This document discusses analysing text data in qualitative research. It provides information on computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS), grounded theory, coding text data, and lessons learned from analysing interview responses about preferences for drinking bottled water versus tap water. Key points include the importance of cleaning and preparing text data before coding, identifying concepts and ideas through first and second level coding, observing the progression of ideas in the text, and noticing that students are anxious about tap water cleanliness and unaware of drinking water standards.

1. FDN016 Term 2 Week 4
Analysing Text
CAQDAS
Computer Aided Qualitative Data Analysis Software
NVIVO

2. Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory
Glaser & Strauss 1967

3. What should we do with the data first?
Clean the data
Put texts into one place, and save a back up
Check that the transcript is accurate
Remove the interviewer text from the transcript
Remove junk that is not relevant to the interview

4. Word frequency
• First 3 words are obvious
• But, look at the next 9 words
• What priority of ideas does
this suggest?
• Is time more important than
money? (2019)
• Is breakfast more important
than lunch? (2020)
• Skipping meals still important?
2020 This year 2019 Last year

5. Coding of text data
• Two rounds of coding, first and second level coding
• First level
• Identify key concepts, words, and ideas that appear in the text
• Keep finding and highlighting ideas that are the same or similar across the
whole text until you have reached ‘saturation’- can’t find any more
• All the possible ideas
• Second level
• For each top level code
• Search inside the quotes and paragraphs that contain the code for ideas that
explain or create an explanatory story

6. Water- colour code these quotes too
• Tap water can be harmful especially in inner city area or
in London for example. Bottled water is much safer.”
• “Bottled water does cause pollution but at the same
time tap water isn't exactly clean. I only drink tap water
when I'm diluting juice.
• In my house we have a water filter, it saves money on
buying packs of bottled water every week and our
drinking water is much cleaner. But without the water
filter I would 9/10 be drinking bottled water.”
• I prefer tap water as i think it tastes nicer and is also a
lot easier to get and is a lot cheaper
• I prefer to drink from the tap, would only drink from a
bottle when traveling. I think that it's a scam for the
most part, tap water is free after all.
• Because of the cleanliness. Recently there was a burst
pipe near my house and the water looked dirty and now
I'm more worried about it
• Water is water, I don't care.
• but without thinking sometimes bottled of water
is so easily accessible and is seen as fresher and
cleaner.
• think drinking from the tap water in the UK is
perfectly fine and buying water in plastic bottles
can be a waste at times ad sometimes the prices
of just water bottles can be too expensive.
• I will happily drink water from the tap as long as
it is not cloudy and tastes okay
• I prefer the bottled water, I believe is purer and
healthier than ordinary tap water,
• Bottled water, as it tastes better. Do you ever
drink tap water?No, never. I just can't stand the
taste.
• Bottle water because it tastes better. Do you
think it is fresher? Yeah
• I don’t like the taste from the tap, I feel bottled
water tastes fresh.
• Personally, I prefer how bottled water tastes, but
I normally drink tap water because its more
convenient. I feel like there is not much health
difference between the two though.

7. See the progression of ideas
• I believe.. Is purer
• Tastes fresher
• Tastes nicer
• Not exactly clean
• Dirty
• harmful
Tap water
Bottled water

8. Lessons learned
• Don’t just attempt to ban single use plastic
bottles
• Don’t just replace with multi-use bottles
• Students (users) are
• anxious about cleanliness of tap water
• unaware of drinking water standards
• don’t know what limescale is
• think that bottled water is fresher
• prefer the taste of bottle water
• Cooled water fountains, drawn from existing tap
water
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/4/2/271/1581/Bottled-water-versus-tap-water-understanding confirms findings

9. Time- colour code these texts
• “I skip lunch allot of the time as its between my lecture
hours,
• When I’m too tired to cook or don’t have time to.”
• you’re thinking about the little food you have or how
you’re going to split your money between food or travel.
Its distracting for the mind and can take up study time.”
• “I don’t normally have breakfast because of time”
• Usually breakfast because I just don't have the time.
• Not enough time I guess. Either a busy schedule or
laziness to be honest.
• The same reason I barely cook, I am always too tired and
busy when I get home.
• Yeah, I have no time in the morning, only for coffee.
• so I don’t really have the time to sit and eat some toast or
whatever.
• Usually I don’t skip any of my meal. I wake up
every day at 7 I have my breakfast,
• I don’t have time to have a proper lunch,
• take-out meals are less time consuming.
• I may not have enough time to grab lunch
• : Most likely breakfast as I’d rather sleep
longer in the morning than eat breakfast.
between lectures.
• Breakfast, usually because I’m in a rush in the
morning and don’t have the time.
• Breakfast because I’m not usually hungry in
the mornings and I have to rush a lot in the
mornings.
• so I don’t really have the time for lunch
• in generally my first meal is between 12-1,
and after I have my lunch at 3-4
Watch the film to see how I went about coding these

10. Workshop
• Code ALL the interview text with ideas related to ‘time’ and
‘breakfast’
• Don’t get bored, interesting stuff happens after pg20
• Compare your coding with other students
• Collect all the time related quotes together
• Note observations in Journal-
• what is the ‘story’ that accounts for all of the qualitative data?
• What does not fit?

11. What have you noticed in the data?
• Breakfast is seen as an early meal, not as the first meal
• Breakfast is happening at lunchtime
• Don’t have time
• Want more time in bed than breakfast
• Food is less important than sleep
• Breakfast gives energy for the rest of the day
• Cup of warm water, coffee; liquids for breakfast
• Don’t have a schedule for eating

12. What have you noticed in reading the text?
• Don’t have enough time, just forget to eat- not being tune with body,
not associating thirst/hunger with being hungry?
• Breakfast is easier to make
• Breakfast gives energy, most important
• Big breakfast to skip other meal
• Don’t have enough money,
• Students don’t know why breakfast is important, versus some that do
know and explain why

13. 2020 codes
• Skipping breakfast, why?
• Makes them bloated and sick
• At uni
• Rather sleep
• Rather get ready for uni
• Family commitments & travel time
• Bigger meal later or little snacks (cereal bars, coffee, sandwiches)
• Not important enough- breakfast is important??
• Not enough food in the house
• Not enough time, why?
• Oversleeping, want to sleep more
• Travel time
• By choice, sleep or breakfast
• Poor time management

14. Homework
• Keep coding the concepts of ‘skipped breakfast/not enough time’
• Choose 1 idea or concept of your own to code from the interview
questions
• Find the responses to that question in the journal of 10-15 different
students,
• Copy and paste those texts to a word document (or use the ready made text I
have provided)
• Colour code the similar ideas or phrases in each of the separate texts
• Note your observations in your Journal
• what is the ‘story’ that accounts for all of the qualitative data?
• What does not fit?