Female Participation in African Agricultural Research and Higher Education
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The document summarizes a study on measuring female participation in agricultural research and higher education in Africa. The study surveyed 15 sub-Saharan African countries and found that while female participation is increasing at entry levels, women are still underrepresented overall and their representation declines with increased career advancement. Total agricultural research capacity grew between 2000-2008 but quality declined as more staff held only bachelor's degrees.
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- HIV/AIDS is a major public health challenge, as it is responsible for over half of deaths among young African females. Overall, African youth face difficulties with health access, education, employment, and participation.Making research relevant for policy and development
The document discusses the underrepresentation of women scientists in Africa and strategies to address it. It notes that including more women scientists can make research more relevant and policy more responsive. However, women face institutional barriers and social challenges that limit their participation. Increasing women in science requires addressing both supply-side issues, like inclusive research practices, and demand-side issues, like ensuring women's voices are at the policy table. Tracking data on women scientists in Africa can help benchmark progress over time.
Making research relevant for policy and development
The document discusses the need to increase the number of women scientists in order to make research and policy more relevant and sustainable. It notes that while women make up a large share of agricultural science students, they are underrepresented at higher levels of research careers. This gap is due to institutional and social challenges faced by women scientists. Increasing women's participation in science and policymaking can help make knowledge and policy more inclusive and responsive to diverse needs. Tracking data on women scientists in Africa through studies like the ASTI can help address these issues.
Integrating gender into scaling: Africa RISING science, innovations and tech...
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WEAI for GIZ
- The document provides tips and advice for implementing the pro-WEAI (Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index) in the field.
- It answers 10 common questions received from pro-WEAI users, covering design questions, implementation challenges, and interpretation of results.
- Key recommendations include collecting additional household data alongside pro-WEAI to allow analysis of relationships between empowerment and other outcomes. It also advises using qualitative research to help understand unexpected pro-WEAI results.
Pro-WEAI overview - Spanish
Este documento presenta una introducción al Índice de Empoderamiento Femenino en la Agricultura (WEAI, por sus siglas en inglés), incluyendo una breve historia del índice, las diferencias entre las versiones A-WEAI y Pro-WEAI, y ejemplos de su aplicación. El WEAI mide el empoderamiento de las mujeres en cinco dominios clave relacionados con la agricultura, mientras que el Pro-WEAI se enfoca específicamente en medir la agencia de las mujeres a través de diez indicadores. El documento también disc
Improving women’s empowerment survey questions for agricultural value chains:...
Monitoring progress toward women’s empowerment requires tools that reflect the underlying concepts that we aim to measure. Cognitive interviewing is a qualitative approach for identifying sources of error in how respondents interpret and formulate responses to surveys. This study aims to identify sources of error in new and existing survey modules included in the WEAI4VC survey to inform survey development. Of the ten modules cognitively interviewed, comprehension errors were found in nine modules, response errors were found in two, and judgement errors in one. Revisions to the questions and survey modules will help better capture respondent’s lived experiences and realities.
Unpacking the “Gender Box”: Identifying the Gender Dimensions of Your Research
This document provides an overview of key concepts and tools for conducting gender analysis in agricultural research and development projects. It defines common gender terminology and explains why gender differences are important to consider. The document outlines different levels of gender analysis from the individual to household to plot levels. It also discusses objectives for gender-sensitive programs, strategies to measure women's empowerment, and resources for further gender analysis.
Women’s empowerment in agriculture: Lessons from qualitative research
Overview of qualitative findings from the GAAP2 project and how they relate to the development of the quantitative pro-WEAI survey and how they illuminate quantitative pro-WEAI findings
The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)
This document discusses measuring women's empowerment in agriculture through the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). It provides an overview of the WEAI and its evolution over time. Specifically, it introduces the project-level WEAI (pro-WEAI) which was developed to better measure empowerment at the individual project level. The pro-WEAI uses quantitative surveys and qualitative protocols to assess empowerment across different domains. The document discusses applying the pro-WEAI to measure empowerment among beneficiaries of Malawi's ATVET for Women program, which provides agricultural training to farming couples.
Understanding Empowerment among Retailers in the Informal Milk Sector in Peri...
Developing measures of empowerment is critical for monitoring progress toward gender equality and women’s empowerment. We used formative qualitative research to understand empowerment among traders in the informal milk sector in peri-urban Nairobi and adapt the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). We conducted 6 single-sex focus group discussions, 48 in-depth individual interviews, 4 key informant interviews with current and former milk traders. Interviews were translated, transcribed, and thematically coded using deductive and inductive codes. Emic perceptions of empowerment among milk trader emphasized business success and supporting families and communities. Gender-specific markers of empowerment often aligned with traditional gender norms. Only low-value assets are needed to enter the sector, though a lack of large assets limits business growth, especially for women. Obtaining government licenses is sometimes challenging, and licenses help vendors maintain control over assets as authorities may seize them when vendors are found selling without a license. Small-scale credit is common, but access to large-scale credit is difficult to obtain for women, limiting the growth of women’s milk businesses. Business and household incomes are maintained separately, which helps women maintain control of their income. Married women (compared to single women) face more difficulty maintaining control of their income. Participation in savings and credit groups is common and facilitates acquisition of low-value assets. Membership in dairy trader groups, however, is uncommon especially among women, and low involvement in these groups may limit traders’ potential for collective action. We discuss how we use these findings to adapt the pro-WEAI.
IFPRI Gender Breakfast with CARE and WorldFish: Measuring Gender-Transformati...
Measuring Gender-Transformative Change in Agriculture: A review of the literature and promising practices
February 16, 2017
Presenters: Steven Cole, Cynthia McDougall, & Afrina Choudhury from WorldFish & the FISH CGIAR Research Program; Emily Hilenbrand & Pranati Mohanraj from CARE USA
Discussant: Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI)
Gender inequalities are recognized as both a major driver of poverty and an impediment to agricultural development. Understanding complex processes of social change remains a critical challenge for effective agricultural development programming that advances gender equality. Gender transformative approaches represent a move beyond “business as usual” gender integration in programming towards the creation of an enabling social environment and more equitable formal and informal institutions that expand life choices for women and men.
At the heart of their work, WorldFish (in particular, through its FISH and Aquatic Agricultural Systems cross-cutting research program) and CARE USA (through its global Pathways to Empowerment agriculture program) strive to apply gender transformative approaches (GTA) in designing, implementing, and learning from agricultural development interventions. However, committing to GTA implementation approaches also requires a transformation of measurements and indicators of change, an area of research that remains relatively under-developed in the agriculture sector.
In this webinar, CARE and WorldFish Center jointly present a literature review of promising indicators and tools for measuring gender-transformative change in agriculture, along with some practical case studies and the implications of applying such approaches in practice.
[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Liquid milk: Cash Constraints and the Timing o...
Gender Methods Seminar, Dec 13, 2016
Berber Kramer, Research Fellow, Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division (IFPRI)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes implications of cash constraints for collective marketing, using the case of the Kenyan dairy sector. Collective marketing through for instance cooperatives can improve smallholder farmer income but relies on informal, non-enforceable agreements to sell outputs collectively. Sideselling of output in the local market occurs frequently and is typically attributed to price differences between the market and cooperative. This paper provides an alternative explanation, namely that farmers sell in the local market when they are cash-constrained, since cooperatives defer payments while buyers in local markets pay cash immediately. Building on semi-parametric estimation techniques for panel data, we find robust evidence of this theory. High-frequency high-detail panel data show that farmers sell more in the local market, in particular to buyers who pay cash immediately, in weeks with low cash at hand. Moreover, households cope with health shocks by selling more milk in the local market and less to the cooperative, but only in weeks they are not covered by health insurance. Effects are concentrated among female dairy farmers. For them, increased flexibility in payment and the provision of insurance through agricultural cooperatives can potentially reduce side-selling and improve the performance of collective marketing arrangements.
Screencast available here:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d48bte3yzsd5iwz/2016-12-13%2012.03%2012_13%2C%207AB%2C%2012-1pm%2C%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Berber%20Kramer%20.wmv?dl=0
Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From "Zombie Facts" to Evidence
Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016.
For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender
Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info
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Co-founders of Resource Equity
Global awareness of two land tenure issues--the importance of recognizing and promoting land rights for women and the problem of insecure collective land and resource tenure rights--is rising. The importance of managing collectively held land, both for those who use it and for the environment, has grown increasingly clear. In fact, studies have estimated that as much as 65 percent of the world’s land is held under collective tenure—customary, community-based tenure systems. Securing that tenure is important for protecting the rights of those communities, and has been shown to improve resource management.
However, efforts to secure community land tenure, generally through documenting and registering rights, are still new. In particular, to date, the conversation around securing collective rights to land has paid little attention to women’s rights, and the effects of formalizing the rights of the collective on women are not well studied. Focusing on securing collective land and resource rights without considering gender differences within communities has the potential to severely disadvantage women who are very often socially, economically, and politically excluded.
This report on gender issues and best practices in collective land tenure projects seeks to begin filling this gap, by taking a detailed look at how six collective tenure land projects addressed gender differences. The six case studies include projects in China, Ghana, India, Kyrgyzstan, Namibia, and Peru. The case studies are program assessments focusing primarily on how each project approached gender, what the gender-differentiated impacts have been in terms of project participation and benefits, and what lessons can be learned and best practices can be drawn from these projects.
https://www.dropbox.com/s/rraj5rz8kip9t70/2016-03-14%2012.01%203_14%2012pm-1pm%20Room%208A%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Resource%20Equity%20.mp4?dl=0
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An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) titled Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
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In this presentation, Agnes Quisumbing of IFPRI introduces the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). The presentation covers the scope of the WEAI, its relevance, the indicators that make up the index, its uses and its criticisms.
The Abbreviated WEAI (A-WEAI) - GAAP2 Inception Workshop
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2): Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
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Presentation on Bangladesh CCAFS work at IFPRI January 2016
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
How female (and male) farmers are changing their practices in the face of cha...
Patti Kristjanson, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), at IFPRI, January 2016
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
Gender and climate change introduction (Elizabeth Bryan)
Overview of IFPRI projects, research questions, and conceptual framework (Elizabeth Bryan)
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
Empowerment and agricultural production: Evidence from the WEAI in Niger
Abstract:
This paper reports on the WEAI collected for male and female adults in 500 households in the Tahoua region in Niger. Rural households in Niger remain heavily dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Women play a critical and potentially transformative role in agricultural and rural sector growth but face persistent constraints especially when venturing beyond the cultivation of subsistence crops. Our data reveal that men are more empowered compared to women in all but two domains (autonomy and leisure). This discrepancy in empowerment stems primarily from unequal access to assets, including land, and the difficulties women face in speaking in front of a mixed audience. For both men and women, limited group membership strongly contributes to disempowerment. These findings suggest that increased empowerment could contribute to income diversification if access to credit for women could be enhanced. One way to do this – and further increase empowerment – would be to reactivate the existing institutional infrastructure of producer groups or rotating savings schemes (ROSCAS).
This work was funded by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in the context of a collaborative agreement with IFPRI to conduct a Trade, Gender Equality and Enterprise Growth Analysis to guide MCC investments in Niger.
Presenter’s Bio:
Fleur joined IFPRI in September 2007. She holds a PhD in Development Economics from Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Her research mainly takes a micro-economic approach and focuses on households in rural West Africa. She has worked extensively on empirically linking migration and agricultural production. As a postdoctoral fellow in IFPRI's West and Central Africa Office she has given analytical support on a per-country basis for the implementation of CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program). As a research fellow, she has worked on analyzing the linkages between agriculture, health and education to identify priorities for public investment in rural areas of Burkina Faso. Fleur is currently based in IFPRI’s Kampala office and mainly working on smallholder value chain integration through rural producer organizations.
Tapping Irrigation’s Potential for Women’s Empowerment: Findings from Ethiopi...
This document summarizes the findings of a survey conducted in Ethiopia and Tanzania on the relationship between small-scale irrigation and women's empowerment. Key findings include:
1) The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index was modified and administered to households in both countries, finding higher average empowerment among irrigating households compared to non-irrigating.
2) Top constraints to women's empowerment varied between countries and irrigation status, but generally included input into productive decisions, autonomy in production, and control over use of income.
3) Irrigating households in both countries had significantly lower food insecurity and higher household dietary diversity compared to non-irrigating households.
Elizabeth Bryan: Linkages between irrigation nutrition health and gender
This document discusses potential pathways through which irrigation can influence nutrition, health outcomes, and women's empowerment. It identifies five main pathways: 1) increased food production can lead to greater food availability and diversity; 2) irrigation can generate income which may be spent on food or health; 3) irrigation water can be used for domestic purposes to improve water supply; 4) health risks can increase from factors like waterborne diseases or pollution; and 5) irrigation projects that target women can empower them by increasing assets and income controlled by women. The document provides examples from various studies on how each of these pathways has played out and the gender dimensions, noting that outcomes depend on factors like who adopts irrigation and controls use of water, land,
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Female Participation in African Agricultural Research and Higher Education
- 1. Female Participation in African Agricultural Research and Higher Education: New Insights Nienke Beintema Head, Agricultural Science &Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative, IFPRI-Rome office Presentation at “Integrating Gender into Agricultural Programs”, USAID Summer Seminar Series, 29 July 2009
- 7. Overall growth in professional staff in headcounts by gender, 2000/1 to 2007/8
- 8. Annual growth rates of professional staff by gender, 2000/1 to 2007/8
- 9. Female shares by degree and institutional category, 2000/1 and 2007/8
- 10. Female shares in professional staff by country, 2000/1 to 2007/8
- 11. Gender-disaggregated shares by degree level, 2000/1 to 2007/8
- 12. Shares of female students enrolled and graduated, 2007
- 13. Shares of female students enrolled and female in professional staff, 2007/8
- 14. Shift in gender gap with career advancement (10 countries), 2007/8 PS/TS indicates professional and technical support staff; SPL includes scientists, (assistant) professors, and (senior) lecturers not in management positions; and M indicates management and includes directors, deans, and department heads. When including all 15 countries, the female share in management positions is lower at 14 percent
- 15. Distribution of female professional staff by age group, 2007/8
- 16. Distribution of female professional staff by discipline, 2007/8