The document discusses congenital cleft lip and palate (CCLP) which occurs due to impaired facial development in utero. CCLP can cause abnormalities in craniofacial growth and development including asymmetry of the nasal cartilage and maxillary sinuses, smaller nasopharynx size, and abnormalities of muscles that control the auditory tube. Effective treatment of CCLP requires periodic study of jaw growth dynamics. Surgery to repair clefts can also impact craniofacial growth through iatrogenic factors like scarring, and both internal defects and surgical factors may contribute to abnormal facial morphology. Assessing individual variability in treatment outcomes is important.
Hernias and Genital Anomalies among Primary School Pupils in Ikenne Local Gov...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Management of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip, dr. lidetu afework anjulo a...LIDETU AFEWORK
knowing the causing and associated risk factor of cleft lip and palate is crucial for policy makers and prevention. classification is important for how to manage it for oral and maxillofacial surgery.
This article discusses the genetics of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. It begins by providing background on cleft lip and palate, noting that they are common birth defects caused by both genetic and environmental factors. The article then reviews the various genetic approaches that have been used to study the genetics of cleft lip and palate, including linkage analysis, genome-wide association studies, and sequencing of candidate genes. It discusses several genes that have been implicated in cleft lip and palate development, including IRF6, MTHFR, and MSX1. The article concludes that while several genes have been identified, the genetic basis of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate remains unclear due
This document discusses cleft lip and palate, including the embryology, causes, classifications, genetics, pathophysiology, and anesthetic management for surgeries to repair cleft lip and palate. It notes the multidisciplinary teams involved and describes in detail the considerations and procedures for anesthetizing infants and children undergoing cleft lip and palate surgeries, including airway management, monitoring, induction, maintenance, extubation, and postoperative care.
The document discusses craniofacial anomalies such as clefts. It describes different types of craniofacial clefts including Tessier cleft classifications 0 through 11. For each classification, it provides details on the anatomical location of the cleft and associated soft tissue deformities. The document also discusses mechanisms, genetics, teratogens, and management considerations for various craniofacial anomalies.
This document discusses the management of craniofacial anomalies. It begins by defining craniofacial anomalies as congenital deformities of the cranium and face that interfere with physical and mental well-being. It then discusses several specific conditions: Hox homeobox network patterning of the craniofacial region; neurocristopathies resulting from neural crest cell migration issues; etiologies including genetic and environmental factors; and features of cleft lip and palate, hemifacial microsomia, craniosynostosis, and other craniofacial dysplasias. The document provides details on the characteristics, causes, and dental/skeletal implications of several craniofacial anomalies.
Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate: What is a cleft lip, cleft palate by Dr.Rajat Sachde...Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Rebuilding Lives One Smile at a Time.
Cleft lip and cleft palate, also known as orofacial cleft, is a group of conditions that includes cleft lip, cleft palate and both together.. A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. A cleft palate is when the roof of the mouth contains an opening into the nose.
Cleft lip and palate are the result of tissues of the face not joining properly during development. As such, they are a type of birth defect. The cause is unknown in most cases.
A cleft lip or palate can be successfully treated with surgery. This is often done in the first few months of life for cleft lip and before eighteen months for cleft palate. Speech therapy and dental care may also be needed. With appropriate treatment and properly skilled surgeons, outcomes are excellent.
Contact us
The cleft lip and palate team at Dr.Rajat Sachdeva's Dental welcomes your phone calls for questions and consultations. For more information, or to make an appointment, please use the following phone numbers:
For appointments or questions , please call +919818894041 , 01142464041
#dentalclinicinashokvihar #cleftpalate #cleftlip #cleftpalatetreatmentindelhi #cleftlip #cleftpalsvic #cleftlipandpalate #cleftstrong #cleftproud #cleftawareness #cleftsmile #delhidental #dentaldelhi
Hernias and Genital Anomalies among Primary School Pupils in Ikenne Local Gov...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Management of unilateral and bilateral cleft lip, dr. lidetu afework anjulo a...LIDETU AFEWORK
knowing the causing and associated risk factor of cleft lip and palate is crucial for policy makers and prevention. classification is important for how to manage it for oral and maxillofacial surgery.
This article discusses the genetics of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. It begins by providing background on cleft lip and palate, noting that they are common birth defects caused by both genetic and environmental factors. The article then reviews the various genetic approaches that have been used to study the genetics of cleft lip and palate, including linkage analysis, genome-wide association studies, and sequencing of candidate genes. It discusses several genes that have been implicated in cleft lip and palate development, including IRF6, MTHFR, and MSX1. The article concludes that while several genes have been identified, the genetic basis of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate remains unclear due
This document discusses cleft lip and palate, including the embryology, causes, classifications, genetics, pathophysiology, and anesthetic management for surgeries to repair cleft lip and palate. It notes the multidisciplinary teams involved and describes in detail the considerations and procedures for anesthetizing infants and children undergoing cleft lip and palate surgeries, including airway management, monitoring, induction, maintenance, extubation, and postoperative care.
The document discusses craniofacial anomalies such as clefts. It describes different types of craniofacial clefts including Tessier cleft classifications 0 through 11. For each classification, it provides details on the anatomical location of the cleft and associated soft tissue deformities. The document also discusses mechanisms, genetics, teratogens, and management considerations for various craniofacial anomalies.
This document discusses the management of craniofacial anomalies. It begins by defining craniofacial anomalies as congenital deformities of the cranium and face that interfere with physical and mental well-being. It then discusses several specific conditions: Hox homeobox network patterning of the craniofacial region; neurocristopathies resulting from neural crest cell migration issues; etiologies including genetic and environmental factors; and features of cleft lip and palate, hemifacial microsomia, craniosynostosis, and other craniofacial dysplasias. The document provides details on the characteristics, causes, and dental/skeletal implications of several craniofacial anomalies.
Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate: What is a cleft lip, cleft palate by Dr.Rajat Sachde...Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Rebuilding Lives One Smile at a Time.
Cleft lip and cleft palate, also known as orofacial cleft, is a group of conditions that includes cleft lip, cleft palate and both together.. A cleft lip contains an opening in the upper lip that may extend into the nose. The opening may be on one side, both sides, or in the middle. A cleft palate is when the roof of the mouth contains an opening into the nose.
Cleft lip and palate are the result of tissues of the face not joining properly during development. As such, they are a type of birth defect. The cause is unknown in most cases.
A cleft lip or palate can be successfully treated with surgery. This is often done in the first few months of life for cleft lip and before eighteen months for cleft palate. Speech therapy and dental care may also be needed. With appropriate treatment and properly skilled surgeons, outcomes are excellent.
Contact us
The cleft lip and palate team at Dr.Rajat Sachdeva's Dental welcomes your phone calls for questions and consultations. For more information, or to make an appointment, please use the following phone numbers:
For appointments or questions , please call +919818894041 , 01142464041
#dentalclinicinashokvihar #cleftpalate #cleftlip #cleftpalatetreatmentindelhi #cleftlip #cleftpalsvic #cleftlipandpalate #cleftstrong #cleftproud #cleftawareness #cleftsmile #delhidental #dentaldelhi
Clinical aspects of cleft lip and palate reconstruction 2 recAnjan Deb
The document discusses problems and management approaches for cleft lip and palate from the neonatal period through adolescence. It covers issues like feeding problems in infancy, lip and palate repair techniques, speech development challenges, orthodontics, bone grafting, and reconstructive procedures from childhood to teenage years. Management requires a multidisciplinary team and coordinated approach over many years to address anatomical, developmental, psychological, and social issues.
Cleft lip and cleft palate are congenital malformations caused by the failure of facial prominences to fuse properly during embryonic development. Cleft lip involves the upper lip and nose, while cleft palate involves the roof of the mouth. They can occur individually or together. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary team and may involve several surgeries over many years to repair the defects, manage complications, and achieve optimal function and appearance. Nursing care focuses on careful feeding, preventing infection, managing pain, and supporting the child and family.
Cleft lip and palate are congenital anomalies that require a multidisciplinary team for treatment. They can involve the lip, alveolus, hard and soft palates. Treatment involves a coordinated approach between multiple specialties and begins with surgery to repair the cleft, followed by ongoing dental, orthodontic and reconstructive procedures over many years.
The most common congenital craniofacial anomaly is cleft lip and palate. It is a separation that occurs in the lip or palate or both. Cleft occurs when the lip and/or the palate do not completely fuse during fetal development between the 6th and 9th week of pregnancy. While many factors have been associated with clefts, the cause of this condition seems complex and most cases of cleft lip and palate are thought to occur by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors or as a part of a genetic syndrome. Children with cleft lip and palate often have problems with feeding, speech, dentition, hearing, and aesthetics.
This document summarizes a seminar on cleft lip presented by Dr. Cathrine Diana. It discusses the history, embryology, etiology, epidemiology, classifications, parent counseling, feeding, surgical procedures, post-operative care, and recent advances related to cleft lip. The key topics covered include the causes of cleft lip being multifactorial including genetic and environmental factors, classifications according to location and severity, importance of pre-surgical orthodontics and nutrition management, and surgical techniques for lip repair and reconstruction.
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate, including definitions, causes, types, complications, and management. Cleft lip is a congenital anomaly where the upper lip is split due to failed fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes. Cleft palate occurs when the lateral palatine processes fail to fuse, resulting in a split in the roof of the mouth. Causes may include genetic and environmental factors. Complications can include feeding difficulties, infections, speech problems, and impaired development. Surgical repair of cleft lip is usually done between 2-3 months, while cleft palate repair typically occurs between 1-2 years of age.
This document discusses facial growth and development from prenatal through postnatal stages. It begins with terminology for growth and development, then describes how the face develops from tissues originating in the neural crest, somites, and pharyngeal arches during prenatal development. Midface development, palate development, and common birth defects are reviewed. Postnatal growth theories including genetic, sutural, cartilaginous, functional matrix, and servosystem models are introduced. Common craniofacial anomalies associated with chromosome abnormalities or neural crest cell defects are also summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ORTHODONTIC MANAGEMENT OF CLEFT LIP AND PALATE(Dr.JITHESH KUMAR)MINDS MAHE
This document provides an overview of cleft lip and palate, including:
- The aims of treatment are to address facial esthetics, feeding difficulties, speech problems, ear problems, and more through an interdisciplinary team approach.
- Cleft lip and palate can cause dental problems like missing/extra teeth, crossbites, and spacing issues as well as challenges with speech, hearing, and psychosocial development.
- Cleft lip and palate have genetic and environmental causes, and the condition is managed through a staged approach depending on the age and needs of the patient.
Cleft lip and palate are common birth defects that affect speech, hearing, breathing, and appearance. They require a team-based approach involving multiple specialists like otolaryngologists. The document discusses the management of cleft lip and palate, including the roles of different specialists in examining, diagnosing, and treating issues related to feeding, airway, speech, hearing, and surgery. Surgical techniques aim to restore normal anatomy and function through procedures on the lip and palate.
This document summarizes the development of the face and palate and discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins with the development of the frontonasal process and maxillary processes which form the upper lip. The palate develops from the primary palate formed by the frontonasal process and secondary palate formed by the palatal processes. Cleft lip is a split in the upper lip caused by failure of fusion of the maxillary process. Cleft palate is a split in the palate allowing communication between the oral and nasal cavities. Types of clefts and classification are described along with incidence, etiology, and problems associated with cleft disorders.
Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital orofacial anomaly, occurring in 1 in 600 live births for cleft lip and palate and 1 in 1000 for isolated cleft palate. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Clefts can occur in the lip, palate, or both. Management involves early feeding adaptations, airway management if needed, and surgical repair of the cleft, with timing varying by type of cleft. The goals of surgery are normal appearance, speech, and facial development through repair of muscular and bony deformities from birth. Long term monitoring and possible revision surgery may also be needed for hearing, speech, dental issues, and facial growth.
Cleft lip and cleft palate are congenital defects caused by incomplete fusion of facial structures in utero. Cleft lip involves a split in the upper lip, which can be unilateral or bilateral. Cleft palate is a split in the roof of the mouth. Treatment involves surgery to repair the cleft, with lip repair typically in the first year of life and palate repair by 18 months. Nursing management focuses on pre-operative preparation, careful feeding and positioning, and post-operative monitoring of healing and parental education on home care.
CLEFT LIP &PALATE MANAGEMENT IN ORTHODONTICS /certified fixed orthodontic cou...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses the development of the head and neck region in a 4-week old embryo. It notes the presence of 5 mesenchymal prominences - the unpaired frontonasal prominence and paired medial/lateral nasal, maxillary, and mandibular prominences. During the 5th week, the lateral and medial nasal swellings surround the nasal vestige and form parts of the nose, lip, maxilla, and primary palate. The maxillary swellings approach but remain separated from the nasal swellings. Over the next 2 weeks, the face changes as the maxillary swellings compress the medial nasal swellings, fusing to form the upper lip. The document then discusses cleft lip and
Cleft lip and palate is the most common developmental anomaly of the craniofacial region, and they have been depicted throughout in the past civilizations.
Prenatal growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Craniofacial growth is a complex and a beautiful phenomenon.
It all begins when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, a process called fertilization.
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a ’Zygote’ cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development
Prenatal growth can be divided into 3 main stages:
Germinal stage: From ovulation to implantation(0-2 weeks).
Embryonic stage : 3rd week to 8th week.
Fetal stage: 9th week till birth.
The document summarizes embryological development of the face and neck. It discusses the 4 main stages of development from germ layer formation to final tissue differentiation. Key events include neural tube formation, origin and migration of cell populations, formation of organ systems like the primary and secondary palate, and final tissue differentiation. Many facial abnormalities arise from problems with neural crest cell migration in the 3rd stage. Common conditions resulting from disrupted development include cleft lip/palate, hemifacial microsomia, and synostosis syndromes. Physiological functions of the oral cavity like respiration, swallowing, mastication and speech continue developing after birth through childhood.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
5: The Etiology of Orthodontic Problems
Chapter 5
The Etiology of Orthodontic Problems
Outline
SPECIFIC CAUSES OF MALOCCLUSION
Disturbances in Embryologic Development
Growth Disturbances in the Fetal and Perinatal Period
Progressive Deformities in Childhood
Disturbances Arising in Adolescence or Early Adult Life
Disturbances of Dental Development
GENETIC INFLUENCES
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Equilibrium Considerations
Masticatory Function
Sucking and Other Habits
Tongue Thrusting
Respiratory Pattern
ETIOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
Malocclusion is a developmental condition. In most instances, malocclusion and dentofacial deformity are caused, not by some pathologic process, but by moderate (occasionally severe) distortions of normal development. Occasionally, a single specific cause is apparent, for example, in mandibular deficiency secondary to a childhood fracture of the jaw or the characteristic malocclusion that accompanies some genetic syndromes. More often, these problems result from a complex interaction among multiple factors that influence growth and development, and it is impossible to describe a specific etiologic factor .Although it is difficult to know the precise cause of most malocclusions, we do know in general what the possibilities are, and these must be considered when treatment is considered. In this chapter, we examine etiologic factors for malocclusion under three major headings: specific causes, hereditary influences, and environmental influences. The chapter concludes with a perspective on the interaction of hereditary and environmental influences in the development of the major types of malocclusion.
Clinical aspects of cleft lip and palate reconstruction 2 recAnjan Deb
The document discusses problems and management approaches for cleft lip and palate from the neonatal period through adolescence. It covers issues like feeding problems in infancy, lip and palate repair techniques, speech development challenges, orthodontics, bone grafting, and reconstructive procedures from childhood to teenage years. Management requires a multidisciplinary team and coordinated approach over many years to address anatomical, developmental, psychological, and social issues.
Cleft lip and cleft palate are congenital malformations caused by the failure of facial prominences to fuse properly during embryonic development. Cleft lip involves the upper lip and nose, while cleft palate involves the roof of the mouth. They can occur individually or together. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary team and may involve several surgeries over many years to repair the defects, manage complications, and achieve optimal function and appearance. Nursing care focuses on careful feeding, preventing infection, managing pain, and supporting the child and family.
Cleft lip and palate are congenital anomalies that require a multidisciplinary team for treatment. They can involve the lip, alveolus, hard and soft palates. Treatment involves a coordinated approach between multiple specialties and begins with surgery to repair the cleft, followed by ongoing dental, orthodontic and reconstructive procedures over many years.
The most common congenital craniofacial anomaly is cleft lip and palate. It is a separation that occurs in the lip or palate or both. Cleft occurs when the lip and/or the palate do not completely fuse during fetal development between the 6th and 9th week of pregnancy. While many factors have been associated with clefts, the cause of this condition seems complex and most cases of cleft lip and palate are thought to occur by an interaction of genetic and environmental factors or as a part of a genetic syndrome. Children with cleft lip and palate often have problems with feeding, speech, dentition, hearing, and aesthetics.
This document summarizes a seminar on cleft lip presented by Dr. Cathrine Diana. It discusses the history, embryology, etiology, epidemiology, classifications, parent counseling, feeding, surgical procedures, post-operative care, and recent advances related to cleft lip. The key topics covered include the causes of cleft lip being multifactorial including genetic and environmental factors, classifications according to location and severity, importance of pre-surgical orthodontics and nutrition management, and surgical techniques for lip repair and reconstruction.
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate, including definitions, causes, types, complications, and management. Cleft lip is a congenital anomaly where the upper lip is split due to failed fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes. Cleft palate occurs when the lateral palatine processes fail to fuse, resulting in a split in the roof of the mouth. Causes may include genetic and environmental factors. Complications can include feeding difficulties, infections, speech problems, and impaired development. Surgical repair of cleft lip is usually done between 2-3 months, while cleft palate repair typically occurs between 1-2 years of age.
This document discusses facial growth and development from prenatal through postnatal stages. It begins with terminology for growth and development, then describes how the face develops from tissues originating in the neural crest, somites, and pharyngeal arches during prenatal development. Midface development, palate development, and common birth defects are reviewed. Postnatal growth theories including genetic, sutural, cartilaginous, functional matrix, and servosystem models are introduced. Common craniofacial anomalies associated with chromosome abnormalities or neural crest cell defects are also summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
ORTHODONTIC MANAGEMENT OF CLEFT LIP AND PALATE(Dr.JITHESH KUMAR)MINDS MAHE
This document provides an overview of cleft lip and palate, including:
- The aims of treatment are to address facial esthetics, feeding difficulties, speech problems, ear problems, and more through an interdisciplinary team approach.
- Cleft lip and palate can cause dental problems like missing/extra teeth, crossbites, and spacing issues as well as challenges with speech, hearing, and psychosocial development.
- Cleft lip and palate have genetic and environmental causes, and the condition is managed through a staged approach depending on the age and needs of the patient.
Cleft lip and palate are common birth defects that affect speech, hearing, breathing, and appearance. They require a team-based approach involving multiple specialists like otolaryngologists. The document discusses the management of cleft lip and palate, including the roles of different specialists in examining, diagnosing, and treating issues related to feeding, airway, speech, hearing, and surgery. Surgical techniques aim to restore normal anatomy and function through procedures on the lip and palate.
This document summarizes the development of the face and palate and discusses cleft lip and cleft palate. It begins with the development of the frontonasal process and maxillary processes which form the upper lip. The palate develops from the primary palate formed by the frontonasal process and secondary palate formed by the palatal processes. Cleft lip is a split in the upper lip caused by failure of fusion of the maxillary process. Cleft palate is a split in the palate allowing communication between the oral and nasal cavities. Types of clefts and classification are described along with incidence, etiology, and problems associated with cleft disorders.
Cleft lip and palate is the most common congenital orofacial anomaly, occurring in 1 in 600 live births for cleft lip and palate and 1 in 1000 for isolated cleft palate. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Clefts can occur in the lip, palate, or both. Management involves early feeding adaptations, airway management if needed, and surgical repair of the cleft, with timing varying by type of cleft. The goals of surgery are normal appearance, speech, and facial development through repair of muscular and bony deformities from birth. Long term monitoring and possible revision surgery may also be needed for hearing, speech, dental issues, and facial growth.
Cleft lip and cleft palate are congenital defects caused by incomplete fusion of facial structures in utero. Cleft lip involves a split in the upper lip, which can be unilateral or bilateral. Cleft palate is a split in the roof of the mouth. Treatment involves surgery to repair the cleft, with lip repair typically in the first year of life and palate repair by 18 months. Nursing management focuses on pre-operative preparation, careful feeding and positioning, and post-operative monitoring of healing and parental education on home care.
CLEFT LIP &PALATE MANAGEMENT IN ORTHODONTICS /certified fixed orthodontic cou...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses the development of the head and neck region in a 4-week old embryo. It notes the presence of 5 mesenchymal prominences - the unpaired frontonasal prominence and paired medial/lateral nasal, maxillary, and mandibular prominences. During the 5th week, the lateral and medial nasal swellings surround the nasal vestige and form parts of the nose, lip, maxilla, and primary palate. The maxillary swellings approach but remain separated from the nasal swellings. Over the next 2 weeks, the face changes as the maxillary swellings compress the medial nasal swellings, fusing to form the upper lip. The document then discusses cleft lip and
Cleft lip and palate is the most common developmental anomaly of the craniofacial region, and they have been depicted throughout in the past civilizations.
Prenatal growth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Craniofacial growth is a complex and a beautiful phenomenon.
It all begins when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, a process called fertilization.
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a ’Zygote’ cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development
Prenatal growth can be divided into 3 main stages:
Germinal stage: From ovulation to implantation(0-2 weeks).
Embryonic stage : 3rd week to 8th week.
Fetal stage: 9th week till birth.
The document summarizes embryological development of the face and neck. It discusses the 4 main stages of development from germ layer formation to final tissue differentiation. Key events include neural tube formation, origin and migration of cell populations, formation of organ systems like the primary and secondary palate, and final tissue differentiation. Many facial abnormalities arise from problems with neural crest cell migration in the 3rd stage. Common conditions resulting from disrupted development include cleft lip/palate, hemifacial microsomia, and synostosis syndromes. Physiological functions of the oral cavity like respiration, swallowing, mastication and speech continue developing after birth through childhood.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
5: The Etiology of Orthodontic Problems
Chapter 5
The Etiology of Orthodontic Problems
Outline
SPECIFIC CAUSES OF MALOCCLUSION
Disturbances in Embryologic Development
Growth Disturbances in the Fetal and Perinatal Period
Progressive Deformities in Childhood
Disturbances Arising in Adolescence or Early Adult Life
Disturbances of Dental Development
GENETIC INFLUENCES
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
Equilibrium Considerations
Masticatory Function
Sucking and Other Habits
Tongue Thrusting
Respiratory Pattern
ETIOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE
Malocclusion is a developmental condition. In most instances, malocclusion and dentofacial deformity are caused, not by some pathologic process, but by moderate (occasionally severe) distortions of normal development. Occasionally, a single specific cause is apparent, for example, in mandibular deficiency secondary to a childhood fracture of the jaw or the characteristic malocclusion that accompanies some genetic syndromes. More often, these problems result from a complex interaction among multiple factors that influence growth and development, and it is impossible to describe a specific etiologic factor .Although it is difficult to know the precise cause of most malocclusions, we do know in general what the possibilities are, and these must be considered when treatment is considered. In this chapter, we examine etiologic factors for malocclusion under three major headings: specific causes, hereditary influences, and environmental influences. The chapter concludes with a perspective on the interaction of hereditary and environmental influences in the development of the major types of malocclusion.
Pierre robin syndrome_a_case_report_and_review_of_Ashwini617070
This document presents a case report of Pierre Robin syndrome and reviews management approaches. It describes the case of an infant born with micrognathia, tongue retraction, and airway obstruction consistent with Pierre Robin syndrome. The syndrome can be genetic in origin but was not associated with any other anomalies in this case. Management involved a multidisciplinary team and initial tongue-lip adhesion surgery to relieve respiratory distress, followed later by mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Non-surgical positioning and nasopharyngeal tubes are often successful initially in many cases. A small subset requires more invasive procedures like tongue-lip adhesion or tracheotomy. Early feeding via nasogastric tube can also help with weight gain and reducing calorie needs in these
This document discusses congenital craniofacial malformations. It describes the embryological development of the face, which involves contributions from the ectoderm, neural crest, and paraxial mesoderm. Precise signaling between these tissues is required for normal patterning and growth. Malformations can result from disruptions to molecular signals like hedgehogs, fibroblast growth factors, and retinoic acid during crucial developmental windows. The palate, nasal cavities, and facial skeleton all develop through complex interactions between mesodermal and ectodermal tissues guided by these molecular signals.
This document provides a review of the etiology of cleft lip and palate. It discusses that cleft lip and palate have a multifactorial etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. Several genes have been discovered that can cause syndromic cleft lip and palate. The etiology is complex, and both genetic and environmental factors contribute, but have not been fully elucidated. Normal facial development and the pathogenesis of cleft lip and cleft palate are also reviewed.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses the classification, diagnosis, and examination of cleft lip and palate deformities. It describes several classification systems for clefts and outlines diagnostic procedures including study casts, photographs, radiographs like cephalograms and cineradiography, and measurements of nasal/oral pressure and speech. Psychological and social considerations are also evaluated as part of the diagnostic process. The goal is to thoroughly examine each patient and develop a comprehensive treatment plan using a multidisciplinary team approach.
1) The growth pattern and role of the tonsils and adenoids in dentofacial development are controversial topics that have been debated for many years. While enlarged tonsils and adenoids can affect breathing and dentofacial structure, the criteria for determining when surgical removal is needed are not well-defined.
2) Tonsils and adenoids play an important role in the immune system as the primary sites of exposure to antigens. However, it is unclear whether surgical removal compromises immune function. Some studies have found lower antibody levels or increased cancer risk after removal, while others have not.
3) There is ongoing debate around the benefits of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
The document discusses the anatomy and development of several oral structures, including the tongue, teeth, facial development in embryos, and cleft lip and palate conditions. It describes the various papillae and glands of the tongue, the structures that make up teeth, the processes involved in embryonic facial development, and classifications of cleft lip and palate. The document is authored by Dr. Brian E. Esporlas and appears to be notes for a class or presentation on oral anatomy and development.
The document discusses the influence of various functional factors on orofacial development, including respiration, tongue posture and function, chewing, swallowing, speech and oral habits. Mouth breathing is associated with increased facial height and mandibular plane angle. Tongue thrusting can cause spacing and proclination of the anterior teeth. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, tests to assess breathing mode, and sometimes cephalometric or rhinomanometric analysis. Treatment may involve addressing nasal obstructions surgically and using orthodontic appliances to correct malocclusions and discourage abnormal oral functions.
This document reviews early childhood caries (ECC), which affects both developed and developing nations. ECC can negatively impact quality of life by causing infection, swelling, pain, and other symptoms. Risk factors for ECC include diet high in sugars which bacteria like Streptococcus mutans use to produce acid and demineralize tooth structure. Vertical transmission from caregiver to child's mouth and lack of oral hygiene also contribute to ECC risk. Preventing ECC is important for children's development of speech, eating, and self-image.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses cleft lip and cleft palate, including the types, classification, embryology, anatomy, epidemiology, genetics, environmental factors, management, and associated syndromes. It provides details on the evaluation and surgical techniques for repairing cleft lip and cleft palate, including goals of surgery and common complications. Associated issues like airway management, hearing loss, and speech are also summarized.
This document discusses orofacial clefts, including their formation, classification, incidence, etiology, associated problems, and management through a multidisciplinary team approach. Orofacial clefts result from disturbances in the growth and fusion of facial tissue processes during development. They can involve the lip, palate, or both. Management involves surgery to repair the cleft in stages from infancy through adolescence, along with orthodontic treatment and prosthodontic care to address dental, speech, hearing and psychological issues. The goal of a coordinated team approach is to enable patients with clefts to achieve normal facial and dental development.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common birth defects with significant medical, psychological and financial implications. It has a complex etiology involving both genetic and environmental factors. The document discusses the various facial structures involved in clefts, including cleft lip, cleft palate, and combinations of the two. It also outlines the roles of different medical professionals in the care of individuals with cleft lip and palate.
Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects where the tissues of the lip and roof of the mouth do not fully fuse during development in the womb. They occur in approximately 1 in 700 births. Cleft lip involves a split in the upper lip while cleft palate involves an opening in the roof of the mouth. Treatment involves surgery to repair the cleft, with cleft lip surgery typically occurring in the first few months of life and cleft palate surgery between 6-12 months. Long term care is multidisciplinary and aims to address issues with feeding, speech, hearing and socialization that can arise.
- The document discusses a retrospective study of 27 children referred for suspected sleep-disordered breathing who were found to have non-syndromic short lingual frenulums.
- The children showed anatomical changes associated with enlarged tonsils and abnormal orofacial growth. Treatment including tonsillectomy, frenectomy, and orthodontics improved but did not fully resolve abnormal breathing.
- Short lingual frenulums can impair orofacial development early in life by altering tongue position, leading to increased risk of sleep disordered breathing. Early recognition and treatment of short frenulums may improve normal development.
Similar to Features of Morphometric Characteristic of Craniofascial Area of Children with Congenital Cleft Lip and Palate (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
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Study methodology: Modern scientific literature was
used as material.
Results and discussion: "A healthy mother is a
healthy child," the State program "Year of a healthy
child" is carrying out large-scale work aimed at
further strengthening the reproductive health of the
population, strengthening the material and technical
base and personnel capacity of medical institutions
providing medical assistance in the field of maternal
and child health care, and introducing modern
methods for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention
of diseases of women, children and adolescents. [3]
CCLP occurs as a result of impaired morphogenesis
[4].
At the end of week 4 of intrauterine development, a
deepening of the ectoderm, called the mouth bay
(fossa), which is the primary oral cavity, occurs in the
area of the head end of the embryo. Around the
same time, 5 pairs of gill pockets form on the lateral
walls of the pharyngeal part of the primary intestine.
Between the gill pockets are gill (visceral) arcs. The
first pair of gill arches is called jaw due to the fact
that in the future it is divided into maxillary and
mandible processes. At first, the oral bay is
represented by a narrow slit, from above it is limited
by the frontal process, and from below and from the
sides by the maxillary and mandible processes. At 5-6
weeks of intrauterine development, olfactory pits
appear on the frontal process. The frontal process
wedges between the maxillary processes and forms
the medial and lateral nasal processes. External nose,
nasal septum and primary palate are formed from
nasal processes. The primary sky has the shape of a
triangle, in the following; the front part of the solid
sky is formed from it, which includes an alveolar
process containing four upper incisors. At week 6 of
embryogenesis, the maxillary and nasal processes
fuse together as a result of their intense growth,
forming the lateral part of the upper jaw and upper
lip. As a result of the merger of the medial nasal
processes, the middle part of the upper jaw and upper
lip (filtrum) is formed. Maxillary elevation cells are
mixed with mesenchymal cells of the intercellular
segment, at which time all segments of the upper lip
merge. From mesenchymal cells, connective and
muscle tissues are further formed. In the embryonic
period of development, the cleft of the upper lip
almost always accompanies the cleft of the primary
palate. However, more often the congenital cleft of
the upper lip and alveolar process is formed as a
result of disruption of the fusion of the medial nasal
and maxillary processes. By week 8-9, the
development of the primary sky ends and the
development of the secondary sky begin. The
secondary palate is formed from palatine processes
located on the medial surfaces of the maxillary
processes. As they approach each other, they move
the tongue forward and downward. Subsequently, the
palatine processes merge between each other and the
lower edge of the nasal septum. Thus, by week 10,
the bone part of the premaxilla of the upper jaw and
palate is formed. By week 12 of embryogenesis, the
development of the soft palate and palatine tongue is
completed as a result of the proliferation of
mesenchymal cells in the posterior parts of the
palatine processes. Thus, when the fusion of palatine
processes is disturbed, a congenital cleft of the palate
is formed [5].
Foreign literature describes a work in which a group
of scientists autopsied 6 stillborn children with a one-
sided through cleft of the upper lip and palate. The
object of their interests was the cartilage of the nose.
Autopsy results showed that in all cases there was
asymmetry of the cartilaginous wings of the nose,
deformation was noted on the cleft side, and also in
all children a shift of the nasal septum was detected in
the healthy side. In addition to comparing the shape
and size of the cartilage of the two nasal halves, they
evaluated and compared the weight of the wing
cartilages. There was no reliable data for the
difference in the weight of the cartilage wing of the
nose on the healthy side and on the cleft side, this
served as a reason to argue that the asymmetry of the
nose wings in children with CCLP is the result of
cartilage deformation, and not their hypoplasia [6].
Children with CCLP have hypertrophy of the lower
nasals. With a unilateral cleft of the sky, the process
is one-sided. The severity of hypertrophy directly
depends on the degree of cleft palate, so in children
with partial cleavage of the palate there is
hypertrophy only of the posterior ends of the lower
nasal shells. According to the literature with this
congenital pathology, changes in the motor and
respiratory function of the atrial epithelium of the
nasal mucosa are noted [7].
During the X-ray examination of children
(radiography, computed tomography of paranasal
sinuses), some of the patients examined showed
asymmetry of the maxillary sinuses. In children with
a unilateral through cleft of the upper lip and palate,
the sinus volume was larger on the side of the lesion.
Asymmetry of maxillary sinuses in this case was
explained by violation of sinus pneumatization as a
result of nasal mucosa inflammation and nasal septum
curvature preventing adequate sinus ventilation [8].
Analysis of head computed tomography data shows
that size of nasopharynx in children with CCLP is
smaller than in healthy children, decreased size of
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skull base in middle cranial fossa area and height of
wedge-shaped bone body was observed [9].
It was found that in patients with CCLP, the angle
between the attachment of muscles m. tensor veli
palatini, the lateral plate of the palate and the auditory
tube are smaller than normal, which makes opening
the auditory tube less effective. Tubular pharyngeal
part m. palatopharingeus, which reveals the mouth of
the auditory tube, is also involved in the pathological
process. It is usually hypoplasized, as a result of
which the mouth of the auditory tube is smaller than
in healthy children or is not identified at all. In
addition to the incorrect attachment of muscles, there
are other anatomical and histological features that
negatively affect the function of the auditory tube. It
was revealed that lateral and medial cartilaginous
plates of auditory tube have lower elasticity (due to
low density of elastin) and dimensions, which leads to
reduction of curvature of lumen of eustachian tube
[10].
A small cleft of the soft palate is a relatively simple
surgical problem with extremely good long-term
prognosis in most cases, while a wide full cleft of the
palate can be closed with difficulty, especially at the
junction of hard palate and soft palate, and this can
lead to significant speech difficulty and long-term jaw
growth impairment caused by scarring. Eurocleft
studies conducted for multiple interventions in
children with cleft anomalies, which were conducted
in an incoherent and inconsistent manner, combined
with observations of adequate growth patterns in
individuals with undecided cleft, revealed the
following. These are fears that in some cases
postoperative distortions resulting from scarring and
improperly calculated or performed operations
created defects that could compete with the crevices
themselves. [2].
For effective integrated treatment of children with
CCLP, it is necessary to periodically study dynamics
of growth of jaw segments [11].
The development and growth of the nasal and
maxillary complex in patients with CCLP is a widely
discussed topic in any surgical procedure. The Graber
studies report three-dimensional changes in the upper
jaw in patients with complete lip and palate defects,
as well as in patients after surgery. In patients, a
tendency was found to shift the bite, cross the anterior
and posterior bites, and defects in the midline of the
face. Two factors have been shown to cause abnormal
facial morphology in patients with CCLP undergoing
surgery: internal defect development and iatrogenic
factors resulting from treatment [12].
Bishara reported that maxillary deformation in
patients with CCLP was caused by internal factors,
but most authors noted that internal jaw factors were
secondary to surgical interventions [13]. If the
deformation of the maxillae is a complication of
surgery, it is important to determine the optimal
duration and conditions of treatment in order to close
the defects of the lip and palate [14, 15]. Determining
the cause of stunting in patients with CCLP has been
the subject of a large number of studies, and the
initial consensus now is that the iatrogenic effect of
surgery is a relatively important factor.
In patients with CCLP before surgery, a slight
increase in the upper jaw was observed, which led to
more attention to the study of iatrogenic factors [16].
According to some authors, the main factor in
stunting is the operation carried out in the palate. In
patients with palate defects, the mean value is usually
taken into account in the criteria for assessing growth,
and then correlated with other patients with palate and
palate defects or with a normal population [17].
It is important to indicate the mean value of treatment
outcomes, but assessing individual variability is
relatively difficult. Changes in development have
been noted by many authors [18, 19]. These changes
may depend on the type of crack and its complexity.
To date, it has not been established whether the
surgery really limits the growth of maxillae and
mandible. Therefore, to assess the effectiveness of
surgical interventions for cranial and facial growth in
lip and palate defects, we conducted a study in
patients with CCLP [20, 21].
Studies conducted by Stepina S.V. (2006) showed
that during the period of the formed milk bite in
children with congenital bilateral cleft of the upper lip
and palate there is an underdevelopment of maxillae
in height, an increase in the base of maxillae in
length, an increase in the angle of inclination of
mandible in front of the base of the skull, deployment
of the lower jaw angle in the period of the early
replacement bite [22]. As the child grows, the degree
of anatomical disorders is determined by the
adequacy of surgical and orthodontic treatment. In
some cases, despite the observance of all the
principles of complex treatment, it is not possible to
completely eliminate the deformation of the
maxillofacial region [23]. Numerous studies have
detailed the severity of anatomical and functional
disorders in children with congenital bilateral cleft of
the upper lip and palate. The complexity of the vice
necessitates further study of the problem.
When examining patients with congenital bilateral
cleft of the upper lip and palate during the bite of
milk teeth, clinical, radiological, graphic,
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anthropometric and other special methods for
diagnosing the pathology of the maxillofacial region
(ultrasound, functional diagnostic methods) are used
[24]. Clinical methods of examination include
external examination of the face, assessment of upper
lip symmetry, and presence of nasal deformation,
mouth opening functions, oral mucosa condition,
degree of protrusion of the intermaxillary bone,
degree of its mobility, and degree of deformation of
lateral fragments of maxillae alveolar process [25].
When making anthropometric measurements, faces
use photographic pictures in straight and lateral
projections. Height of face, height of nasal part of
face, nose, gnatic part of face, width in area of
zygomatic bones, nose, etc. are determined [26].
Shulzhenko V.I. et al. (2016) in children with
congenital bilateral cleft lip and palate, diagnostic
models were studied by Silman method, comparing
dental alveolar arches of children with orthognatic
bite [27].I-24
An external examination assessed the configuration of
the face, the state of the skin, the red border of the
lips, the severity of external anatomical landmarks,
etc. The patient's face was photographed. Photometric
examination was carried out to assess symmetry
relative to the median sagittal line, the cosmetic
center of the face, and the cosmetic center of the
upper dentition. This made it possible to detect
deviations of the incisional line of the upper dentition
relative to the midline of the face in one direction or
another. Measurements were carried out by an
electronic ruler. When examining the oral cavity, the
patient was evaluated: the presence of morphological
disorders of the upper jaw and the dentate system as a
whole, the presence of super-complete incisors from
the cleft side and the absence of complete incisors,
both from the cleft side and from the opposite side.
Measurements of jaw models of children with CCLP
aged 1 to 6 months were carried out before lip
reconstruction. For measurement, a longitudinal line
was drawn passing through the middle of the wedge-
shaped part of the ploughshare, since its front part,
connected to the intercellular bone, deviates in the
transversal plane. The apex of the upper lip bridle and
the apex of the anterior segment of the small fragment
of the alveolar process were determined,
measurements were taken from the longitudinal axis
to the indicated points, and the obtained value
corresponds to the displacement of the processes from
the transversal plane. The projection distance of these
points on the longitudinal axis was also taken into
account; this value indicates the displacement of
fragments in the sagittal plane [28].
In addition, today, despite a large number of domestic
and foreign studies, the problem of optimal timing for
surgical operations on the lip and palate is widely
discussed. The criteria for completion of early
preoperative orthopedic therapy are not defined, and
diagnostic methods in the early stages of treatment
are not systematized. To assess the harmony of the
nasolabial triangle, photometry of the child's face was
carried out. The photography was carried out in a
position when the subject was sitting straight; the
look was directed towards the lens. Photography was
carried out using a photo system (Canon D450 Kit
mirror camera; lens EF 24 - 85mm f/3.5-4.5).
Photography was carried out after obtaining informed
voluntary consent of parents to examine their children
in accordance with ethical and legal standards.
Photographs of the subject's face are calculated
according to the developed methodology for
analyzing the harmony of the nasolabial triangle
(certificate for rationalization proposal №. 2771 of
28.08.2018). To do this, the following points are
placed: points of the corners of the mouth on the right
and left; points on the top of the Cupid arch on the
right and left; bottom point; base points of the nose
wings on the right and left; points on the top of the
nostrils on the right and left. Then, corners of mouth,
tray point and points of Cupid's arch are connected
with straight lines, framing filter, tray point with
points on nostril tops and base of nose wings, the
latter are connected with corners of mouth. A line
passing through the middle of the filter is also carried
out. Dental components of the overall quality of life
parameter of children with CCLP were evaluated in
the dynamics of treatment in children at 2 years and at
4 years using the proxy-report approach (assessment
of the quality of life of children by parents). To do
this, the Russian-language version of the ECOHIS
questionnaire (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact
Scale) was used, since it is used in children of this age
category. In addition, it is easy to use, and its
questions are understandable to parents. 108 parent-
child couples took part in assessing the quality of life.
The parents' questionnaire was carried out
individually, after familiarizing them with the
instructions for completing the questionnaire [29].
Early orthodontic treatment of patients with bilateral
crevices of a bay and sky by means of "The obturator
dental for orthodontic treatment of children with a
congenital full bilateral cleft lip and palate"
contributes to normalization of the situation of an
intermaxillary bone and vomer, brings together an
intermaxillary bone, fragments of front department of
maxillae, reduce a tension of tissues of upper lip after
a cheiloplasty and also is prevention of secondary
deformation of wings and a tip of a nose [30].
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The effectiveness of orthodontic treatment was
evaluated 12 months after the start of therapy based
on the results of morphometric examination of
children's facial parameters, biometric measurement
of jaw models. The criteria for the effectiveness of
treatment were considered: achieving optimal
functional occlusion, reducing the amount of
protrusion of the intercellular process of the maxillae,
reducing the degree of deviation of the intercellular
process of maxillae, expanding the lateral parts of the
upper dentition. Comparative analysis of data from
morphometric studies of children's facial parameters
and biometric measurements of jaw models after
orthodontic treatment was carried out, both between
the observation groups and in comparison with the
data of children with physiological occlusion. After
primary cheiloplasty in all children, the nasal
deformation in the form of shortening the columella
and flattening the wings of the nose was determined
with varying degrees of severity. After cycling and
uranoplasty, good results of surgery were noted in 34
(77.2%) children. A satisfactory treatment outcome
was determined in 10 (22.7%) children. Thus,
children with congenital bilateral complete cleft of
the upper lip and palate, after completing the main
surgical stages of treatment (cheilo-, velo- and
uranoplasty), were characterized by a violation of
face harmony and occlusion [31].
Based on the axiography, the shape and inclination of
the articular pathway were studied, trajectory quality,
quantity characteristics. Movements, shape,
symmetry, coincidence of curves during various
movements of mandible, characterizing the functional
state temparo-mandibular joint (TMJ) and intra-
articular disk. Rust-retrusion tests were tvaluated
movements of the mandible heads in the sagittal,
transversal and frontal planes, mediotrusion, opening
and closing of the mouth. A characteristic point for all
patients was the absence of active complaints from
TMJ, despite the presence in many cases of
pronounced functional joint disorders, such as
clicking when opening and closing the mouth, as well
as deviation during lower movement jaws. More
significant disorders noted in the group of patients
with unilateral cleft lip and palate compared to the
group of patients with a bilateral full cleft of the
upper lip, alveolar process, hard and soft skies.
Functional on the cleft side revealed joint head
movement disturbances, and structural disturbances
of joint head and TMJ disc motion path,
hypermobility ligament apparatus [32]. All the
methods of cheiloplasty carried out allowed: to form
the upper lip, to create all its anatomical parameters,
to compare muscles in the position of myodynamic
equilibrium, to form the upper vault of the vestibule
of the mouth. Corrections of the skin-cartilage of the
nose are postponed up to 12-16 years [33].
According to Sharopov S.G. (2019), the goal of early
operations is to reduce the period of maladaptation of
the child. The purpose of using sparing versions of
uranoplasty is to reduce the conditions for the
formation of multiple scarring, which contributes to
the development of secondary deformations of
maxillae. Trauma of bone structures of palate during
operation restrains further development of jaw bones
and exacerbates secondary deformities of jaws, dental
rows and whole middle zone of face [34].
Conclusion: Thus, the morphogenesis of the upper
lip and palate is a complex process associated with a
tightly regulated interaction between mesenchymal
and epithelial cells, requiring further research.
Analysis of the studied scientific and medical
literature showed that in published sources the
morphometric characteristic of the craniofacial region
of children of the I and II childhood period with
congenital cleft lips and palate is not presented in
sufficient volume. With the help of this article, a
number of tasks can be solved: to determine the
morphometric parameters of the craniofacial region in
children of the I and II childhood period in healthy
children taking into account gender (boys and girls),
to assess the correspondence of these parameters to
the "golden section principle"; identify features of
changes in the parameters of the dentate system
during the period of tooth change in children with
congenital cleft labia and palate in a comparative
aspect; determine the state of bite in children with
congenital cleft labia and palate depending on age, as
well as determine the optimal timing of surgical
treatment.
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