Many complications can occur during pregnancy and affect health of mother and fetus as well as outcomes. Hemorrhage is the first ten causes of maternal mortality and morbidity, affect about 32% of all maternal deaths. Abortion represents 4.5% of all maternal death. Many women do not understand the bleeding is abnormal and dangerous signs and they come late to health care facilities.
Pregnancies can be designated as high risk for any of several undesirable outcomes. In the past, risk factors were evaluated only from a medical standpoint. Therefore only adverse medical, obstetric,or physiologic conditions were considered to place the woman at risk. Today a more comprehensive approach to high-risk pregnancy is used, and the factors associated with high risk childbearing are grouped into broad categories based on threats to health and pregnancy outcome.
SCREENING
Screening is a process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of a disease or condition. They can then be offered information, further tests and appropriate treatment to reduce their risk and/or any complications arising from the disease or condition.
ASSESSMENT
Assessment is a process for defining the nature of that problem, determining a diagnosis, and developing specific treatment recommendations.
FETAL ULTRASOUND OR ULTRASONIC TESTING
Fetal ultrasound is a test done during pregnancy that uses reflected sound waves to produce a picture of a fetus camera.gif, the organ that nourishes the fetus (placenta), and the liquid that surrounds the fetus (amniotic fluid). The picture is displayed on a TV screen and may be in black and white or in color. The pictures are also called a sonogram, echogram, or scan, and they may be saved as part of your baby's record.
Help the medical students to know about the fetal clinical parameters. Very rarely material present in the books. I prepared this for the little bit help from my side.
Oligohydramnios by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
• Oligohydramnios refers to amniotic fluid volume that is less than expected for gestational age. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound examination and may be described qualitatively (eg, reduced amniotic fluid volume) or quantitatively (eg, amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm, single deepest pocket <2 cm).
• Oligohydramnios may be idiopathic or have a maternal, fetal, or placental cause The fetal prognosis depends on several factors, including the underlying cause, the severity (reduced versus no amniotic fluid), and the gestational age at which oligohydramnios occurs. Because an adequate volume of amniotic fluid is critical to normal fetal movement and lung development and for cushioning the fetus and umbilical cord from uterine compression, pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios from any cause are at risk for fetal deformation, pulmonary hypoplasia, and umbilical cord compression.
• Oligohydramnios is associated with an increased risk for fetal or neonatal death, which may be related to the underlying cause of the reduced amniotic fluid volume or due to sequelae of the reduced amniotic fluid volume.
• This topic will discuss issues related to oligohydramnios. Methods of amniotic fluid volume assessment are reviewed separately.
• Oligohydramnios occurs when the amniotic fluid is < 5th centile for gestational age.
• The most common causes are premature rupture of membranes (often missed by the mother) and placental insufficiency, however structural abnormalities such as renal agenesis should be considered.
• Prognosis is linked to gestation at diagnosis and likely development of pulmonary hypoplasia and premature delivery.
• Treatment is by optimising gestation of delivery
Lecture on prenatal genetic diagnostic techniques and their value in detection of prenatal genetic anomalies. This lecture details techniques employed in the common diagnostic interventions used in prenatal period and their usefulness.
THIS PRESENATATION IS FOR THE MEDICAL STUDENTS WHO ALSO HAVE GENETICS AND IF THEY NEED TO GIVE A SEMINAR BASED ON THIS TOPIC THIS PRESENATATION SHALL PROVE USEFUL
male reproductive system, organs and functionns.pptxLalrinchhaniSailo
Unique for its role in human reproduction, a gamete is a specialized sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes—one half the number in body cells. At fertilization, the chromosomes in one male gamete, called a sperm (or spermatozoon), combine with the chromosomes in one female gamete, called an oocyte. The function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract. The paired testes are a crucial component in this process, as they produce both sperm and androgens, the hormones that support male reproductive physiology. In humans, the most important male androgen is testosterone. Several accessory organs and ducts aid the process of sperm maturation and transport the sperm and other seminal components to the penis, which delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract. Scrotum
The testes are located in a skin-covered, highly pigmented, muscular sack called the scrotum that extends from the body behind the penis. This location is important in sperm production, which occurs within the testes, and proceeds more efficiently when the testes are kept 2 to 4°C below core body temperature.
The dartos muscle makes up the subcutaneous muscle layer of the scrotum. It continues internally to make up the scrotal septum, a wall that divides the scrotum into two compartments, each housing one testis. Descending from the internal oblique muscle of the abdominal wall are the two cremaster muscles, which cover each testis like a muscular net. By contracting simultaneously, the dartos and cremaster muscles can elevate the testes in cold weather (or water), moving the testes closer to the body and decreasing the surface area of the scrotum to retain heat. Alternatively, as the environmental temperature increases, the scrotum relaxes, moving the testes farther from the body core and increasing scrotal surface area, which promotes heat loss. Externally, the scrotum has a raised medial thickening on the surface called the raphae.
Testes
The testes (singular = testis) are the male gonads—that is, the male reproductive organs. They produce both sperm and androgens, such as testosterone, and are active throughout the reproductive lifespan of the male.
Paired ovals, the testes are each approximately 4 to 5 cm in length and are housed within the scrotum. They are surrounded by two distinct layers of protective connective tissue. The outer tunica vaginalis is a serous membrane that has both a parietal and a thin visceral layer. Beneath the tunica vaginalis is the tunica albuginea, a tough, white, dense connective tissue layer covering the testis itself. Not only does the tunica albuginea cover the outside of the testis, it also invaginates to form septa that divide the testis into 300 to 400 structures called lobules. Within the lobules, sperm develop in structures called seminiferous tubules. During the seventh month of the developmental period of a male fetus, each testis moves through the abdominal musculature to descend into the
In any community, mothers and children constitute a priority group. In sheer numbers, they comprise approximately 71.14 per cent of the population of the developing countries. In India, women of the child bearing age(15-44 years) constitute 52.4 per cent of total female population, and children under 15 years of age about 26.5 per cent of the total population. Together they constitute nearly 57.5 per cent of the total population. By virtue of their numbers, mothers and children are the major consumers of health services, of whatever form.
Mothers and children not only constitute a large group, but they are also a "vulnerable" or special-risk group. The risk is connected with child-bearing in the case of women; and growth, development and survival in the case of infants and children. Whereas 50 per cent of all deaths in the developed world are occurring among people over 70, the same proportion of deaths are occurring among children during the first five years of life in the developing world. Global observations show that in developed regions maternal mortality ratio averages at 12 per 100,000 live births; in developing regions the figure is 232 for the same number of live births (1). From commonly accepted indices, it is evident that infant, child and maternal mortality rates are high in many developing countries. Further, much of the sickness and deaths among mothers and children is largely preventable. By improving the health of mothers and children, we contribute to the health of the general population. These considerations have led to the formulation of special health services for mothers and children all over the world.
The problems affecting the health of mother and child are multifactorial. Despite current efforts, the health of mother and child still constitutes one of the most serious health problems affecting the community, particularly in the developing countries. The present strategy is to provide mother and child health services as an integrated package of "essential health care", also known as primary health care which is based on the principles of equity, intersectoral coordination and community participation. The primary health care approach combines all elements in the local community necessary to make a positive impact on the health status of the population, including the health of mothers and children.
Mother and child - one unit
Mother and child must be considered as one unit. It is because:
(1) During the antenatal period, the foetus is part of the mother. The period of development of foetus in mother is about 280 days. During this period, the foetus obtains all the
(2) Child health is closely related to maternal health. A healthy mother brings forth a healthy baby; there is less chance for a premature birth, stillbirth or abortion.
(3) Certain diseases and conditions of the mother during pregnancy (e.g., syphilis, german measles, drug intake) are likely to have their effects upon the foetus.
(4) After birth, the child is
Help the medical students to know about the fetal clinical parameters. Very rarely material present in the books. I prepared this for the little bit help from my side.
Oligohydramnios by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
• Oligohydramnios refers to amniotic fluid volume that is less than expected for gestational age. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound examination and may be described qualitatively (eg, reduced amniotic fluid volume) or quantitatively (eg, amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm, single deepest pocket <2 cm).
• Oligohydramnios may be idiopathic or have a maternal, fetal, or placental cause The fetal prognosis depends on several factors, including the underlying cause, the severity (reduced versus no amniotic fluid), and the gestational age at which oligohydramnios occurs. Because an adequate volume of amniotic fluid is critical to normal fetal movement and lung development and for cushioning the fetus and umbilical cord from uterine compression, pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios from any cause are at risk for fetal deformation, pulmonary hypoplasia, and umbilical cord compression.
• Oligohydramnios is associated with an increased risk for fetal or neonatal death, which may be related to the underlying cause of the reduced amniotic fluid volume or due to sequelae of the reduced amniotic fluid volume.
• This topic will discuss issues related to oligohydramnios. Methods of amniotic fluid volume assessment are reviewed separately.
• Oligohydramnios occurs when the amniotic fluid is < 5th centile for gestational age.
• The most common causes are premature rupture of membranes (often missed by the mother) and placental insufficiency, however structural abnormalities such as renal agenesis should be considered.
• Prognosis is linked to gestation at diagnosis and likely development of pulmonary hypoplasia and premature delivery.
• Treatment is by optimising gestation of delivery
Lecture on prenatal genetic diagnostic techniques and their value in detection of prenatal genetic anomalies. This lecture details techniques employed in the common diagnostic interventions used in prenatal period and their usefulness.
THIS PRESENATATION IS FOR THE MEDICAL STUDENTS WHO ALSO HAVE GENETICS AND IF THEY NEED TO GIVE A SEMINAR BASED ON THIS TOPIC THIS PRESENATATION SHALL PROVE USEFUL
male reproductive system, organs and functionns.pptxLalrinchhaniSailo
Unique for its role in human reproduction, a gamete is a specialized sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes—one half the number in body cells. At fertilization, the chromosomes in one male gamete, called a sperm (or spermatozoon), combine with the chromosomes in one female gamete, called an oocyte. The function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract. The paired testes are a crucial component in this process, as they produce both sperm and androgens, the hormones that support male reproductive physiology. In humans, the most important male androgen is testosterone. Several accessory organs and ducts aid the process of sperm maturation and transport the sperm and other seminal components to the penis, which delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract. Scrotum
The testes are located in a skin-covered, highly pigmented, muscular sack called the scrotum that extends from the body behind the penis. This location is important in sperm production, which occurs within the testes, and proceeds more efficiently when the testes are kept 2 to 4°C below core body temperature.
The dartos muscle makes up the subcutaneous muscle layer of the scrotum. It continues internally to make up the scrotal septum, a wall that divides the scrotum into two compartments, each housing one testis. Descending from the internal oblique muscle of the abdominal wall are the two cremaster muscles, which cover each testis like a muscular net. By contracting simultaneously, the dartos and cremaster muscles can elevate the testes in cold weather (or water), moving the testes closer to the body and decreasing the surface area of the scrotum to retain heat. Alternatively, as the environmental temperature increases, the scrotum relaxes, moving the testes farther from the body core and increasing scrotal surface area, which promotes heat loss. Externally, the scrotum has a raised medial thickening on the surface called the raphae.
Testes
The testes (singular = testis) are the male gonads—that is, the male reproductive organs. They produce both sperm and androgens, such as testosterone, and are active throughout the reproductive lifespan of the male.
Paired ovals, the testes are each approximately 4 to 5 cm in length and are housed within the scrotum. They are surrounded by two distinct layers of protective connective tissue. The outer tunica vaginalis is a serous membrane that has both a parietal and a thin visceral layer. Beneath the tunica vaginalis is the tunica albuginea, a tough, white, dense connective tissue layer covering the testis itself. Not only does the tunica albuginea cover the outside of the testis, it also invaginates to form septa that divide the testis into 300 to 400 structures called lobules. Within the lobules, sperm develop in structures called seminiferous tubules. During the seventh month of the developmental period of a male fetus, each testis moves through the abdominal musculature to descend into the
In any community, mothers and children constitute a priority group. In sheer numbers, they comprise approximately 71.14 per cent of the population of the developing countries. In India, women of the child bearing age(15-44 years) constitute 52.4 per cent of total female population, and children under 15 years of age about 26.5 per cent of the total population. Together they constitute nearly 57.5 per cent of the total population. By virtue of their numbers, mothers and children are the major consumers of health services, of whatever form.
Mothers and children not only constitute a large group, but they are also a "vulnerable" or special-risk group. The risk is connected with child-bearing in the case of women; and growth, development and survival in the case of infants and children. Whereas 50 per cent of all deaths in the developed world are occurring among people over 70, the same proportion of deaths are occurring among children during the first five years of life in the developing world. Global observations show that in developed regions maternal mortality ratio averages at 12 per 100,000 live births; in developing regions the figure is 232 for the same number of live births (1). From commonly accepted indices, it is evident that infant, child and maternal mortality rates are high in many developing countries. Further, much of the sickness and deaths among mothers and children is largely preventable. By improving the health of mothers and children, we contribute to the health of the general population. These considerations have led to the formulation of special health services for mothers and children all over the world.
The problems affecting the health of mother and child are multifactorial. Despite current efforts, the health of mother and child still constitutes one of the most serious health problems affecting the community, particularly in the developing countries. The present strategy is to provide mother and child health services as an integrated package of "essential health care", also known as primary health care which is based on the principles of equity, intersectoral coordination and community participation. The primary health care approach combines all elements in the local community necessary to make a positive impact on the health status of the population, including the health of mothers and children.
Mother and child - one unit
Mother and child must be considered as one unit. It is because:
(1) During the antenatal period, the foetus is part of the mother. The period of development of foetus in mother is about 280 days. During this period, the foetus obtains all the
(2) Child health is closely related to maternal health. A healthy mother brings forth a healthy baby; there is less chance for a premature birth, stillbirth or abortion.
(3) Certain diseases and conditions of the mother during pregnancy (e.g., syphilis, german measles, drug intake) are likely to have their effects upon the foetus.
(4) After birth, the child is
HIV positive mother and her bABY, RISK OF TRANSMISSION, ANTENATAL CARE, INTRA...LalrinchhaniSailo
Globally, an estimated 1.3 million women and girls living with HIV become pregnant each year. In the absence of intervention, the rate of transmission of HIV from a mother living with HIV to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding ranges from 15% to 45%. As such, identification of HIV infection should be immediately followed by an offer of linkage to lifelong treatment and care, including support to remain in care and virally suppressed and an offer of partner services.
In 2019, 85% of women and girls globally had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). However, high ART coverage levels do not reflect the continued transmission that occurs after women are initially counted as receiving treatment. Achieving retention in care and prevention of incident HIV infections in uninfected populations remain high priorities to reach global elimination targets. Since the global shift to, and accelerated rollout of, highly effective, simplified interventions based on lifelong ART for pregnant women living with HIV, virtual elimination of MTCT – also known as vertical transmission – has been shown to be feasible.
philosophy,aims & objectives of nursing management, current trends and issues...LalrinchhaniSailo
One of the most important human activities is managing. Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selected aims, managers are changed with the responsibility of taking actions that will make it possible for individuals to make their best contributions to group objectives. Management thus applies to small and large organizations.
Occupational health:The objective of an occupational health .LalrinchhaniSailo
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS: The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
Occupational health is essentially preventive medicine.The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health, in the course of its first session, held in 1950, gave the following definition: "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job (1).
ERGONOMICS :The term "ergonomics" is derived from the Greek ergon, meaning work and nomos, meaning law. It simply means: "fitting the job to the worker". The object of ergonomics is "to achieve the best mutual adjustment of man and his work, for the improvement of human efficiency and well-being".
HEALTH OF THE WORKER
One of the declared aims of occupational health is to provide a safe occupational environment' in order to safeguard the health of the workers and to step up industrial production.
Occupational environment
By occupational environment is meant the sum or external conditions and influences which prevail at the place of work and which have a bearing on the health of the Working population. Basically, there are three types of interaction in a working environment.
a) Man and physical, chemical and biological agents.
b) Man and machine.
c) Man and man.
MAN AND PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
(1) Physical agents
(2) Chemical agents
MAN AND MACHINE
An industry or factory implies the use of machines driven by power with emphasis on mass production. The
unguarded machines, protruding and moving parts, poor installation of the plant, lack of safety measures are the causes of accidents which is a major problem in industries.
Working for long hours in unphysiological postures is the cause of fatigue, backache, diseases of joints and muscles and impairment of the worker's health and efficiency.
MAN AND MAN
There are numerous psychosocial factors which operate at the place of work. These are the human relationships amongst workers themselves on the one hand, and those in authority over them on the other. In modern occupational health, the emphasis is upon the people, the conditions in which they live and work, their hopes and fears and their attitudes towards their job, their fellow-workers and employers (2).
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
An industrial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation:
1. Physical hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Mechanical hazards
5. Psychosocial hazards.
a. Physical hazards
(1) HEAT AND COLD
(2) LIGHT
(3) NOISE
(4) VIBRATION
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION: Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation occurs mainly in arc welding. Su
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
4. WHAT IS SCREENING
• Screening is a process of identifying apparently healthy
people who may be at increased risk of a disease or
condition.
• They can then be offered information, further tests and
appropriate treatment to reduce their risk and/or any
complications arising from the disease or condition.
5. WHAT IS ASSESSMENT
Assessment is a process for defining the nature of that
problem, determining a diagnosis, and developing
specific treatment recommendations.
6. WHAT IS A DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
It is a test to establish the presence (or absence) of a
disease as a basis for treatment decisions in symptomatic
or screen positive individuals (confirmatory test).
7. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR HIGH RISK
PREGNANCY
NON-INVASIVE
▪ Fetal ultrasound
▪ Cardiotocography
▪ Non Stress test (NST)
INVASIVE
▪ Chorionic villus sampling
▪ Amniocentesis
▪ Embryoscopy
▪ Fetoscopy
▪ Percutaneous umbilical cord
blood sampling(Cordocentesis)
▪ Contraction stress test (CST)
8. FETAL ULTRASOUND OR ULTRASONIC TESTING
• Fetal ultrasound is a test done during pregnancy that uses reflected sound
waves to produce a picture of a fetus camera.gif, the organ that nourishes
the fetus (placenta), and the liquid that surrounds the fetus (amniotic fluid).
• The picture is displayed on a TV screen and may be in black and white or in
color.
• The pictures are also called a sonogram, echogram, or scan, and they may be
saved as part of your baby's record.
9.
10.
11. Fetal ultrasound camera is done to learn about the health of
the fetus.
Different information is gained at different times (trimesters)
during your pregnancy.
1st-trimester fetal ultrasound is done to:
Determine how your pregnancy is progressing.
Find out if you are pregnant with more than 1 fetus.
Estimate the age of the fetus (gestational age).
Estimate the risk of a chromosome defect, such as down
syndrome.
Check for birth defects that affect the brain or spinal cord.
12. 2nd-trimester fetal ultrasound is done to:
Estimate the age of the fetus (gestational age).
Look at the size and position of the fetus, placenta, and amniotic
fluid.
Determine the position of the fetus, umbilical cord, and the
placenta, during a procedure, such as an amniocentesis or
umbilical cord blood sampling.
Detect major birth defects, such as a neural tube defect or heart
problems.
3rd-trimester fetal ultrasound is done to:
Make sure that a fetus is alive and moving.
Look at the size and position of the fetus, placenta, and amniotic
fluid.
13. CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
• Cardiotocography (CTG) is a technical means of recording
(-graphy) the fetal heartbeat (cardio-) and the uterine
contractions (-toco-) during pregnancy, typically in the
third trimester.
• The machine used to perform the monitoring is called a
cardiotocograph, more commonly known as an electronic
fetal monitor (EFM).
14.
15. NON STRESS TEST
• A non stress test is a common prenatal test used to check on a
baby's health.
• During a nonstress test, also known as fetal heart rate monitoring, a
baby's heart rate is monitored to see how it responds to the baby's
movements.
• Typically, a nonstress test is recommended for women at increased
risk of fetal death.
• A nonstress test is usually done after week 26 of pregnancy.
• Certain nonstress test results might indicate that you and your baby
need further monitoring, testing or special care.
16.
17. CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING
• Chorionic villi are small structures in the placenta that act
like blood vessels.
• These structures contain cells from the developing fetus.
• A test that removes a sample of these cells through a needle
is called chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
18. • CVS is a form of prenatal diagnosis to determine chromosomal
or genetic disorders in the fetus.
• It involves sampling of the chorionic villus (placental tissue)
and testing it for chromosomal abnormalities.
• CVS usually takes place at 10–12 weeks' gestation, earlier than
amniocentesis or percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling.
• It is the preferred technique before 15 weeks.
19.
20.
21.
22. AMNIOCENTESIS
A test to look for birth defects and genetic
problems in the developing baby.
Removes a small amount of fluid from the sac
around the baby in the womb (uterus).
It is most often done in a doctor's office or
medical center.
Not needed to stay in the hospital.
23. Amniocentesis is most often offered to women who are at
increased risk for bearing a child with birth defects.
This includes women who:
• Will be 35 or older when they give birth
• Had a screening test result that shows there may be a birth defect
or other problem
• Have had babies with birth defects in other pregnancies
• Have a family history of genetic disorders.
You may choose genetic counseling before the procedure. This will
allow you to:
• Learn about other prenatal tests.
• Make an informed decision regarding options for prenatal
diagnosis
24. Amniocentesis can be used to diagnose many different
gene and chromosome problems in the baby, including:
• Anencephaly
• Down syndrome
• Rare, metabolic disorders that are passed down through
families.
• Other genetic abnormalities, like trisomy 18
25.
26. PERCUTANEOUS UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD SAMPLING
• Cordocentesis is a diagnostic test that examines blood
from the fetus to detect fetal abnormalities.
• An advanced imaging ultrasound determines the location
where the umbilical cord inserts into the placenta.
• A needle is inserted into the umbilical cord to retrieve a
small sample of fetal blood.
• The procedure is similar to amniocentesis except the
objective is to retrieve blood from the fetus versus
amniotic fluid.
27. Cont...
• Cordocentesis detects chromosome abnormalities (i.e.
Down syndrome) and blood disorders (i.e. fetal hemolytic
disease.).
Cordocentesis may be performed to help diagnose any of the
following concerns:
• Malformations of the fetus
• Fetal infection (i.e. toxoplasmosis or rubella)
• Fetal platelet count
• Fetal anemia
• Iso-immunization
28.
29. EMBRYOSCOPY
• Relatively new and investigational technique that permits
direct visualization of the fetus as early as the first
trimester.
• Thin gauge transabdominal and transcervical embryoscopy,
allowing visualization as early as 4 weeks after conception.
30.
31.
32. FETOSCOPY
• Endoscopic procedure during pregnancy to allow surgical
access to the fetus, the amniotic cavity, the umbilical cord,
and the fetal side of the placenta.
• Allows for medical interventions such as a biopsy (tissue
sample) or a laser occlusion of abnormal blood vessels (such
as chorioangioma) or the treatment of spina bifida.
33. Cont…
Fetoscopy is usually performed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. The
procedure can place the fetus at increased risk of adverse outcomes, including
fetal loss or preterm delivery, so the risks and benefits must be carefully weighed
in order to protect the health of the mother and fetus(es).The procedure is
typically performed in an operating room by an obstetriciangynecologist. It is
associated with a 3-5 % risk of miscarriage.
34.
35.
36. CONTRACTION STRESS TEST
A contraction stress test (CST) is performed near the end of
pregnancy to determine how well the fetus will cope with
the contractions of childbirth.
External fetal monitors are put in place and then either
nipple stimulation or IV pitocin (oxytocin) is used to
stimulate uterine contractions.
37. Cont…
• During uterine contractions, fetal oxygenation is worsened.
• Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions
are associated with increased fetal death rate, growth retardation and
neonatal depression.
• This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via
electronic fetal monitoring. Uterine activity is tocodynamometer.
• A negative result monitored by is highly predictive of fetal wellbeing and
tolerance of labor.
• A positive CST indicates high risk of fetal death due to hypoxia and is a
contraindication to labor.
• Patient's obstetricians usually consider operative delivery in such situations.
38. OXYTOCIN CHALLENGE TEST (OCT)
• If adequate contractions (at least 3 in 10 minutes) cannot be achieved
with nipple stimulation, an oxytocin challenge test may be performed.
• It involves the intravenous administration of exogenous oxytocin to the
pregnant woman. The target is to achieve around three contractions
every ten minutes.
39. DISCUSSION
HIGH RISK CONDITIONS
Bleeding in early pregnancy.
Bleeding in late pregnancy ( ante partum hemorrhage).
Pregnancy induced hypertension.
Diabetes Mellitus.