a small sample of chorionic villi from the placenta to test for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus. It can detect conditions like Down syndrome earlier than amniocentesis. The document describes the CVS procedure, its indications for use, potential results, risks, and contraindications.
Bleeding in early & late pregnancy
Vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy can be caused by placenta previa, placental abruption, ruptured vasa previa, or uterine scar disruption. It is important to determine the diagnosis as treatment depends on the underlying cause. A history, physical exam, ultrasound, and labs can help identify conditions like placenta previa or abruption. Placenta previa is treated expectantly if no active bleeding, while abruption may require delivery depending on grade. Ruptured vasa previa and uterine rupture require emergent delivery.
Normal labor
This document provides an overview of normal labor, including:
1. It defines labor and the three stages of labor, and discusses mechanisms and signs of labor onset.
2. Intrapartum monitoring of both mother and fetus is described, including vital signs, fetal heart rate monitoring, and use of the partogram.
3. Management of the three stages of labor is outlined, including pain relief, monitoring, second stage delivery techniques, and third stage placental delivery.
Obstetric terminology
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur in the maternal body during pregnancy. It covers changes in the respiratory, cardiovascular and circulatory systems. Respiration rate increases leading to higher minute ventilation to support gas exchange. Cardiac output increases significantly due to rises in both heart rate and stroke volume. Blood volume expands substantially to support increased organ perfusion and uterine blood flow.
amniotic fluid normal and abnormal
A description of amniotic fluid abnormalities and effects of excess and reduced liquor. The diagnosis and management principals.
Gyula Richard Nagy: Genetic counseling
This document discusses genetic counseling in obstetric care. It describes the historical stages of obstetric care including avoiding maternal death, infant mortality, and preventing birth defects. Genetic counseling involves communicating the risk of genetic disorders recurring within a family based on their medical and family history. During counseling, the disease is discussed, its severity and prognosis, how it is inherited to determine recurrence risk, and options for prevention like prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis aims to provide unaffected children for high-risk families and prevent birth of seriously defective fetuses. Termination of pregnancy may be permitted under certain medical conditions and risk levels.
abruptio placenta
This document presents information on abruption placenta from a nursing college presentation. It defines abruption placenta as premature separation of a normally situated placenta after 28 weeks of gestation. It discusses the incidence, risk factors like maternal age and hypertension, signs and symptoms like vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, diagnosis using ultrasound and coagulation tests, and management including fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and sometimes c-section. Nursing care focuses on monitoring maternal and fetal vital signs and blood loss, providing comfort, and watching for complications of abruption placenta like shock.
Aph
Antepartum haemorrhage is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy. The main causes are placental bleeding (70%), unexplained bleeding (25%), and extraplacental bleeding (5%). Placenta praevia, where the placenta implants over the lower uterine segment, is a common cause and accounts for 35% of cases. It can be diagnosed using ultrasound and risks include preterm birth, fetal distress, postpartum hemorrhage, and increased need for operative delivery. Management involves bed rest, monitoring for bleeding and fetal wellbeing, blood transfusions if needed, and potential early delivery by caesarean section.
Bleeding in late px
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) refers to bleeding from the genital tract between 28 weeks of gestation until delivery. The main causes are placenta previa, where the placenta covers part or all of the cervix, and placental abruption, where the placenta separates prematurely from the uterus. APH can cause shock in the mother from blood loss and fetal hypoxia, and risks include stillbirth, neonatal death, or long term health issues for both mother and baby if not properly managed. Treatment depends on the amount of bleeding, condition of the mother and fetus, placental location, and gestational age, ranging from bed rest and monitoring to emergency c-section.
radiology.Obst lec 3 & 4.(dr.nasreen)
Ultrasound is a safe and effective way to examine the fetus during pregnancy, unlike x-rays which can increase risks of fetal abnormalities. It can detect complications, assess fetal growth and anatomy, and guide procedures. Measurements of fetal structures at different gestational ages allow assessment of development, dating of the pregnancy, and detection of growth issues. Abnormalities detected on ultrasound help guide management of high-risk pregnancies.
Bleeding in late pregnancy
1) The document discusses bleeding in late pregnancy, specifically placenta previa and abruptio placenta.
2) Placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment or over the cervical os, potentially causing bleeding. Risk factors include prior uterine instrumentation and increasing maternal age/parity. Diagnosis is typically made by ultrasound.
3) Abruptio placenta involves premature separation of a normally implanted placenta, often due to hypertension. It can present as revealed, concealed, or combined bleeding. Grading is based on the degree of separation and symptoms.
Ultrasound screening in pregnancy
The document discusses ultrasound screening and testing during pregnancy in Hungary. It recommends five ultrasound examinations - one diagnostic and four screenings - according to guidelines from the Hungarian Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (MSZNUT). The screenings have defined protocols and occur at 11-13, 18-20, 30-31, and 36-37 weeks gestation. Different healthcare levels are required depending on the exam, and MSZNUT ensures regular training to meet proficiency standards. Fetal well-being testing like non-stress tests and biophysical profiles may also be used for high-risk pregnancies starting at 32 weeks.
Third trimester bleeding
This document discusses third-trimester bleeding during pregnancy. It can be caused by conditions like abruptio placentae (AP), placenta previa (PP), and vasa previa (VP). AP is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. PP is the presence of placental tissue over the cervical os. VP occurs when umbilical cord vessels lie in the membranes over the cervical os. These conditions can lead to significant maternal and fetal risks if not properly managed. The document outlines the epidemiology, etiology, complications, diagnosis, and management considerations for each condition.
Third trimester Bleeding
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta covers part or all of the cervical os. It can cause significant bleeding during the third trimester. Treatment depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, and may involve expectant management, cesarean delivery, or in rare cases vaginal delivery. Complications include maternal hemorrhage and fetal issues like prematurity. Proper diagnosis and management are needed to prevent adverse outcomes.
Reduced fetal movements
Reduced fetal movements affect 5-15% of pregnancies and women should contact their medical provider if they experience a reduction in movements after 28 weeks of gestation. A number of factors can influence a woman's perception of fetal movements. Evaluation of reduced fetal movements includes assessing the fetal heart rate with Doppler, fetal growth with ultrasound, and biophysical profile in high-risk cases. Recurrent reduced fetal movements or risk factors may warrant increased surveillance with non-stress tests and ultrasounds. Management depends on gestational age and other risk factors.
antepartal hemorrhage
This document provides information on antepartum hemorrhage (APH) including definitions, causes, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnoses, and management strategies. It covers two main causes of APH - placental abruption and placenta previa. Placental abruption is defined as premature separation of the placenta and can cause both concealed and revealed bleeding. It accounts for 40% of APH cases. Placenta previa refers to placenta implanted over the cervical os and is a risk factor for painless third trimester bleeding. Sonography and history are used to diagnose the cause of bleeding and determine management, whether expectant, medical, or termination of pregnancy.
Early Pregnancy Complication by UM
The three main categories of early pregnancy disorders are abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic disease. Abortion can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, or missed depending on whether fetal and placental tissues have been expelled. Ectopic pregnancies occur outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tubes, and can cause pain and bleeding. Gestational trophoblastic disease includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as choriocarcinoma, and involves abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue.
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This document provides information on approaching breast lesions in children and adolescents. It begins with an introduction stating that breast diseases are different in children compared to adults and that ultrasound is usually the first choice for evaluation. It then discusses normal breast development and common benign causes of breast complaints such as cysts, fibroadenomas, hematomas and gynecomastia. Uncommon causes including various masses and developmental abnormalities are also mentioned. The document emphasizes that biopsy and surgery should generally be avoided in pediatric breast lesions due to the high likelihood of benignity.
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early pregnancy complications
This document discusses early pregnancy complications including miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and molar pregnancy. It defines each condition and describes their causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Miscarriage is defined as expulsion of pregnancy tissue before 22 weeks gestation and can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, or complete. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when implantation occurs outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Molar pregnancy results from abnormal fertilization and can be complete or partial hydatiform moles, or develop into choriocarcinoma. The document provides details on evaluating and treating each complication.
Screening of high risk pregnancy
Screening and assessment of high-risk pregnancies involves identifying women at increased risk of complications through non-invasive tests like ultrasounds, NSTs and CSTs. Diagnostic tests then establish or rule out conditions and include invasive procedures like amniocentesis and cord blood sampling. Ultrasounds provide fetal images and assess growth while NSTs and CSTs monitor the fetal heart rate during rest and contractions. Amniocentesis analyzes amniotic fluid for genetic disorders while cord blood sampling draws fetal blood for similar tests when earlier methods were inconclusive. Both invasive procedures have a risk of miscarriage but can diagnose many conditions affecting the developing baby.
Amniotic fluid
Amniotic fluid maintain the perfect homeostasis between mother and fetus. It protect both mother and fetus from various complications. Details is enclosed in presentation.
Chorionic villus sampling
This document provides information about chorionic villus sampling (CVS), a prenatal screening test performed between 10-12 weeks of pregnancy. CVS involves removing a small sample of chorionic villi from the placenta to test for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus. It can detect conditions like Down syndrome earlier than amniocentesis. The document describes the CVS procedure, its indications for use, potential results, risks, and contraindications.
Bleeding in early & late pregnancy
Vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy can be caused by placenta previa, placental abruption, ruptured vasa previa, or uterine scar disruption. It is important to determine the diagnosis as treatment depends on the underlying cause. A history, physical exam, ultrasound, and labs can help identify conditions like placenta previa or abruption. Placenta previa is treated expectantly if no active bleeding, while abruption may require delivery depending on grade. Ruptured vasa previa and uterine rupture require emergent delivery.
Normal labor
This document provides an overview of normal labor, including:
1. It defines labor and the three stages of labor, and discusses mechanisms and signs of labor onset.
2. Intrapartum monitoring of both mother and fetus is described, including vital signs, fetal heart rate monitoring, and use of the partogram.
3. Management of the three stages of labor is outlined, including pain relief, monitoring, second stage delivery techniques, and third stage placental delivery.
Obstetric terminology
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur in the maternal body during pregnancy. It covers changes in the respiratory, cardiovascular and circulatory systems. Respiration rate increases leading to higher minute ventilation to support gas exchange. Cardiac output increases significantly due to rises in both heart rate and stroke volume. Blood volume expands substantially to support increased organ perfusion and uterine blood flow.
amniotic fluid normal and abnormal
A description of amniotic fluid abnormalities and effects of excess and reduced liquor. The diagnosis and management principals.
Gyula Richard Nagy: Genetic counseling
This document discusses genetic counseling in obstetric care. It describes the historical stages of obstetric care including avoiding maternal death, infant mortality, and preventing birth defects. Genetic counseling involves communicating the risk of genetic disorders recurring within a family based on their medical and family history. During counseling, the disease is discussed, its severity and prognosis, how it is inherited to determine recurrence risk, and options for prevention like prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal diagnosis aims to provide unaffected children for high-risk families and prevent birth of seriously defective fetuses. Termination of pregnancy may be permitted under certain medical conditions and risk levels.
abruptio placenta
This document presents information on abruption placenta from a nursing college presentation. It defines abruption placenta as premature separation of a normally situated placenta after 28 weeks of gestation. It discusses the incidence, risk factors like maternal age and hypertension, signs and symptoms like vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, diagnosis using ultrasound and coagulation tests, and management including fluid replacement, blood transfusion, and sometimes c-section. Nursing care focuses on monitoring maternal and fetal vital signs and blood loss, providing comfort, and watching for complications of abruption placenta like shock.
Aph
Antepartum haemorrhage is defined as bleeding from or into the genital tract after 28 weeks of pregnancy. The main causes are placental bleeding (70%), unexplained bleeding (25%), and extraplacental bleeding (5%). Placenta praevia, where the placenta implants over the lower uterine segment, is a common cause and accounts for 35% of cases. It can be diagnosed using ultrasound and risks include preterm birth, fetal distress, postpartum hemorrhage, and increased need for operative delivery. Management involves bed rest, monitoring for bleeding and fetal wellbeing, blood transfusions if needed, and potential early delivery by caesarean section.
Bleeding in late px
Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) refers to bleeding from the genital tract between 28 weeks of gestation until delivery. The main causes are placenta previa, where the placenta covers part or all of the cervix, and placental abruption, where the placenta separates prematurely from the uterus. APH can cause shock in the mother from blood loss and fetal hypoxia, and risks include stillbirth, neonatal death, or long term health issues for both mother and baby if not properly managed. Treatment depends on the amount of bleeding, condition of the mother and fetus, placental location, and gestational age, ranging from bed rest and monitoring to emergency c-section.
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Ultrasound is a safe and effective way to examine the fetus during pregnancy, unlike x-rays which can increase risks of fetal abnormalities. It can detect complications, assess fetal growth and anatomy, and guide procedures. Measurements of fetal structures at different gestational ages allow assessment of development, dating of the pregnancy, and detection of growth issues. Abnormalities detected on ultrasound help guide management of high-risk pregnancies.
Bleeding in late pregnancy
1) The document discusses bleeding in late pregnancy, specifically placenta previa and abruptio placenta.
2) Placenta previa occurs when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment or over the cervical os, potentially causing bleeding. Risk factors include prior uterine instrumentation and increasing maternal age/parity. Diagnosis is typically made by ultrasound.
3) Abruptio placenta involves premature separation of a normally implanted placenta, often due to hypertension. It can present as revealed, concealed, or combined bleeding. Grading is based on the degree of separation and symptoms.
Ultrasound screening in pregnancy
The document discusses ultrasound screening and testing during pregnancy in Hungary. It recommends five ultrasound examinations - one diagnostic and four screenings - according to guidelines from the Hungarian Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (MSZNUT). The screenings have defined protocols and occur at 11-13, 18-20, 30-31, and 36-37 weeks gestation. Different healthcare levels are required depending on the exam, and MSZNUT ensures regular training to meet proficiency standards. Fetal well-being testing like non-stress tests and biophysical profiles may also be used for high-risk pregnancies starting at 32 weeks.
Third trimester bleeding
This document discusses third-trimester bleeding during pregnancy. It can be caused by conditions like abruptio placentae (AP), placenta previa (PP), and vasa previa (VP). AP is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. PP is the presence of placental tissue over the cervical os. VP occurs when umbilical cord vessels lie in the membranes over the cervical os. These conditions can lead to significant maternal and fetal risks if not properly managed. The document outlines the epidemiology, etiology, complications, diagnosis, and management considerations for each condition.
Third trimester Bleeding
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta covers part or all of the cervical os. It can cause significant bleeding during the third trimester. Treatment depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, and may involve expectant management, cesarean delivery, or in rare cases vaginal delivery. Complications include maternal hemorrhage and fetal issues like prematurity. Proper diagnosis and management are needed to prevent adverse outcomes.
Reduced fetal movements
Reduced fetal movements affect 5-15% of pregnancies and women should contact their medical provider if they experience a reduction in movements after 28 weeks of gestation. A number of factors can influence a woman's perception of fetal movements. Evaluation of reduced fetal movements includes assessing the fetal heart rate with Doppler, fetal growth with ultrasound, and biophysical profile in high-risk cases. Recurrent reduced fetal movements or risk factors may warrant increased surveillance with non-stress tests and ultrasounds. Management depends on gestational age and other risk factors.
antepartal hemorrhage
This document provides information on antepartum hemorrhage (APH) including definitions, causes, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnoses, and management strategies. It covers two main causes of APH - placental abruption and placenta previa. Placental abruption is defined as premature separation of the placenta and can cause both concealed and revealed bleeding. It accounts for 40% of APH cases. Placenta previa refers to placenta implanted over the cervical os and is a risk factor for painless third trimester bleeding. Sonography and history are used to diagnose the cause of bleeding and determine management, whether expectant, medical, or termination of pregnancy.
Early Pregnancy Complication by UM
The three main categories of early pregnancy disorders are abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic disease. Abortion can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, or missed depending on whether fetal and placental tissues have been expelled. Ectopic pregnancies occur outside the uterus, often in the fallopian tubes, and can cause pain and bleeding. Gestational trophoblastic disease includes complete and partial hydatidiform moles, as well as choriocarcinoma, and involves abnormal proliferation of trophoblast tissue.
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The document discusses multiple pregnancy, including the embryology and classification of twins as monozygotic or dizygotic. It covers the etiology, diagnosis, and maternal and fetal complications of multiple pregnancies. The management of multiple pregnancies is also addressed, including the treatment of conditions like twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
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Multiple pregnancy
This document presents a PowerPoint presentation on multiple pregnancy by Prativa Dhakal. It defines multiple pregnancy as when more than one fetus develops simultaneously in the uterus. It discusses the different types of twin pregnancies, including dizygotic and monozygotic twins. It also covers the incidence, factors influencing twinning, maternal physiological changes, diagnosis, complications, prognosis, and management of twin pregnancies. Key diagnostic tools include ultrasound and biochemical tests. Major complications discussed are preterm birth and preeclampsia. Management involves careful monitoring, interventions to prevent preterm delivery, and ensuring availability of neonatal care.
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The amniotic fluid protects and nourishes the developing fetus in the womb. It cushions the fetus, regulates temperature, and allows for lung and muscle development through movement. The fluid is produced both by the mother's blood plasma passing through the fetal membranes and by fetal urine after the kidneys develop around 15-25 weeks. Abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume can impact fetal and birth outcomes. Too little fluid (oligohydramnios) or too much (polyhydramnios) present risks, while the fluid is carefully monitored through the pregnancy via ultrasound.
high risk assessment.pptx
Many complications can occur during pregnancy and affect health of mother and fetus as well as outcomes. Hemorrhage is the first ten causes of maternal mortality and morbidity, affect about 32% of all maternal deaths. Abortion represents 4.5% of all maternal death. Many women do not understand the bleeding is abnormal and dangerous signs and they come late to health care facilities.
Pregnancies can be designated as high risk for any of several undesirable outcomes. In the past, risk factors were evaluated only from a medical standpoint. Therefore only adverse medical, obstetric,or physiologic conditions were considered to place the woman at risk. Today a more comprehensive approach to high-risk pregnancy is used, and the factors associated with high risk childbearing are grouped into broad categories based on threats to health and pregnancy outcome.
SCREENING
Screening is a process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of a disease or condition. They can then be offered information, further tests and appropriate treatment to reduce their risk and/or any complications arising from the disease or condition.
ASSESSMENT
Assessment is a process for defining the nature of that problem, determining a diagnosis, and developing specific treatment recommendations.
FETAL ULTRASOUND OR ULTRASONIC TESTING
Fetal ultrasound is a test done during pregnancy that uses reflected sound waves to produce a picture of a fetus camera.gif, the organ that nourishes the fetus (placenta), and the liquid that surrounds the fetus (amniotic fluid). The picture is displayed on a TV screen and may be in black and white or in color. The pictures are also called a sonogram, echogram, or scan, and they may be saved as part of your baby's record.
Bleeding in late pregnancy
Placental abruption and placenta previa are two common causes of bleeding in late pregnancy. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. It can cause pain and vaginal bleeding. Placenta previa is when the placenta lies low in the uterus, covering all or part of the cervical opening. It typically causes painless vaginal bleeding. Both conditions can lead to complications for the mother like hemorrhage, shock, and infection or complications for the baby like low birth weight or stillbirth. Treatment depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding but may involve bed rest, monitoring, blood transfusions, or delivery via c-section
Hemolytic disease in new born
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), also called erythroblastosis fetalis, occurs when there is an incompatibility between the mother and baby's blood types. The mother's immune system produces antibodies that destroy the baby's red blood cells. This can cause anemia, jaundice, liver and spleen enlargement, or fluid buildup in severe cases. Diagnosis involves blood tests of the mother and baby. Treatment may include intrauterine or postnatal blood transfusions. HDN is preventable by administering Rhogam to sensitized Rh-negative mothers during and after pregnancy.
multiple pregnancy....................pptx
This PowerPoint presentation provides information about multiple pregnancies, specifically twin pregnancies. It defines multiple pregnancies as when more than one fetus develops simultaneously in the uterus. The two main types of twin pregnancies are dizygotic (fraternal) twins, which result from two separate eggs being fertilized, and monozygotic (identical) twins, which result from the splitting of a single fertilized egg. The document discusses the incidence of twins and other multiple births, complications that can occur, methods for diagnosing a multiple pregnancy like ultrasound and maternal serum tests, and considerations for managing a twin pregnancy.
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Fetal Syndromes: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes
- 1. Fetal Syndromes: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes By The Doctor Weighs In
- 2. • Every year, millions of expectant parents celebrate the imminent arrival of their new family members with baby showers and parties. In fact, nearly 4 million babies were born in the United States in 2018, the most recent year for which the CDC has published data.
- 3. Pregnancy Complications • According to the CDC, congenital abnormalities fall within the category of fetal syndromes. Their presence classifies a pregnancy as “high risk”. • Related content: Toxic Chemicals are a Threat to the Health of our Children
- 4. Diagnosing Fetal Syndromes • Women typically have an ultrasound scheduled around their fifth month into the pregnancy (20 weeks of gestation). This scan serves several purposes, including learning the baby’s gender. • It also helps the doctor detect abnormalities with blood flow, and organ and bone development, to name a few areas of interest. Fetal syndromes are generally detected at 17-24 weeks’ gestation.
- 5. The Most Common Fetal Syndromes • In this article, we discuss some of the most common fetal syndromes, as well as treatment options and possible outcomes.
- 6. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia • Congenital diaphragmatic hernia makes up about 8% of all major birth defects. It is caused by either a hole in the diaphragm or the absence of the diaphragm.
- 7. Fetal Hydrops • This prenatal ultrasound shows a large collection of fluid around the lungs (black space between the chest wall and the lungs). (Photo source: supplied by the author).
- 8. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS) • HLHS is a complex and severe congenital heart defect in which the structures of the left heart (left ventricle) are very small (hypoplastic). Or, they may not be formed at all.
- 9. Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO) • LUTO is a rare condition that is caused by a blockage of fetal urination. Typically, this occurs in male fetuses. • Because the baby cannot empty the bladder, the bladder subsequently becomes very large and inflated. Also, because the amniotic fluid is essentially composed of the baby’s urine beyond the middle of the second trimester, the bag of waters dries up.
- 10. Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction (SIUGR) • SIUGR is a potential problem that may occur in mono-chorionic twins. These types of identical twins are derived from one egg (monozygotic). They share a placenta. which is common in 80 to 85% in all monozygotic twins).
- 11. Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) • TTTS is a disease of the placenta that affects pregnancies with monochorionic twins (shared placenta in monozygotic/identical twins). Essentially, blood passes disproportionately from one baby to the other through connecting blood vessels within their shared placenta.
- 12. Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence (TRAPS) • TRAPS is a serious complication of mono- chorionic twins (monozygotic/identical twins that share a placenta). Blood is perfused from one twin (“pump” twin) to the other twin who is “acardiac” (without a heart) The blood flow is retrograde ( or backward). That means that the acardiac twin receives deoxygenated (oxygen- depleted) arterial blood from the pump twin in the wrong direction.
- 13. Maternal-Fetal Care Centers • At specialized maternal-fetal care centers, both moms and babies are provided with the best care possible. Most babies are delivered and receive the necessary care in the maternity ward of a local hospital. Babies that are diagnosed with fetal health syndrome, however, require special care. • Maternal-Fetal Care Centers provide specialized and coordinated care for both mother and baby before, during, and after complicated pregnancies.
- 14. Fetal Surgery • Fetal surgery is a highly complex surgical intervention to mitigate birth defects while babies are still in the womb. It allows doctors to treat serious and life-threatening conditions and stop progressive damage, while also keeping the baby in utero long enough to grow and develop.
- 15. About The Fetal Health Foundation • In addition, FHF funds research, increases awareness, and serves as an outlet for leading medical information pertaining to fetal conditions and syndromes. To learn more visit www.fetalhealthfoundation.org.
- 16. Get in Touch The Doctor Weighs In Author: Talitha McGuinness Click Here To Read The Full Article: https://thedoctorweighsin.com/fetal-syndromes/ Website: https://thedoctorweighsin.com/ Email: info@thedoctorweighsin.com