1) A study in Uganda found that an orange-fleshed sweet potato biofortification project led to 57-64% higher adoption rates of the biofortified crop variety.
2) The project significantly reduced inadequate vitamin A intakes in young children and women. It also reduced the prevalence of low serum retinol levels in children.
3) Gender roles influence adoption, as women make crop choices for 20% of land and jointly for 75%, though men may dominate those joint decisions. Parcels where women lead decisions saw higher biofortified variety uptake.
Gilligan gender and ofsp adoption in uganda v2genderassets
1) The study found that households where women had stronger bargaining power through asset ownership were more likely to adopt orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP).
2) Parcels that were jointly controlled by women and men, with women having primary decision-making control, were most likely to grow OFSP.
3) On smaller farms, gender differences in control over land parcels had a larger effect on OFSP adoption than on larger farms.
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The document summarizes a study on measuring female participation in agricultural research and higher education in Africa. The study surveyed 15 sub-Saharan African countries and found that while female participation is increasing at entry levels, women are still underrepresented overall and their representation declines with increased career advancement. Total agricultural research capacity grew between 2000-2008 but quality declined as more staff held only bachelor's degrees.
1) Widows report inheriting assets in varying levels across 15 Sub-Saharan African countries, ranging from 22% in Congo to 66% in Tanzania.
2) When asked who inherited most assets, responses varied but widows/their children inherited the majority in some countries while other relatives inherited more in other nations.
3) Bivariate analyses found associations between inheriting assets and some cultural, demographic and economic factors. Older widows, those in polygamous unions or with children were more likely to inherit in several countries.
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The document discusses gender, nutrition, and food security issues in Asia based on research from IFPRI. It finds that overall undernutrition levels are high in South Asia, with variability within the region. Addressing early childhood nutrition is important as evidence shows both short and long-term benefits. Gender relations, such as lower levels of girls' education, play a role in undernutrition outcomes. Research summarized includes findings that domestic violence and shocks like illness differentially impact men and women's assets in Bangladesh. Evaluations of agricultural technologies in Bangladesh found improvements in individual and household outcomes depended on targeting and implementation approaches.
Kickstart GAAP Presentation January 2013IFPRI Gender
1) The document discusses a study on the gender impacts of treadle pumps marketed by KickStart in East Africa. It finds that while women are generally poorer, only 20% of pump buyers in Kenya and 5% in Tanzania are women.
2) The study aims to understand constraints facing women pump buyers and operators, patterns of household control/decision-making regarding pumps, and the pump's impact on the gender asset gap. Qualitative research involved focus groups and interviews in pump-using areas of Kenya and Tanzania.
3) Preliminary findings show benefits for both genders from increased incomes, food security, and women's economic empowerment. However, men dominate pump ownership and crop/income decisions
Landesa GAAP Presentation January 2013 IFPRI Gender
The document describes a study evaluating the effects of micro-land ownership programs for landless agricultural laborers in India. It provides background on the motivation, details on programs in Orissa and West Bengal that allocated land to households. The study aims to analyze impacts on household investments, production, and individual impacts like women's assets and decision making. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected through surveys and interviews. The analysis will examine if land ownership enables improved livelihood strategies and food security by defining common strategies, measuring food security for different strategy users, and assessing the relationship between strategies and land access.
Gender assets shocks_ifpri bbl may 2011IFPRI Gender
This document summarizes a study that examines whether men and women in rural Bangladesh accumulate assets in different ways. It finds:
1) Men and women's asset ownership and dynamics are analyzed separately using panel data from 904 households surveyed in 1996-1997 and 2006-2007. Nonparametric and parametric methods estimate dynamic asset frontiers for husband-owned, wife-owned, and jointly-owned assets.
2) Descriptive analysis finds that while household asset levels increased overall, husband's individually owned land decreased while wife's individually owned land and nonland assets increased substantially.
3) Estimation of dynamic asset frontiers shows different asset accumulation patterns for husband-owned, wife-owned and jointly-owned
This document summarizes the objectives and approach of the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project (GAAP), a four-year research project led by IFPRI and ILRI and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The project aims to evaluate eight agricultural development projects in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia to identify their impacts on men's and women's assets and determine which strategies are most effective at reducing gender gaps. GAAP contributes qualitative and quantitative research to help projects assess changes in gender norms and asset disparities over time. Two main findings that emerged across projects are that gender influences participation in agricultural interventions and that such interventions can affect gendered control and ownership of assets, even without direct asset transfers.
Gilligan gender and ofsp adoption in uganda v2genderassets
1) The study found that households where women had stronger bargaining power through asset ownership were more likely to adopt orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP).
2) Parcels that were jointly controlled by women and men, with women having primary decision-making control, were most likely to grow OFSP.
3) On smaller farms, gender differences in control over land parcels had a larger effect on OFSP adoption than on larger farms.
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The document summarizes a study on measuring female participation in agricultural research and higher education in Africa. The study surveyed 15 sub-Saharan African countries and found that while female participation is increasing at entry levels, women are still underrepresented overall and their representation declines with increased career advancement. Total agricultural research capacity grew between 2000-2008 but quality declined as more staff held only bachelor's degrees.
1) Widows report inheriting assets in varying levels across 15 Sub-Saharan African countries, ranging from 22% in Congo to 66% in Tanzania.
2) When asked who inherited most assets, responses varied but widows/their children inherited the majority in some countries while other relatives inherited more in other nations.
3) Bivariate analyses found associations between inheriting assets and some cultural, demographic and economic factors. Older widows, those in polygamous unions or with children were more likely to inherit in several countries.
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The document discusses gender, nutrition, and food security issues in Asia based on research from IFPRI. It finds that overall undernutrition levels are high in South Asia, with variability within the region. Addressing early childhood nutrition is important as evidence shows both short and long-term benefits. Gender relations, such as lower levels of girls' education, play a role in undernutrition outcomes. Research summarized includes findings that domestic violence and shocks like illness differentially impact men and women's assets in Bangladesh. Evaluations of agricultural technologies in Bangladesh found improvements in individual and household outcomes depended on targeting and implementation approaches.
Kickstart GAAP Presentation January 2013IFPRI Gender
1) The document discusses a study on the gender impacts of treadle pumps marketed by KickStart in East Africa. It finds that while women are generally poorer, only 20% of pump buyers in Kenya and 5% in Tanzania are women.
2) The study aims to understand constraints facing women pump buyers and operators, patterns of household control/decision-making regarding pumps, and the pump's impact on the gender asset gap. Qualitative research involved focus groups and interviews in pump-using areas of Kenya and Tanzania.
3) Preliminary findings show benefits for both genders from increased incomes, food security, and women's economic empowerment. However, men dominate pump ownership and crop/income decisions
Landesa GAAP Presentation January 2013 IFPRI Gender
The document describes a study evaluating the effects of micro-land ownership programs for landless agricultural laborers in India. It provides background on the motivation, details on programs in Orissa and West Bengal that allocated land to households. The study aims to analyze impacts on household investments, production, and individual impacts like women's assets and decision making. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected through surveys and interviews. The analysis will examine if land ownership enables improved livelihood strategies and food security by defining common strategies, measuring food security for different strategy users, and assessing the relationship between strategies and land access.
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This document summarizes a study that examines whether men and women in rural Bangladesh accumulate assets in different ways. It finds:
1) Men and women's asset ownership and dynamics are analyzed separately using panel data from 904 households surveyed in 1996-1997 and 2006-2007. Nonparametric and parametric methods estimate dynamic asset frontiers for husband-owned, wife-owned, and jointly-owned assets.
2) Descriptive analysis finds that while household asset levels increased overall, husband's individually owned land decreased while wife's individually owned land and nonland assets increased substantially.
3) Estimation of dynamic asset frontiers shows different asset accumulation patterns for husband-owned, wife-owned and jointly-owned
This document summarizes the objectives and approach of the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project (GAAP), a four-year research project led by IFPRI and ILRI and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The project aims to evaluate eight agricultural development projects in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia to identify their impacts on men's and women's assets and determine which strategies are most effective at reducing gender gaps. GAAP contributes qualitative and quantitative research to help projects assess changes in gender norms and asset disparities over time. Two main findings that emerged across projects are that gender influences participation in agricultural interventions and that such interventions can affect gendered control and ownership of assets, even without direct asset transfers.
This document summarizes research on the role of gender in the adoption of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OSP) in Uganda. The research found that: 1) OSP adoption increased by 61 percentage points due to the project, with OSP comprising 43% of total sweet potato area. 2) Vitamin A intakes and serum retinol levels significantly improved. 3) Gender dynamics around control over land and assets affected OSP adoption, with joint decision-making most effective. Women's participation in nutrition training also increased diffusion of OSP. The research implications suggest continuing nutrition training for women while involving men more.
This document summarizes research on the role of gender in the adoption of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OSP) in Uganda. The research found that: 1) OSP adoption increased most on jointly controlled plots where women played a leading role; 2) households where women had more assets saw higher vitamin A intakes but not necessarily larger impacts of the program; 3) women's participation in nutrition trainings increased diffusion of OSP to other households. The implications are that addressing both women and men in programs may better promote adoption, and focusing on female leaders could further diffusion.
(1) The document analyzes how intrahousehold dynamics in Bangladesh changed when assets were transferred to women through BRAC's Targeting the Ultra Poor (TUP) program.
(2) It found that the program significantly increased women's ownership of livestock, though other household assets mostly went to men. Women's control over transferred livestock and decision-making power decreased for some decisions.
(3) While workloads shifted inside the home, in line with maintaining home-based livestock, women's mobility outside the home and decision-making power decreased for decisions like income use and household purchases. Men's sole decision-making increased instead.
Polygynous family structure and child undernutrition in Africa: Empirical evi...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Mulubrhan Amare (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
Land O Lakes presentation at GAAP final technical workshopgenderassets
This document summarizes preliminary findings from a gender impact assessment of the Land O'Lakes - Manica Smallholder Dairy Development Program in Mozambique. The program aimed to rebuild Mozambique's dairy industry and increase incomes for smallholder farmers through distributing improved dairy cows and training. Key findings include:
1) Households that received cattle saw increases in total assets and women's share of assets compared to non-recipients. Receiving a cow and longer time in the program were associated with greater food security.
2) Both men and women took on more dairy responsibilities with the improved cows, though activities remained gendered. Women gained decision-making power around dairy.
3) Recipient households had
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This document summarizes preliminary findings from a gender impact assessment of the Land O'Lakes - Manica Smallholder Dairy Development Program in Mozambique. The program aimed to rebuild Mozambique's dairy industry and increase incomes for smallholder farmers through distributing improved dairy cows and training. Key findings include:
1) Households that received cattle saw increases in total assets and women's share of assets compared to non-recipients. Women's involvement in training also increased their decision-making power.
2) Recipient households had greater food security, as measured by months of adequate household food provisioning and dietary diversity. Longer time since receiving a cow and women's training roles were also associated with improved food security
1. The document analyzes how intrahousehold dynamics change when assets are transferred to women through BRAC's Targeting the Ultra Poor (TUP) program in Bangladesh.
2. It finds that while the program increased household ownership of livestock and other assets, most non-livestock assets increased men's sole ownership rather than women's. Livestock ownership and control did increase for women as intended by the program.
3. The program decreased women's mobility and decision-making power within the household, as their work shifted inside the home and men's voice in household decisions increased, even as women's control over their own income and purchases decreased.
(1) An intervention targeted asset transfers to ultra-poor women in Bangladesh to reduce poverty and empower women.
(2) The intervention increased women's ownership of livestock, but increased men's ownership more for other productive and consumer assets.
(3) While women gained control over transferred livestock, the intervention decreased women's decision-making power overall and their mobility outside the home increased as their workloads inside the home increased.
Cows, missing milk markets and nutrition in rural ethiopiaessp2
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between cow ownership and child nutrition in rural Ethiopia. The study finds that owning cows is strongly associated with higher milk consumption and better nutrition outcomes for children ages 6-24 months, including higher HAZ scores and lower stunting rates. These effects are larger than for other variables and robust across different model specifications and datasets. While causality cannot be proven, the results suggest agricultural and dairy sector investments could significantly improve child nutrition. Future work aims to further explore the causal mechanisms through instrumentation strategies.
Cows, missing milk markets and nutrition in rural ethiopiaessp2
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between cow ownership and child nutrition in rural Ethiopia. The study finds that owning cows is strongly associated with higher milk consumption and better nutrition outcomes for children ages 6-24 months, including higher HAZ scores and lower stunting rates. These effects are larger than for other variables and robust across different model specifications and datasets. While causality cannot be proven, the results suggest policies to promote the dairy sector in Ethiopia could significantly improve child nutrition, for example by supporting improved cattle breeds, dairy processing, and supplements targeting young children. Markets can partially substitute for own production, but in subsistence settings cow ownership at the household level remains important for nutrition.
Cows, missing milk markets and nutrition in rural ethiopiaessp2
1) The study examines whether cow ownership in rural Ethiopia affects child nutrition outcomes by increasing access to milk consumption. It finds that households that own cows have higher milk consumption and better anthropometric measures like reduced stunting for children ages 6-24 months.
2) The impact is larger when there are missing milk markets, as cow ownership allows for direct consumption rather than relying on markets. Additional controls and robustness checks support the findings.
3) The results suggest policy investments could significantly improve child nutrition by developing Ethiopia's dairy sector to increase cow ownership and milk yields, as well as modernizing dairy processing and markets.
- The document provides tips and advice for implementing the pro-WEAI (Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index) in the field.
- It answers 10 common questions received from pro-WEAI users, covering design questions, implementation challenges, and interpretation of results.
- Key recommendations include collecting additional household data alongside pro-WEAI to allow analysis of relationships between empowerment and other outcomes. It also advises using qualitative research to help understand unexpected pro-WEAI results.
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Monitoring progress toward women’s empowerment requires tools that reflect the underlying concepts that we aim to measure. Cognitive interviewing is a qualitative approach for identifying sources of error in how respondents interpret and formulate responses to surveys. This study aims to identify sources of error in new and existing survey modules included in the WEAI4VC survey to inform survey development. Of the ten modules cognitively interviewed, comprehension errors were found in nine modules, response errors were found in two, and judgement errors in one. Revisions to the questions and survey modules will help better capture respondent’s lived experiences and realities.
Unpacking the “Gender Box”: Identifying the Gender Dimensions of Your ResearchIFPRI Gender
This document provides an overview of key concepts and tools for conducting gender analysis in agricultural research and development projects. It defines common gender terminology and explains why gender differences are important to consider. The document outlines different levels of gender analysis from the individual to household to plot levels. It also discusses objectives for gender-sensitive programs, strategies to measure women's empowerment, and resources for further gender analysis.
Women’s empowerment in agriculture: Lessons from qualitative researchIFPRI Gender
Overview of qualitative findings from the GAAP2 project and how they relate to the development of the quantitative pro-WEAI survey and how they illuminate quantitative pro-WEAI findings
The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)IFPRI Gender
This document discusses measuring women's empowerment in agriculture through the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). It provides an overview of the WEAI and its evolution over time. Specifically, it introduces the project-level WEAI (pro-WEAI) which was developed to better measure empowerment at the individual project level. The pro-WEAI uses quantitative surveys and qualitative protocols to assess empowerment across different domains. The document discusses applying the pro-WEAI to measure empowerment among beneficiaries of Malawi's ATVET for Women program, which provides agricultural training to farming couples.
Understanding Empowerment among Retailers in the Informal Milk Sector in Peri...IFPRI Gender
Developing measures of empowerment is critical for monitoring progress toward gender equality and women’s empowerment. We used formative qualitative research to understand empowerment among traders in the informal milk sector in peri-urban Nairobi and adapt the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). We conducted 6 single-sex focus group discussions, 48 in-depth individual interviews, 4 key informant interviews with current and former milk traders. Interviews were translated, transcribed, and thematically coded using deductive and inductive codes. Emic perceptions of empowerment among milk trader emphasized business success and supporting families and communities. Gender-specific markers of empowerment often aligned with traditional gender norms. Only low-value assets are needed to enter the sector, though a lack of large assets limits business growth, especially for women. Obtaining government licenses is sometimes challenging, and licenses help vendors maintain control over assets as authorities may seize them when vendors are found selling without a license. Small-scale credit is common, but access to large-scale credit is difficult to obtain for women, limiting the growth of women’s milk businesses. Business and household incomes are maintained separately, which helps women maintain control of their income. Married women (compared to single women) face more difficulty maintaining control of their income. Participation in savings and credit groups is common and facilitates acquisition of low-value assets. Membership in dairy trader groups, however, is uncommon especially among women, and low involvement in these groups may limit traders’ potential for collective action. We discuss how we use these findings to adapt the pro-WEAI.
IFPRI Gender Breakfast with CARE and WorldFish: Measuring Gender-Transformati...IFPRI Gender
Measuring Gender-Transformative Change in Agriculture: A review of the literature and promising practices
February 16, 2017
Presenters: Steven Cole, Cynthia McDougall, & Afrina Choudhury from WorldFish & the FISH CGIAR Research Program; Emily Hilenbrand & Pranati Mohanraj from CARE USA
Discussant: Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI)
Gender inequalities are recognized as both a major driver of poverty and an impediment to agricultural development. Understanding complex processes of social change remains a critical challenge for effective agricultural development programming that advances gender equality. Gender transformative approaches represent a move beyond “business as usual” gender integration in programming towards the creation of an enabling social environment and more equitable formal and informal institutions that expand life choices for women and men.
At the heart of their work, WorldFish (in particular, through its FISH and Aquatic Agricultural Systems cross-cutting research program) and CARE USA (through its global Pathways to Empowerment agriculture program) strive to apply gender transformative approaches (GTA) in designing, implementing, and learning from agricultural development interventions. However, committing to GTA implementation approaches also requires a transformation of measurements and indicators of change, an area of research that remains relatively under-developed in the agriculture sector.
In this webinar, CARE and WorldFish Center jointly present a literature review of promising indicators and tools for measuring gender-transformative change in agriculture, along with some practical case studies and the implications of applying such approaches in practice.
[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Liquid milk: Cash Constraints and the Timing o...IFPRI Gender
Gender Methods Seminar, Dec 13, 2016
Berber Kramer, Research Fellow, Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division (IFPRI)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes implications of cash constraints for collective marketing, using the case of the Kenyan dairy sector. Collective marketing through for instance cooperatives can improve smallholder farmer income but relies on informal, non-enforceable agreements to sell outputs collectively. Sideselling of output in the local market occurs frequently and is typically attributed to price differences between the market and cooperative. This paper provides an alternative explanation, namely that farmers sell in the local market when they are cash-constrained, since cooperatives defer payments while buyers in local markets pay cash immediately. Building on semi-parametric estimation techniques for panel data, we find robust evidence of this theory. High-frequency high-detail panel data show that farmers sell more in the local market, in particular to buyers who pay cash immediately, in weeks with low cash at hand. Moreover, households cope with health shocks by selling more milk in the local market and less to the cooperative, but only in weeks they are not covered by health insurance. Effects are concentrated among female dairy farmers. For them, increased flexibility in payment and the provision of insurance through agricultural cooperatives can potentially reduce side-selling and improve the performance of collective marketing arrangements.
Screencast available here:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d48bte3yzsd5iwz/2016-12-13%2012.03%2012_13%2C%207AB%2C%2012-1pm%2C%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Berber%20Kramer%20.wmv?dl=0
Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From "Zombie Facts" to EvidenceIFPRI Gender
Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016.
For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender
Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info
[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Gender and Collective Lands: Good practices an...IFPRI Gender
Presentation by Elisa Scalise and Renee Giovarelli
Co-founders of Resource Equity
Global awareness of two land tenure issues--the importance of recognizing and promoting land rights for women and the problem of insecure collective land and resource tenure rights--is rising. The importance of managing collectively held land, both for those who use it and for the environment, has grown increasingly clear. In fact, studies have estimated that as much as 65 percent of the world’s land is held under collective tenure—customary, community-based tenure systems. Securing that tenure is important for protecting the rights of those communities, and has been shown to improve resource management.
However, efforts to secure community land tenure, generally through documenting and registering rights, are still new. In particular, to date, the conversation around securing collective rights to land has paid little attention to women’s rights, and the effects of formalizing the rights of the collective on women are not well studied. Focusing on securing collective land and resource rights without considering gender differences within communities has the potential to severely disadvantage women who are very often socially, economically, and politically excluded.
This report on gender issues and best practices in collective land tenure projects seeks to begin filling this gap, by taking a detailed look at how six collective tenure land projects addressed gender differences. The six case studies include projects in China, Ghana, India, Kyrgyzstan, Namibia, and Peru. The case studies are program assessments focusing primarily on how each project approached gender, what the gender-differentiated impacts have been in terms of project participation and benefits, and what lessons can be learned and best practices can be drawn from these projects.
https://www.dropbox.com/s/rraj5rz8kip9t70/2016-03-14%2012.01%203_14%2012pm-1pm%20Room%208A%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Resource%20Equity%20.mp4?dl=0
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This document summarizes research on the role of gender in the adoption of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OSP) in Uganda. The research found that: 1) OSP adoption increased by 61 percentage points due to the project, with OSP comprising 43% of total sweet potato area. 2) Vitamin A intakes and serum retinol levels significantly improved. 3) Gender dynamics around control over land and assets affected OSP adoption, with joint decision-making most effective. Women's participation in nutrition training also increased diffusion of OSP. The research implications suggest continuing nutrition training for women while involving men more.
This document summarizes research on the role of gender in the adoption of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OSP) in Uganda. The research found that: 1) OSP adoption increased most on jointly controlled plots where women played a leading role; 2) households where women had more assets saw higher vitamin A intakes but not necessarily larger impacts of the program; 3) women's participation in nutrition trainings increased diffusion of OSP to other households. The implications are that addressing both women and men in programs may better promote adoption, and focusing on female leaders could further diffusion.
(1) The document analyzes how intrahousehold dynamics in Bangladesh changed when assets were transferred to women through BRAC's Targeting the Ultra Poor (TUP) program.
(2) It found that the program significantly increased women's ownership of livestock, though other household assets mostly went to men. Women's control over transferred livestock and decision-making power decreased for some decisions.
(3) While workloads shifted inside the home, in line with maintaining home-based livestock, women's mobility outside the home and decision-making power decreased for decisions like income use and household purchases. Men's sole decision-making increased instead.
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Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
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This document summarizes preliminary findings from a gender impact assessment of the Land O'Lakes - Manica Smallholder Dairy Development Program in Mozambique. The program aimed to rebuild Mozambique's dairy industry and increase incomes for smallholder farmers through distributing improved dairy cows and training. Key findings include:
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This document summarizes preliminary findings from a gender impact assessment of the Land O'Lakes - Manica Smallholder Dairy Development Program in Mozambique. The program aimed to rebuild Mozambique's dairy industry and increase incomes for smallholder farmers through distributing improved dairy cows and training. Key findings include:
1) Households that received cattle saw increases in total assets and women's share of assets compared to non-recipients. Women's involvement in training also increased their decision-making power.
2) Recipient households had greater food security, as measured by months of adequate household food provisioning and dietary diversity. Longer time since receiving a cow and women's training roles were also associated with improved food security
1. The document analyzes how intrahousehold dynamics change when assets are transferred to women through BRAC's Targeting the Ultra Poor (TUP) program in Bangladesh.
2. It finds that while the program increased household ownership of livestock and other assets, most non-livestock assets increased men's sole ownership rather than women's. Livestock ownership and control did increase for women as intended by the program.
3. The program decreased women's mobility and decision-making power within the household, as their work shifted inside the home and men's voice in household decisions increased, even as women's control over their own income and purchases decreased.
(1) An intervention targeted asset transfers to ultra-poor women in Bangladesh to reduce poverty and empower women.
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1) The study examines whether cow ownership in rural Ethiopia affects child nutrition outcomes by increasing access to milk consumption. It finds that households that own cows have higher milk consumption and better anthropometric measures like reduced stunting for children ages 6-24 months.
2) The impact is larger when there are missing milk markets, as cow ownership allows for direct consumption rather than relying on markets. Additional controls and robustness checks support the findings.
3) The results suggest policy investments could significantly improve child nutrition by developing Ethiopia's dairy sector to increase cow ownership and milk yields, as well as modernizing dairy processing and markets.
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Overview of qualitative findings from the GAAP2 project and how they relate to the development of the quantitative pro-WEAI survey and how they illuminate quantitative pro-WEAI findings
The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI)IFPRI Gender
This document discusses measuring women's empowerment in agriculture through the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). It provides an overview of the WEAI and its evolution over time. Specifically, it introduces the project-level WEAI (pro-WEAI) which was developed to better measure empowerment at the individual project level. The pro-WEAI uses quantitative surveys and qualitative protocols to assess empowerment across different domains. The document discusses applying the pro-WEAI to measure empowerment among beneficiaries of Malawi's ATVET for Women program, which provides agricultural training to farming couples.
Understanding Empowerment among Retailers in the Informal Milk Sector in Peri...IFPRI Gender
Developing measures of empowerment is critical for monitoring progress toward gender equality and women’s empowerment. We used formative qualitative research to understand empowerment among traders in the informal milk sector in peri-urban Nairobi and adapt the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). We conducted 6 single-sex focus group discussions, 48 in-depth individual interviews, 4 key informant interviews with current and former milk traders. Interviews were translated, transcribed, and thematically coded using deductive and inductive codes. Emic perceptions of empowerment among milk trader emphasized business success and supporting families and communities. Gender-specific markers of empowerment often aligned with traditional gender norms. Only low-value assets are needed to enter the sector, though a lack of large assets limits business growth, especially for women. Obtaining government licenses is sometimes challenging, and licenses help vendors maintain control over assets as authorities may seize them when vendors are found selling without a license. Small-scale credit is common, but access to large-scale credit is difficult to obtain for women, limiting the growth of women’s milk businesses. Business and household incomes are maintained separately, which helps women maintain control of their income. Married women (compared to single women) face more difficulty maintaining control of their income. Participation in savings and credit groups is common and facilitates acquisition of low-value assets. Membership in dairy trader groups, however, is uncommon especially among women, and low involvement in these groups may limit traders’ potential for collective action. We discuss how we use these findings to adapt the pro-WEAI.
IFPRI Gender Breakfast with CARE and WorldFish: Measuring Gender-Transformati...IFPRI Gender
Measuring Gender-Transformative Change in Agriculture: A review of the literature and promising practices
February 16, 2017
Presenters: Steven Cole, Cynthia McDougall, & Afrina Choudhury from WorldFish & the FISH CGIAR Research Program; Emily Hilenbrand & Pranati Mohanraj from CARE USA
Discussant: Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI)
Gender inequalities are recognized as both a major driver of poverty and an impediment to agricultural development. Understanding complex processes of social change remains a critical challenge for effective agricultural development programming that advances gender equality. Gender transformative approaches represent a move beyond “business as usual” gender integration in programming towards the creation of an enabling social environment and more equitable formal and informal institutions that expand life choices for women and men.
At the heart of their work, WorldFish (in particular, through its FISH and Aquatic Agricultural Systems cross-cutting research program) and CARE USA (through its global Pathways to Empowerment agriculture program) strive to apply gender transformative approaches (GTA) in designing, implementing, and learning from agricultural development interventions. However, committing to GTA implementation approaches also requires a transformation of measurements and indicators of change, an area of research that remains relatively under-developed in the agriculture sector.
In this webinar, CARE and WorldFish Center jointly present a literature review of promising indicators and tools for measuring gender-transformative change in agriculture, along with some practical case studies and the implications of applying such approaches in practice.
[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Liquid milk: Cash Constraints and the Timing o...IFPRI Gender
Gender Methods Seminar, Dec 13, 2016
Berber Kramer, Research Fellow, Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division (IFPRI)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes implications of cash constraints for collective marketing, using the case of the Kenyan dairy sector. Collective marketing through for instance cooperatives can improve smallholder farmer income but relies on informal, non-enforceable agreements to sell outputs collectively. Sideselling of output in the local market occurs frequently and is typically attributed to price differences between the market and cooperative. This paper provides an alternative explanation, namely that farmers sell in the local market when they are cash-constrained, since cooperatives defer payments while buyers in local markets pay cash immediately. Building on semi-parametric estimation techniques for panel data, we find robust evidence of this theory. High-frequency high-detail panel data show that farmers sell more in the local market, in particular to buyers who pay cash immediately, in weeks with low cash at hand. Moreover, households cope with health shocks by selling more milk in the local market and less to the cooperative, but only in weeks they are not covered by health insurance. Effects are concentrated among female dairy farmers. For them, increased flexibility in payment and the provision of insurance through agricultural cooperatives can potentially reduce side-selling and improve the performance of collective marketing arrangements.
Screencast available here:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d48bte3yzsd5iwz/2016-12-13%2012.03%2012_13%2C%207AB%2C%2012-1pm%2C%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Berber%20Kramer%20.wmv?dl=0
Gender, Agriculture, and Environment: From "Zombie Facts" to EvidenceIFPRI Gender
Four "zombie myths" continue to haunt us in the field of gender and agriculture. This presentation looks at the evidence on the feminization of poverty, women's contributions to agriculture, land ownership, and role as environmentalists. Presented by Ruth Meinzen-Dick at Penn State University, June 2016.
For more information about IFPRI's Gender Research, please see our research topic page: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/gender
Stay up to date on happenings in gender and agriculture: http://gender.ifpri.info
[IFPRI Gender Methods Seminar] Gender and Collective Lands: Good practices an...IFPRI Gender
Presentation by Elisa Scalise and Renee Giovarelli
Co-founders of Resource Equity
Global awareness of two land tenure issues--the importance of recognizing and promoting land rights for women and the problem of insecure collective land and resource tenure rights--is rising. The importance of managing collectively held land, both for those who use it and for the environment, has grown increasingly clear. In fact, studies have estimated that as much as 65 percent of the world’s land is held under collective tenure—customary, community-based tenure systems. Securing that tenure is important for protecting the rights of those communities, and has been shown to improve resource management.
However, efforts to secure community land tenure, generally through documenting and registering rights, are still new. In particular, to date, the conversation around securing collective rights to land has paid little attention to women’s rights, and the effects of formalizing the rights of the collective on women are not well studied. Focusing on securing collective land and resource rights without considering gender differences within communities has the potential to severely disadvantage women who are very often socially, economically, and politically excluded.
This report on gender issues and best practices in collective land tenure projects seeks to begin filling this gap, by taking a detailed look at how six collective tenure land projects addressed gender differences. The six case studies include projects in China, Ghana, India, Kyrgyzstan, Namibia, and Peru. The case studies are program assessments focusing primarily on how each project approached gender, what the gender-differentiated impacts have been in terms of project participation and benefits, and what lessons can be learned and best practices can be drawn from these projects.
https://www.dropbox.com/s/rraj5rz8kip9t70/2016-03-14%2012.01%203_14%2012pm-1pm%20Room%208A%20Gender%20Methods%20Seminar%20with%20Resource%20Equity%20.mp4?dl=0
Building a WEAI for project use: Overview of GAAP2 for pro-WEAIIFPRI Gender
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) titled Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
In this presentation, Nancy Johnson of IFPRI discusses how the project level WEAI (pro-WEAI) will be constructed in GAAP2 and talks about the structure of GAAP2 and the different components of the project.
What's measured, matters: Lessons from the WEAI - GAAP2 Inception WorkshopIFPRI Gender
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) titled Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
In this presentation, Agnes Quisumbing of IFPRI introduces the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI). The presentation covers the scope of the WEAI, its relevance, the indicators that make up the index, its uses and its criticisms.
The Abbreviated WEAI (A-WEAI) - GAAP2 Inception WorkshopIFPRI Gender
An inception workshop for the Gender, Agriculture & Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2): Developing Project-Level Indicators to Measure Women’s Empowerment was held in January 2016.
In this presentation Hazel Malapit of IFPRI introduces the Abbreviated WEAI (A-WEAI).
Gender differences in awareness and adoption of climate-smart agricultural pr...IFPRI Gender
Agnes Quisumbing, IFPRI
Presentation on Bangladesh CCAFS work at IFPRI January 2016
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
How female (and male) farmers are changing their practices in the face of cha...IFPRI Gender
Patti Kristjanson, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), at IFPRI, January 2016
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
Gender and climate change introduction (Elizabeth Bryan)IFPRI Gender
Overview of IFPRI projects, research questions, and conceptual framework (Elizabeth Bryan)
Webcast of full recording: https://www.dropbox.com/s/yd5uw8llltv0vrv/2016-01-14%2010.01%20Gender%20and%20Climate%20Change.mp4?dl=0
Empowerment and agricultural production: Evidence from the WEAI in NigerIFPRI Gender
Abstract:
This paper reports on the WEAI collected for male and female adults in 500 households in the Tahoua region in Niger. Rural households in Niger remain heavily dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Women play a critical and potentially transformative role in agricultural and rural sector growth but face persistent constraints especially when venturing beyond the cultivation of subsistence crops. Our data reveal that men are more empowered compared to women in all but two domains (autonomy and leisure). This discrepancy in empowerment stems primarily from unequal access to assets, including land, and the difficulties women face in speaking in front of a mixed audience. For both men and women, limited group membership strongly contributes to disempowerment. These findings suggest that increased empowerment could contribute to income diversification if access to credit for women could be enhanced. One way to do this – and further increase empowerment – would be to reactivate the existing institutional infrastructure of producer groups or rotating savings schemes (ROSCAS).
This work was funded by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in the context of a collaborative agreement with IFPRI to conduct a Trade, Gender Equality and Enterprise Growth Analysis to guide MCC investments in Niger.
Presenter’s Bio:
Fleur joined IFPRI in September 2007. She holds a PhD in Development Economics from Wageningen University, the Netherlands. Her research mainly takes a micro-economic approach and focuses on households in rural West Africa. She has worked extensively on empirically linking migration and agricultural production. As a postdoctoral fellow in IFPRI's West and Central Africa Office she has given analytical support on a per-country basis for the implementation of CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program). As a research fellow, she has worked on analyzing the linkages between agriculture, health and education to identify priorities for public investment in rural areas of Burkina Faso. Fleur is currently based in IFPRI’s Kampala office and mainly working on smallholder value chain integration through rural producer organizations.
Tapping Irrigation’s Potential for Women’s Empowerment: Findings from Ethiopi...IFPRI Gender
This document summarizes the findings of a survey conducted in Ethiopia and Tanzania on the relationship between small-scale irrigation and women's empowerment. Key findings include:
1) The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index was modified and administered to households in both countries, finding higher average empowerment among irrigating households compared to non-irrigating.
2) Top constraints to women's empowerment varied between countries and irrigation status, but generally included input into productive decisions, autonomy in production, and control over use of income.
3) Irrigating households in both countries had significantly lower food insecurity and higher household dietary diversity compared to non-irrigating households.
Elizabeth Bryan: Linkages between irrigation nutrition health and genderIFPRI Gender
This document discusses potential pathways through which irrigation can influence nutrition, health outcomes, and women's empowerment. It identifies five main pathways: 1) increased food production can lead to greater food availability and diversity; 2) irrigation can generate income which may be spent on food or health; 3) irrigation water can be used for domestic purposes to improve water supply; 4) health risks can increase from factors like waterborne diseases or pollution; and 5) irrigation projects that target women can empower them by increasing assets and income controlled by women. The document provides examples from various studies on how each of these pathways has played out and the gender dimensions, noting that outcomes depend on factors like who adopts irrigation and controls use of water, land,
Elizabeth Bryan: Linkages between irrigation nutrition health and gender
Harvest Plus GAAP Presentation January 2013
1. Bargaining Power and Biofortification: The Role
of Gender in Adoption of Orange-Fleshed Sweet
Potato in Uganda
Daniel O. Gilligan, Neha Kumar,
Scott McNiven, J.V. Meenakshi, Agnes Quisumbing
GAAP Workshop, Addis Ababa, January 2012
3. Gender and Biofortification
HarvestPlus is promoting biofortification as a strategy to reduce
malnutrition (e.g., vitamin A deficiency (VAD); iron deficiency)
– strategy: breed staples crops to be a rich source of missing
micronutrients like iron, vitamin A, and zinc
– potential: sustainable in rural areas, self-targeting toward the poor,
cost-effective over time
Success of biofortification depends on widespread adoption and
consumption of new crop varieties. Gender may be important:
– women provide much of the on-farm labor in Africa and elsewhere
and are primarily responsible for child diets
– there is often a complex dynamic of intrahousehold gender relations
for crop choice (von Braun, Puetz and Webb, 1989)
• New research addresses constraints to crop technology adoption, but
with limited attention to gender (Conley and Udry, 2010; Suri, 2011)
4. An Evaluation of Biofortification in Uganda
• HarvestPlus Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (OSP) Project
• disseminate provitamin-A-rich OSP as a strategy to increase
vitamin A intakes and reduce vitamin A deficiency
• OSP vines given to 10,000 households in Uganda in 2007,
followed by agriculture, nutrition and marketing trainings, using
more intensive (Model 1) and less intensive (Model 2) strategies
• The IFPRI/HarvestPlus/CIP
evaluation
• randomized, controlled trial
• baseline & endline surveys, 2007-
2009, qual study 2011
• n=1,472 households
• outcomes: OSP adoption, dietary
intakes of vitamin A, serum
retinol
5. Key Findings of OSP Evaluation:
1. Impact on OSP Adoption in 2009
Model 1 Impact: Model -
Control
Model 2
M1: 64 % ***
M2: 57 % ***
Control Cultivated OSP
0 20 40 60 80
%
• Project resulted in a 57-64 % point increase in OSP
adoption
• Project increased the share of OSP in total sweet potato (SP)
area by 41 to 46 % points
6. 2. Prevalence of Inadequate Vitamin A Intakes, Uganda
100
M1-C: -34%** M1-C: -1% M1-C: -36%**
90
M2-C: -31%** M2-C: -5% M2-C: -26%**
80
70
60
% 50
40
30
20
10
0
Model 1 Model 2 Control Model 1 Model 2 Control Model 1 Model 2 Control
Young children Reference children Women
Baseline Follow up
•Prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intakes (Hotz et al., 2012)
•Fell 33% for young children (age 6-35 months)
•Fell 26-36% for adult women
•Impact on reference children age 3-5 years shows no effect due
to improvement in control group
7. 3. Impact on Vitamin A Status
• Estimated impact on prevalence of low serum retinol
(retinol<1.05μmol/L) in blood samples for children age 3-5 at
baseline or for adult women (Hotz et al., 2012)
• For children with low serum retinol at baseline
• significant reduction in prevalence of low serum retinol at
endline by 9.5 percentage points
• vitamin A intake from OSP was positively associated with
vitamin A status (p<0.05)
• Women: project had no impact on low serum retinol
• Summary: broad adoption of OSP substantially increases vitamin
A intakes and can reduce prevalence of low serum retinol in
children
8. What is the role of gender in OFSP adoption?
1. What roles do women and men play in the
intrahousehold decision-making process to adopt OSP?
• Using data on which household members control each land
parcel, we explore gender-based differences in where OSP is
planted
2. Is OSP adoption more common in households in which
women have stronger bargaining power ?
• Effect could be driven by women’s role in managing child diets
• Women were exclusively targeted for nutrition trainings, so may
have better information about the returns to adopting OSP
• We address question 2 first in a household-level model of OSP
adoption
9. Female bargaining power: asset ownership
Table 1: Gender differentiation in asset ownership at baseline, 2007
Female Male Joint
exclusive exclusive ownership
ownership ownership
Share of value of land 0.161 0.591 0.248
owned, 2007
Share of value of nonland 0.219 0.488 0.308
assets owned, 2007
By District
Land, 2007
Kamuli 0.204 0.457 0.349
Bukedea 0.108 0.739 0.154
Mukono 0.182 0.550 0.268
Nonland assets, 2007
Kamuli 0.215 0.402 0.400
Bukedea 0.164 0.623 0.227
Mukono 0.281 0.420 0.317
• Women have exclusive ownership to 16.1% of land, 21.9% of other assets
• Joint ownership of assets is limited to 25-30% overall
10. Role of bargaining power in household adoption of OSP
Table 2: Household-level model of OSP adoption, controlling for
women’s asset ownership at baseline
All project Female headed Male headed
Dep. Var.: Pr(Adopt OFSP) households households households
Share of land exclusively 0.038 0.365* -0.011
owned by women, 2007 (0.070) (0.217) (0.076)
Share of nonland assets exclusively -0.029 -0.540** 0.032
owned by women, 2007 (0.069) (0.232) (0.074)
Notes: Seasonal random effects model including large set of household control variables.
* significant at the 10% level; **significant at the 5% level.
• Generally, the share of assets exclusively owned by women or by
men does not affect the household decision to grow OSP in a given
season
• In female-headed households, the share of exclusively owned...
• ...land assets: weakly increases OSP adoption
• ...nonland assets: decreases OSP adoption
11. Intrahousehold crop choice decisions
"Who decided what to grow on this parcel?"
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Females only
0.5
Males only
0.4
0.3 Joint, females first
0.2 Joint, males first
0.1
0
Full sample Kamuli Bukedea Mukono
• Women alone make the crop choice decisions for 20% of land parcels
• 75% of crop choice decisions are joint, but men may receive priority in
as much as 80% of those decisions
“Separate plots are not always good for the well being and unity of the
family. A family can only progress if there’s cooperation between husband
and wife.” --male FGD participant in Kamuli
12. Gender control of land parcels and OSP
Table 4: Gender of parcel control and OSP adoption
Dep Var: Grow OSP on this Unconditional All Parcels If household
• Naïve models (1) parcel (1) (2) adopts OSP
and (2), ignore Parcel control: female only 0.055 0.005 -0.025
links in adoption (0.021)*** (0.005) (0.030)
decisions across Parcel control: male only -0.080 -0.132 -0.211
(0.055) (-0.132)** (0.053)***
parcels Parcel control: joint, female 1st 0.112 0.063 0.032
(0.025)*** (0.063)*** (0.027)
• Plots jointly Ln expenditure per adult equ. 0.020 0.020
controlled, with (0.020)* (0.015)
women leading Vitamin A knowledge, 2007 0.046 0.016
decision- (0.046)*** (0.020)
Change in vit A knowledge 0.041 0.024
making, are (0.041)*** (0.014)*
most likely to Share of SP in land area, 2007 0.226 0.085
have OSP (0.226)*** (0.052)
Land area controlled, 2009 -0.062 -0.066
• Conditional on (-0.062)*** (0.011)***
HH Land parcel area, 2009 0.135 0.151
(0.135)*** (0.021)***
adoption, male Ln farmer group size -0.114 -0.014
controlled plots (-0.114)* (0.063)
are least likely to Land tenure is freehold -0.169 -0.305
have OSP (-0.169)* (0.340)
Observations 5723 5032 3138
13. Correlated decisions across parcels
Table 5: OSP adoption, correlated decisions across parcels
• Controlling for
Incl. Other Household
correlation of Parcel Fixed
decisions across Dep Var: Grow OSP on this Controls Effects
parcels weakens parcel (1) (2)
significance of Parcel control: female only -0.077 -0.124
effects (0.052) (0.247)
Parcel control: male only -0.292 -0.656
• Acknowledge that (0.098)*** (0.345)*
gender of control Parcel control: joint, female 1st 0.091 0.232
over parcels is not (0.046)** (0.191)
fixed; still need to No. other parcels: female only -0.088
account for this (0.022)***
No. other parcels: male only -0.035
• Cannot yet (0.024)
identify whether No. other parcels: joint, female 1st -0.133
effects are gender (0.016)***
differences in No. other parcels: joint, male 1st -0.116
preferences, (0.012)***
information or Observations 5032 4490
specialization Notes: Other control variables not reported.
14. Women’s assets, parcel control and OSP adoption
Table 7: OSP adoption by female ownership of nonland assets
• Households in High share of
which women have Low share of female
lower asset female ownership of
ownership are ownership of nonland
more likely to grow Dep Var: Grow OFSP on this nonland assets assets
OSP on joint plots parcel (1) (2)
with women in Parcel control: female only 0.032 -0.036
primary control (0.049) (0.035)
Parcel control: male only -0.085 -0.198
(0.065) (0.082)**
• Where female Parcel control: joint, female 1st 0.097 0.021
share of assets is (0.029)*** (0.032)
higher, decision- Observations 2377 2655
making on joint Notes: Other control variables not reported.
plots appears more
egalitarian, but
OSP adoption is
lower on male-
controlled plots
15. Closing Points
• Need to understand how
men’s and women’s control
of land and assets affect
adoption of new
technologies
• This is especially important
for agricultural
technologies that have the
potential for improving
nutrition
• For learning purposes,
experiment with providing
access to nutrition trainings
between women and men,
or between women and
both together