FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 1
Factors of Homelessness: An Annotated Bibliography Dedicated to the
Exploration of the Social Problem and Criminal Element
STUDENT NAME
Portland State University
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 2
Introduction:
The intent of this bibliography was to explore the nature of homelessness with specific
attention to the population that has been involved with the criminal justice system. In the
City of Portland this population can be readily seen as they frequent the University
campus, and sleep unsheltered nearby. This topic became of interest to research because
of the visibility here on campus and the desire to change this behavior and lifestyle that
affects a small proportion of society. Wishing to achieve the greatest synthesis of the
criminal problem associated with homelessness, the research chosen for study provided
insight to the causes and factors of recidivism, and quantitative data from interviews and
surveys. This combination of research was chosen because it examined the reasons this
population enters and sometimes reenters the criminal system, as well as establishing
perspective. This scope does not account for crimes committed by the homeless, even
though it was a recurring topic in related research of the studies themselves. The research
question for this synthesis is what is the criminal problem associated with homelessness
and what factors have been found that influences this behavior?
This synthesis of research developed insight into the aggravating factors of homelessness
in states such as Minnesota, Arizona, Nevada, and also overseas in Milan, Italy. The
Recurring trends in the research suggest that though there is a small proportion of the
population that is actively involved with the court and legal systems, homelessness
provides for an overwhelming factor to recidivism. The community or condition that an
offender released to played a significant role on their desistance in criminal activity.
Further mediated through substance use and victimization, homelessness adds a
significant strain on those that experience it. The type of social interactions with other
homeless was also tested for effect on the topic, and it was found that interactions with
previous offenders also show signs of correlation. Because of the survivability aspect of
the lifestyle, and the frequent inability to secure food or shelter, this population
commonly is charged or arrested with crimes such as trespassing or other property crimes
because of their situation. Further analysis to the kind of crimes committed could further
detail the specific homeless problem for the city or places studied, but would probably be
different because this may be impacted by the resources for the population of the
concerned location.
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 3
Annotations:
Clark V.A. (2014). Predicting two .
This document discusses police and probation partnerships as a strategy to reduce recidivism. It begins by outlining the problems of increased incarceration and high recidivism rates in Massachusetts. It then discusses how partnerships between police and probation officers can help address issues like lackluster supervision and weak enforcement policies among probation officers. Examples are given of successful programs in Boston, Texas, and California where probation officers partnered with police officers for intensive supervision of high-risk offenders, which reduced crime and recidivism rates. The benefits and potential challenges of such partnerships are also examined.
Grunwald, H., Lockwood, B., Harris, P., & Mennis, J. (2010). Influences of neighborhood context, individual history and parenting behavior on recidivism among juvenile offenders. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 39(9), 1067-1079. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.
24Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from In.docxlorainedeserre
24
Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Incarceration
The Lemoyne Owen College
Division of Social and Behavior Science
What is the Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Prison?
A Senior Capstone
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for
CRJS 460 Comment by Calverta McMorris: correct
By
Alex Washington
Instructor
Dr. Calverta H. McMorris
February 26, 2020
Abstract:
The exponential increase in the number of women parolees and probationers in the last decade has made women the most rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study is to understand the unique gendered experiences of homeless female ex-offenders, in the context of healthcare needs, types of health services sought, and gaps in order to help them achieve a smooth transition post prison release. Focus group qualitative methodology was utilized to engage 14 female ex-offenders enrolled in a residential drug treatment program in Southern California. The findings suggested that for homeless female ex-offenders, there are a myriad of healthcare challenges, knowledge deficits, and barriers to moving forward in life, which necessitates strategies to prevent relapse. These findings support the development of gender-sensitive programs for preventing or reducing drug and alcohol use, recidivism, and sexually transmitted infections among this hard-to-reach population.
Table of Content
I. Chapter 1
a. Introduction 5
b. Statement of problem 6
c. Significant of the study 6
d. Need for the study 7
e. Purpose of study 7
f. Operational definitions 8
II. Chapter II -Review of Literature
a. Introduction 10
b. Independent Variable (Incarceration) 14
c. Dependent Variable (Socioeconomic Status) 14
d. Theory Discussion. (Locus of Control) 15
III. Chapter III Research Methodology
a. Research Question 18
b. Research design 18
c. Selection of participants 18
d. Procedure 19
e. Instruments 19 f. Demographics collected 20
g. Assumptions about the kind of research project 20
Chapter I Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Check APA Manual for correction
Introduction:
Women face many objections as they reenter their community after being incarcerated. The collective voices of homeless female ex-offenders are both unified and emblematic of a population which continues to struggle and is at a crossroads. Successful reintegration amidst a storm of healthcare barriers, relationship challenges, substance use and addiction, as well as lack of education and job skills is the reality for many women. The study findings emphasize the need to understand that successful post-release supervision necessitates adequate linkage to healthcare (physical and psychological), job skills and opportunities for employment, stable and safe perman ...
24Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from In.docxvickeryr87
24
Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Incarceration
The Lemoyne Owen College
Division of Social and Behavior Science
What is the Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Prison?
A Senior Capstone
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for
CRJS 460 Comment by Calverta McMorris: correct
By
Alex Washington
Instructor
Dr. Calverta H. McMorris
February 26, 2020
Abstract:
The exponential increase in the number of women parolees and probationers in the last decade has made women the most rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study is to understand the unique gendered experiences of homeless female ex-offenders, in the context of healthcare needs, types of health services sought, and gaps in order to help them achieve a smooth transition post prison release. Focus group qualitative methodology was utilized to engage 14 female ex-offenders enrolled in a residential drug treatment program in Southern California. The findings suggested that for homeless female ex-offenders, there are a myriad of healthcare challenges, knowledge deficits, and barriers to moving forward in life, which necessitates strategies to prevent relapse. These findings support the development of gender-sensitive programs for preventing or reducing drug and alcohol use, recidivism, and sexually transmitted infections among this hard-to-reach population.
Table of Content
I. Chapter 1
a. Introduction 5
b. Statement of problem 6
c. Significant of the study 6
d. Need for the study 7
e. Purpose of study 7
f. Operational definitions 8
II. Chapter II -Review of Literature
a. Introduction 10
b. (Incarceration) 14
c. (Socioeconomic Status) 14
d. Theory (Locus of Control) 15
III. Chapter III Research Methodology
a. Research Question 18
b. Research design 18
c. Selection of participants 18
d. Procedure 19
e. Instruments 19 f. Demographics collected 20
g. Assumptions about the kind of research project 20
Chapter I Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Check APA Manual for correction
Introduction:
Women face many objections as treenter their community after being incarcerated. The collective voices of homeless female ex-offenders are both unified and emblematic of a population which continues to struggle and is at a crossroads. Successful reintegration amidst a storm of healthcare barriers, relationship challenges, substance use and addiction, as well as lack of education and job skills is the reality for many women. The study findings emphasize the need to understand that successful post-release supervision necessitates adequate linkage to healthcare (physical and psychological), job skills and opportunities for employment, stable and safe permanent housing. Successful community reintegration is co.
Literature Review for third party crime reporting.pdfsdfghj21
This document summarizes literature on third-party crime reporting across cultures. It discusses how perceived social cohesion and trust in police affects crime reporting rates in individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures. In cultures with high social cohesion, third parties may be less likely to report crimes to avoid social consequences, while those in individualistic cultures may feel obligated to notify authorities. The document also examines how factors like gender, number of cosocialized siblings, and crime type influence willingness to report in different societies.
This proposal aims to study the effect of traditional and community-oriented reentry models on parolee recidivism rates in Rhode Island using a quasi-experimental design. Recidivism rates in Rhode Island are about double the national average. The community-oriented model pairs offender needs with evidence-based practices to address criminogenic risk factors like housing, employment, and substance abuse, while the traditional model relies more on punishment. The study will compare recidivism outcomes for 250 high-risk offenders paroled under each model using the LSIR assessment tool to define risk levels and an ex post facto comparison group. The results could show if the community model significantly reduces recidivism by meeting offender needs.
AJS Volume 108 Number 5 (March 2003) 937–75 9372003 by T.docxsimonlbentley59018
AJS Volume 108 Number 5 (March 2003): 937–75 937
�2003 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
0002-9602/2003/10805-0001$10.00
The Mark of a Criminal Record1
Devah Pager
Northwestern University
With over 2 million individuals currently incarcerated, and over
half a million prisoners released each year, the large and growing
number of men being processed through the criminal justice system
raises important questions about the consequences of this massive
institutional intervention. This article focuses on the consequences
of incarceration for the employment outcomes of black and white
job seekers. The present study adopts an experimental audit
approach—in which matched pairs of individuals applied for real
entry-level jobs—to formally test the degree to which a criminal re-
cord affects subsequent employment opportunities. The findings of
this study reveal an important, and much underrecognized, mech-
anism of stratification. A criminal record presents a major barrier
to employment, with important implications for racial disparities.
While stratification researchers typically focus on schools, labor markets,
and the family as primary institutions affecting inequality, a new insti-
tution has emerged as central to the sorting and stratifying of young and
disadvantaged men: the criminal justice system. With over 2 million in-
dividuals currently incarcerated, and over half a million prisoners released
each year, the large and growing numbers of men being processed through
the criminal justice system raises important questions about the conse-
quences of this massive institutional intervention.
This article focuses on the consequences of incarceration for the em-
1 Support for this research includes grants from the National Science Foundation (SES-
0101236), the National Institute of Justice (2002-IJ-CX-0002), the Joyce Foundation,
and the Soros Foundation. Views expressed in this document are my own and do not
necessarily represent those of the granting agencies. I am grateful for comments and
suggestions from Marc Bendick, Jr., Robert M. Hauser, Erik Olin Wright, Lincoln
Quillian, David B. Grusky, Eric Grodsky, Chet Pager, Irving Piliavin, Jeremy Freese,
and Bruce Western. This research would not have been possible without the support
and hospitality of the staff at the Benedict Center and at the Department of Sociology
at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee. Direct correspondence to Devah Pager,
Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, 1810 Chicago Avenue, Evanston,
Illinois 60208. E-mail: [email protected]
This content downloaded from 169.234.067.066 on January 07, 2019 12:43:20 PM
All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c).
American Journal of Sociology
938
ployment outcomes of black and white men. While previous survey re-
search has demonstrated a strong association between incarceration and
employment, there remains little understanding o.
This document discusses police and probation partnerships as a strategy to reduce recidivism. It begins by outlining the problems of increased incarceration and high recidivism rates in Massachusetts. It then discusses how partnerships between police and probation officers can help address issues like lackluster supervision and weak enforcement policies among probation officers. Examples are given of successful programs in Boston, Texas, and California where probation officers partnered with police officers for intensive supervision of high-risk offenders, which reduced crime and recidivism rates. The benefits and potential challenges of such partnerships are also examined.
Grunwald, H., Lockwood, B., Harris, P., & Mennis, J. (2010). Influences of neighborhood context, individual history and parenting behavior on recidivism among juvenile offenders. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 39(9), 1067-1079. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.
24Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from In.docxlorainedeserre
24
Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Incarceration
The Lemoyne Owen College
Division of Social and Behavior Science
What is the Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Prison?
A Senior Capstone
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for
CRJS 460 Comment by Calverta McMorris: correct
By
Alex Washington
Instructor
Dr. Calverta H. McMorris
February 26, 2020
Abstract:
The exponential increase in the number of women parolees and probationers in the last decade has made women the most rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study is to understand the unique gendered experiences of homeless female ex-offenders, in the context of healthcare needs, types of health services sought, and gaps in order to help them achieve a smooth transition post prison release. Focus group qualitative methodology was utilized to engage 14 female ex-offenders enrolled in a residential drug treatment program in Southern California. The findings suggested that for homeless female ex-offenders, there are a myriad of healthcare challenges, knowledge deficits, and barriers to moving forward in life, which necessitates strategies to prevent relapse. These findings support the development of gender-sensitive programs for preventing or reducing drug and alcohol use, recidivism, and sexually transmitted infections among this hard-to-reach population.
Table of Content
I. Chapter 1
a. Introduction 5
b. Statement of problem 6
c. Significant of the study 6
d. Need for the study 7
e. Purpose of study 7
f. Operational definitions 8
II. Chapter II -Review of Literature
a. Introduction 10
b. Independent Variable (Incarceration) 14
c. Dependent Variable (Socioeconomic Status) 14
d. Theory Discussion. (Locus of Control) 15
III. Chapter III Research Methodology
a. Research Question 18
b. Research design 18
c. Selection of participants 18
d. Procedure 19
e. Instruments 19 f. Demographics collected 20
g. Assumptions about the kind of research project 20
Chapter I Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Check APA Manual for correction
Introduction:
Women face many objections as they reenter their community after being incarcerated. The collective voices of homeless female ex-offenders are both unified and emblematic of a population which continues to struggle and is at a crossroads. Successful reintegration amidst a storm of healthcare barriers, relationship challenges, substance use and addiction, as well as lack of education and job skills is the reality for many women. The study findings emphasize the need to understand that successful post-release supervision necessitates adequate linkage to healthcare (physical and psychological), job skills and opportunities for employment, stable and safe perman ...
24Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from In.docxvickeryr87
24
Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Incarceration
The Lemoyne Owen College
Division of Social and Behavior Science
What is the Socioeconomic Status of Female Offenders Once Released from Prison?
A Senior Capstone
Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for
CRJS 460 Comment by Calverta McMorris: correct
By
Alex Washington
Instructor
Dr. Calverta H. McMorris
February 26, 2020
Abstract:
The exponential increase in the number of women parolees and probationers in the last decade has made women the most rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study is to understand the unique gendered experiences of homeless female ex-offenders, in the context of healthcare needs, types of health services sought, and gaps in order to help them achieve a smooth transition post prison release. Focus group qualitative methodology was utilized to engage 14 female ex-offenders enrolled in a residential drug treatment program in Southern California. The findings suggested that for homeless female ex-offenders, there are a myriad of healthcare challenges, knowledge deficits, and barriers to moving forward in life, which necessitates strategies to prevent relapse. These findings support the development of gender-sensitive programs for preventing or reducing drug and alcohol use, recidivism, and sexually transmitted infections among this hard-to-reach population.
Table of Content
I. Chapter 1
a. Introduction 5
b. Statement of problem 6
c. Significant of the study 6
d. Need for the study 7
e. Purpose of study 7
f. Operational definitions 8
II. Chapter II -Review of Literature
a. Introduction 10
b. (Incarceration) 14
c. (Socioeconomic Status) 14
d. Theory (Locus of Control) 15
III. Chapter III Research Methodology
a. Research Question 18
b. Research design 18
c. Selection of participants 18
d. Procedure 19
e. Instruments 19 f. Demographics collected 20
g. Assumptions about the kind of research project 20
Chapter I Comment by McMorris, Calverta: Check APA Manual for correction
Introduction:
Women face many objections as treenter their community after being incarcerated. The collective voices of homeless female ex-offenders are both unified and emblematic of a population which continues to struggle and is at a crossroads. Successful reintegration amidst a storm of healthcare barriers, relationship challenges, substance use and addiction, as well as lack of education and job skills is the reality for many women. The study findings emphasize the need to understand that successful post-release supervision necessitates adequate linkage to healthcare (physical and psychological), job skills and opportunities for employment, stable and safe permanent housing. Successful community reintegration is co.
Literature Review for third party crime reporting.pdfsdfghj21
This document summarizes literature on third-party crime reporting across cultures. It discusses how perceived social cohesion and trust in police affects crime reporting rates in individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures. In cultures with high social cohesion, third parties may be less likely to report crimes to avoid social consequences, while those in individualistic cultures may feel obligated to notify authorities. The document also examines how factors like gender, number of cosocialized siblings, and crime type influence willingness to report in different societies.
This proposal aims to study the effect of traditional and community-oriented reentry models on parolee recidivism rates in Rhode Island using a quasi-experimental design. Recidivism rates in Rhode Island are about double the national average. The community-oriented model pairs offender needs with evidence-based practices to address criminogenic risk factors like housing, employment, and substance abuse, while the traditional model relies more on punishment. The study will compare recidivism outcomes for 250 high-risk offenders paroled under each model using the LSIR assessment tool to define risk levels and an ex post facto comparison group. The results could show if the community model significantly reduces recidivism by meeting offender needs.
AJS Volume 108 Number 5 (March 2003) 937–75 9372003 by T.docxsimonlbentley59018
AJS Volume 108 Number 5 (March 2003): 937–75 937
�2003 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
0002-9602/2003/10805-0001$10.00
The Mark of a Criminal Record1
Devah Pager
Northwestern University
With over 2 million individuals currently incarcerated, and over
half a million prisoners released each year, the large and growing
number of men being processed through the criminal justice system
raises important questions about the consequences of this massive
institutional intervention. This article focuses on the consequences
of incarceration for the employment outcomes of black and white
job seekers. The present study adopts an experimental audit
approach—in which matched pairs of individuals applied for real
entry-level jobs—to formally test the degree to which a criminal re-
cord affects subsequent employment opportunities. The findings of
this study reveal an important, and much underrecognized, mech-
anism of stratification. A criminal record presents a major barrier
to employment, with important implications for racial disparities.
While stratification researchers typically focus on schools, labor markets,
and the family as primary institutions affecting inequality, a new insti-
tution has emerged as central to the sorting and stratifying of young and
disadvantaged men: the criminal justice system. With over 2 million in-
dividuals currently incarcerated, and over half a million prisoners released
each year, the large and growing numbers of men being processed through
the criminal justice system raises important questions about the conse-
quences of this massive institutional intervention.
This article focuses on the consequences of incarceration for the em-
1 Support for this research includes grants from the National Science Foundation (SES-
0101236), the National Institute of Justice (2002-IJ-CX-0002), the Joyce Foundation,
and the Soros Foundation. Views expressed in this document are my own and do not
necessarily represent those of the granting agencies. I am grateful for comments and
suggestions from Marc Bendick, Jr., Robert M. Hauser, Erik Olin Wright, Lincoln
Quillian, David B. Grusky, Eric Grodsky, Chet Pager, Irving Piliavin, Jeremy Freese,
and Bruce Western. This research would not have been possible without the support
and hospitality of the staff at the Benedict Center and at the Department of Sociology
at the University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee. Direct correspondence to Devah Pager,
Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, 1810 Chicago Avenue, Evanston,
Illinois 60208. E-mail: [email protected]
This content downloaded from 169.234.067.066 on January 07, 2019 12:43:20 PM
All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c).
American Journal of Sociology
938
ployment outcomes of black and white men. While previous survey re-
search has demonstrated a strong association between incarceration and
employment, there remains little understanding o.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
Dissertation FINAL (Autosaved)FINAINFINALRyan Cockrell
This document is a dissertation submitted by Ryan William Cockrell in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree in Forensic Psychology and Criminal Justice. The dissertation explores attitudes of students towards the reintegration of sex offenders in light of increased media coverage of sexual offenses, known as the "Yewtree Effect". The literature review discusses legislative responses to sex offending, the impact of media on public attitudes, gender differences in attitudes, and the role of training and experience. The study aims to investigate how gender, program of study, and attitudes towards media representation influence attitudes towards sex offender reintegration.
Using Guidelines to Better Shape Rape Victims' Impact Statements: Toward Incr...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses various topics related to measuring and explaining crime including:
1. How the FBI collects and reports crime data from over 17,500 policing agencies each year.
2. The differences between Part I and Part II offenses in the Uniform Crime Report.
3. Additional data sources like the National Crime Victimization Survey which measures both reported and unreported crimes.
4. Explanations for trends in crime rates over time as well as relationships between crime and factors like race, poverty, and gender.
The document summarizes key concepts in criminology. It discusses how crime data is collected through the Uniform Crime Report and National Crime Victimization Survey. It also defines hypotheses and theories, and summarizes several criminological theories like social disorganization theory, social process theory, and theories connecting offenders and victims. The chronic offender theory is explained as the idea that a small group is responsible for most crime. The importance of research accessibility for the criminal justice system is noted.
This document summarizes an undergraduate research journal from 2015-2016 from the University of California, Los Angeles. It includes the staff list, three student research articles on criminal justice and transgender populations, mathematics education in the US and China, and strict school discipline policies. The main document analyzed is a literature review on the interactions between transgender men and the American criminal justice system, noting gaps in available research about this population's experiences with policing and incarceration.
250 words agree or disagree to each questions Q 1.Intermed.docxdomenicacullison
250 words agree or disagree to each questions
Q 1.
Intermediate sentencing is an alternative form of punishment for offenders for a variety of criminal offenses. Typically most of the type of offenders are not of those who are violent offenders or who have committed crimes against persons. These type of punishments are an alternative for the typical probation or supervised release after a sentence in a traditional correctional facility. According to Caputo, “the principle forms of intermediate sanctions include: intensive supervision programs; boot camps; day reporting centers; home confinement; monetary penalties; compulsory labor in the form of community service; and halfway houses. (Caputo, 2004)” These types of punishments for committing crimes serves to limit the number of individuals incarcerated and offer a different form of rehabilitation. I believe that these types of punishments do have the capacity to help the issues with repeating crimes because it has the potential to rehabilitate outside of prison and supervise the individual outside of the traditional prison cell during the period of the punishment. These type of punishments are more and more common now a days and ultimately individuals who do not learn their lesson or are effectively will ultimately face more serious consequences. A lot of these types of punishments are coupled together with other types of punishments. An example may be probation and community service for small violations. The punishment is over when they have met the terms that were set in the sentencing phase of the court proceedings. Intermediate sanctions have effects on recidivism when offenders do not return back to the areas they were previously living. “Results show low rates of return to former neighborhoods and high rates of residential mobility after prison, a significant portion of which is driven by intermediate sanctions resulting from criminal justice system supervision. These results suggest that, through parole supervision, the criminal justice system generates significant residential mobility” compared individuals who were incarcerated and returned to the same areas where they lived before prison are at higher risk of recidivating, presumably because they encounter the same criminogenic influences that contributed to their prior offense(s) (Harding, Morenoff, Herbert, Small, Allard, 2013).”
I think that for smaller level misdemeanors this is an effective method of correcting the criminal behavior. This also seems to have a positive impact because offenders are able to remove themselves from the situations that are influencing them to break the law these small changes and removing them from the traditional punishment in a jail have an opportunity to be rehabilitated outside of a 9x9 cell. The reduction in cost isn’t so overwhelming that it should be done in every situation but there are plenty of instances in which an intermediate punishment could be effective for many offenders.
Refe.
This summary provides an overview of a research study examining factors that could predict police officers' attitudes towards the Black Lives Matter movement. The study surveyed 68 police officers across two departments, collecting data on demographics, preferred news sources, and moral beliefs. Significant positive correlations were found between survey items. Hispanic officers were more likely than white officers to perceive Black Lives Matter as legitimate. The use of conservative vs. neutral news sources also predicted some differences in attitudes. The study aimed to understand how individual police officers' characteristics may influence their interactions with communities and views of the Black Lives Matter movement.
The FBI reports crime data in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), including the number of arrests, crimes reported, and officers. This data is reported as a rate per 100,000 people and as a percentage change from previous years. Part I offenses in the UCR include serious crimes like murder, while Part II offenses are less serious crimes. The National Crime Victimization Survey directly surveys people about their experiences as crime victims, which can provide information about unreported crimes. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior. Theories like social disorganization theory and social process theories examine how social forces influence criminal behavior.
What critical issues are raised from the examination of developmen.docxphilipnelson29183
What critical issues are raised from the examination of development problems and prospects facing Brazil?
Their problems to be:
Our course is going to deal with the problems of underdeveloped countries. Share your experience of underdeveloped countries and what you believe their problems to be.
12
OJJDP Journal of Juvenile Justice
Developing an Alternative Juvenile Programming Effort to
Reduce Detention Overreliance
Jacqueline G. van Wormer, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
Christopher Campbell, Por tland State University, Por tland, Oregon
Jacqueline G. van Wormer, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Washington State
University; Christopher Campbell, Division of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Portland State
University.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Jacqueline G. van Wormer,
Washington State University, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 701 Johnson Tower,
Pullman, WA 99163. E-mail: [email protected]
K e y w o r d s : j u v e n i l e j u s t i c e , d e t e n t i o n , e v i d e n c e - b a s e d p r o g r a m m i n g , j u v e n i l e j u s t i c e r e f o r m s , o u t c o m e e v a l u a t i o n
Abstract
The assumption underlying juvenile detention
alternatives is that youth on probation receiving
programming or treatment are less likely to recidi-
vate, whereas youth in detention will be more
likely to recidivate. Under a coordinated justice
reform effort, a juvenile justice court system serv-
ing two southeastern counties in Washington state
developed a program (the FAST program) for pro-
bation violators that offered 2 sessions of account-
ability skill development to address targeted
criminogenic needs in lieu of a formalized hearing
and a subsequent stay in detention. The goal of
the FAST program for participating youth was to
reduce future probation violations and detention
stays. This paper presents an evaluation of the
FAST program using propensity score modeling
of 434 juvenile probation violators. A comparison
of matched groups shows the program does not
reduce recidivism or future probation violations
among participants, though it does produce the
same result as those who received detention. Our
explanation makes the case for increasing the
dosage (number of sessions) of violator programs,
which may be what is necessary to provide a more
effective alternative to detention.
Introduction
Secure detention for juvenile delinquents has
long been a systematic and cyclical method for
states to manage unruly youth. Though its gen-
eral distension in the “get tough” movement of
the 1980s and 1990s has recently ebbed, deten-
tion still remains a serious issue, and it is often
associated with an increased likelihood of later
recidivism (Holman & Ziedenberg, 2006; Mendel,
2009). Combined with increased probation dis-
positions and higher frequencies of subsequent
violations (Puzzanchera, Adams, & Sickmund,
.
This document summarizes a report on the concept of "risk convergence" in criminal justice. It defines risk convergence as the point at which an ex-offender's risk of reoffending converges with that of the general public. Research finds this point is reached after a certain number of crime-free years, depending on the original offense. However, many policies impose permanent punishments and barriers to reintegration even after risk convergence. This is ineffective and inefficient, as ex-offenders past this point pose no greater risk. The report argues policies should promote reintegration and help ex-offenders become productive citizens once risk convergence is reached.
This document discusses research on the effects of incarceration and rehabilitation programs on recidivism. It outlines how rehabilitation was originally the goal of prisons but the "Nothing Works" doctrine in the 1970s claimed rehabilitation programs were ineffective. Later research refuted this, finding cognitive behavioral therapies and skills training programs reduced recidivism. However, more research is needed on how prison subcultures and negative peer influences may undermine rehabilitation efforts, and on carefully assigning inmates to appropriate security levels to foster better treatment outcomes.
Police Mistreatment and the Effect on SocietyAutumn Moody
This document discusses police mistreatment of minorities in the United States and its effects on society. It notes that incidents of police brutality have led to questioning of police legitimacy and shifting perceptions, causing public safety issues like rising fear of police and psychological problems. Possible solutions proposed include improving police screening, training, and including community input. Statistics show minorities, especially young black men, are much more likely to be killed by police than white people. Experiments suggest those in positions of power can become reckless, and behavior depends more on situation than personality.
Discussion - Week 3Elements of the Craft of WritingThe narra.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion - Week 3
Elements of the Craft of Writing
The narrator's point of view is the reader's window into the soul of your story. Combined with the tone of voice, characterization, and dialogue, these elements of the craft of writing give your story believability and interest. How can you combine the elements of the craft with the elements of the short story and the techniques of development you learned about in Weeks 1 and 2? In this Discussion, you will understand point of view, tone of voice, characterization, and dialogue and examine how other writers use these elements of craft to improve their work.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the assigned portions of Chapters 3, 4, 6, and 7 in Shaping the Story.
Review "Revelation" by Flannery O’Connor, "Mericans” by Sandra Cisneros, and "Why I Like Country Music" by James Alan McPherson in Shaping the Story.
Reflect on the voice in the assigned stories.
How would you describe the voice in each short story?
How do these voices demonstrate what the authors are saying about the main issues of each story?
Reflect on the similarities and differences in the ways that the authors use dialogue to establish character presence.
Consider the issues that each story discusses. How do these issues shape the characters and affect the light in which they are seen at the beginning and the end of the story?
With these thoughts in mind:
Post by Day 3
: 2 to 3 paragraphs comparing and contrasting different approaches to two of the following elements in two of the three stories in the Week 3 reading.. Be sure to cite at least two specific examples from your readings.
Point of View
Tone of Voice
Characterization
Dialogue
Be sure to support your ideas by connecting them to the week's Learning Resources, or something you have read, heard, seen, or experienced.
Read
a selection of your colleagues' postings.
Respond by Day 5
to at least one of your colleagues' postings in one or more of the following ways:
Ask a probing question.
Share an insight from having read your colleague's posting.
Offer and support an opinion.
Validate an idea with your own experience.
Make a suggestion.
Expand on your colleague's posting.
Return
to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights you have gained as a result of the comments your colleagues made.
REPLY
QUOTE
18 days ago
Chad Husted
WALDEN INSTRUCTOR
MANAGER
Tips for the week 3 discussion (read before you post)
COLLAPSE
Great job so far, class! I've really enjoyed your first two weeks of discussion posts.
Now we will shift our focus to even more tools we can use in our own stories, but first, we will see how they play out in the work of others.
Make sure you do all the readings for the week before posting anything, and also, go through and ask yourselves all the questions (above) from the
"to prepare for the discussion"
section of the instructions. I.
Discussion - Microbial ClassificationGive names of bacteria in.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion - Microbial Classification
Give names of bacteria in the genus enterobacteriaceae. How would differentiate enterobacteriaceae from other gram (-) bacteria?
Read the selected scriptures and in your response to the prompt discuss how at least one of the scriptures relates to the discussion topic.
Matthew 8:2-3
"A man with leprosy came and knelt before him and said, 'Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.' Jesus reached out his hand and touched the man. 'I am willing,' he said. 'Be clean!' Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy."
Mark 16:17-18
"'And these signs will accompany those who believe: In my name they will drive out demons; they will speak in new tongues; they will pick up snakes with their hands; and when they drink deadly poison, it will not hurt them at all; they will place their hands on sick people, and they will get well.'”
Respiratory System Disease
Pneumonia is diagnosed by the presence of fluid (dark shadows in an X ray) in the alveoli. Since pneumonia usually is caused by a microorganism, what causes the fluid accumulation? Name a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, a protozoan, and a helminth that can cause pneumonia.
Students will individually examine why pneumonia –an infection of the respiratory tract is among the most damaging. Students are also required to use the information they have learnt from the text, lectures, discussions and/or assignments to describe why the respiratory tract is an important portal of entry to inhaled microorganisms such as viruses, fungal spores and bacteria.
Learners will synthesize their findings in a summary presentation of
at least 10 slides
that will be shared with their peers by the specified due date, when they will then
compare and contrast
the feedback from their research in this discussion forum. Learners will be evaluated against the criteria outlined in the assignment and discussion forum rubric.
.
Discussion (Chapter 7) What are the common challenges with which se.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion (Chapter 7): What are the common challenges with which sentiment analysis deals? What are the most popular application areas for sentiment analysis? Why?
Note: Response should be 250-300 words. Make sure to have at least one APA formatted reference (and APA in-text citation)
.
Discussion - Big Data Visualization toolsSeveral Big Data Visu.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion - Big Data Visualization tools
Several Big Data Visualization tools have been evaluated in this week's paper. While the focus was primarily on R and Python with GUI tools, new tools are being introduced every day. Compare and contrast the use of R vs Python and identify the pros and cons of each.
.
Discussion - 1 Pick 2 different department team members and descri.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion - 1 : Pick 2 different department team members and describe why they were chosen and what skill they should bring.
Discussion -2 : What are the most vital functions at your place of work that the BIA will address?
Course Name - Business continuity and disaster recovery planning
No Plagiarism, proper references with APA format
.
Discussion (Chapter 7) What are the common challenges with which .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion
(Chapter 7): What are the common challenges with which sentiment analysis deals? What are the most popular application areas for sentiment analysis? Why?
Questions for Discussions:
1. Explain the relationship among data mining, text mining, and sentiment analysis.
2. In your own words, define text mining, and discuss its most popular applications.
3. What does it mean to induce structure into text-based data? Discuss the alternative ways of inducing structure into them.
4. What is the role of NLP in text mining? Discuss the capabilities and limitations of NLP in the context of text mining.
Exercise:
Go to teradatauniversitynetwork.com and find the case study named “eBay Analytics.” Read the case carefully and extend your understanding of it by searching the Internet for additional information, and answer the case questions.
Internet exercise:
Go to kdnuggets.com. Explore the sections on applications as well as software. Find the names of at least three additional packages for data mining and text mining.
.
Discussion (Chapter 7) What are the common challenges with whic.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Sentiment analysis deals with common challenges in determining sentiment from unstructured text. Popular application areas for sentiment analysis include social media, customer reviews, and survey responses due to the large amounts of online opinions and feedback generated. Students are asked to post a 100-300 word response to an online discussion by Wednesday discussing challenges in sentiment analysis and popular application areas.
Discussion (Chapter 6) List and briefly describe the nine-step .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
The document discusses conducting a neural network project and outlines a nine-step process. Students are asked to engage in an online discussion by Wednesday at 11:59 p.m. EST by posting their first response early and interacting frequently with other students' posts.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 4 DATA COLLECTION .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 1
ASSIGNMENT 4: DATA COLLECTION 3
Assignment 4: Data Collection
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 11, 2019
Assignment 4: Data Collection
Overcrowding in prisons or correction centers is one of the problems that have attracted the attention of many researchers. Several researchers have tried to explore this particular issue in detail. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the existing data concerning this specific issue to be able to review the problem after collecting reliable data.
The essential data that will aid my research is secondary data. I have already collected several secondary data. These data sources include charts and statistics. The statistics show that there have been increased cases of overcrowding in many prisons and correctional centers in the US. These data and statistics indicate the large estimated number of prisoners and offenders being held in US prisons over the past few years. The reports from various agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics also concur with these findings. This indeed indicates that there is a problem of overcrowding in most prisons and correctional centers in the US.
The data sources, which include charts and statistics, are relevant to the problem in that they show the extent of overcrowding in the prisons and correctional centers. These data also show the negative impacts of overcrowding on inmates. The statistics are also relevant in that they show the trend of increase in the number of inmates being held in prison over the past few years.
Statistics indicate that the US has an approximate prison population of 2.1 million. This is according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This equates to approximately 481 people who are incarcerated per 99,000 of the population. The problem of overcrowding has become a serious issue in many U.S. prisons. Over 17 states reported that they were operating at over 100 percent capacity at the end of 2013 and 2014.
The data below indicates that the US is ranked number 113th in the world in terms of overcrowding in the prisons in the year 2018. The data also indicates that most of the US prisons were operating at an average capacity of 103.9%. This is according to statistics from Forbes.
The following charts are also useful in my research:
References
Gabriel, A. (2018). Nigeria and United States Prisons: A comparative Analysis of Mass Overcrowding. J Foren Psy, 3(129), 2.
Robinson, M. (2018). A Case Study of Overcrowding in a County Jail in the Southeast United States (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 1
ASSIGNMENT 3: TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES 2
Assignment 3: Technology Influences
CRJ 499: Undergraduate Capstone in Criminal Justice
August 03, 201 ...
Dissertation FINAL (Autosaved)FINAINFINALRyan Cockrell
This document is a dissertation submitted by Ryan William Cockrell in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree in Forensic Psychology and Criminal Justice. The dissertation explores attitudes of students towards the reintegration of sex offenders in light of increased media coverage of sexual offenses, known as the "Yewtree Effect". The literature review discusses legislative responses to sex offending, the impact of media on public attitudes, gender differences in attitudes, and the role of training and experience. The study aims to investigate how gender, program of study, and attitudes towards media representation influence attitudes towards sex offender reintegration.
Using Guidelines to Better Shape Rape Victims' Impact Statements: Toward Incr...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses various topics related to measuring and explaining crime including:
1. How the FBI collects and reports crime data from over 17,500 policing agencies each year.
2. The differences between Part I and Part II offenses in the Uniform Crime Report.
3. Additional data sources like the National Crime Victimization Survey which measures both reported and unreported crimes.
4. Explanations for trends in crime rates over time as well as relationships between crime and factors like race, poverty, and gender.
The document summarizes key concepts in criminology. It discusses how crime data is collected through the Uniform Crime Report and National Crime Victimization Survey. It also defines hypotheses and theories, and summarizes several criminological theories like social disorganization theory, social process theory, and theories connecting offenders and victims. The chronic offender theory is explained as the idea that a small group is responsible for most crime. The importance of research accessibility for the criminal justice system is noted.
This document summarizes an undergraduate research journal from 2015-2016 from the University of California, Los Angeles. It includes the staff list, three student research articles on criminal justice and transgender populations, mathematics education in the US and China, and strict school discipline policies. The main document analyzed is a literature review on the interactions between transgender men and the American criminal justice system, noting gaps in available research about this population's experiences with policing and incarceration.
250 words agree or disagree to each questions Q 1.Intermed.docxdomenicacullison
250 words agree or disagree to each questions
Q 1.
Intermediate sentencing is an alternative form of punishment for offenders for a variety of criminal offenses. Typically most of the type of offenders are not of those who are violent offenders or who have committed crimes against persons. These type of punishments are an alternative for the typical probation or supervised release after a sentence in a traditional correctional facility. According to Caputo, “the principle forms of intermediate sanctions include: intensive supervision programs; boot camps; day reporting centers; home confinement; monetary penalties; compulsory labor in the form of community service; and halfway houses. (Caputo, 2004)” These types of punishments for committing crimes serves to limit the number of individuals incarcerated and offer a different form of rehabilitation. I believe that these types of punishments do have the capacity to help the issues with repeating crimes because it has the potential to rehabilitate outside of prison and supervise the individual outside of the traditional prison cell during the period of the punishment. These type of punishments are more and more common now a days and ultimately individuals who do not learn their lesson or are effectively will ultimately face more serious consequences. A lot of these types of punishments are coupled together with other types of punishments. An example may be probation and community service for small violations. The punishment is over when they have met the terms that were set in the sentencing phase of the court proceedings. Intermediate sanctions have effects on recidivism when offenders do not return back to the areas they were previously living. “Results show low rates of return to former neighborhoods and high rates of residential mobility after prison, a significant portion of which is driven by intermediate sanctions resulting from criminal justice system supervision. These results suggest that, through parole supervision, the criminal justice system generates significant residential mobility” compared individuals who were incarcerated and returned to the same areas where they lived before prison are at higher risk of recidivating, presumably because they encounter the same criminogenic influences that contributed to their prior offense(s) (Harding, Morenoff, Herbert, Small, Allard, 2013).”
I think that for smaller level misdemeanors this is an effective method of correcting the criminal behavior. This also seems to have a positive impact because offenders are able to remove themselves from the situations that are influencing them to break the law these small changes and removing them from the traditional punishment in a jail have an opportunity to be rehabilitated outside of a 9x9 cell. The reduction in cost isn’t so overwhelming that it should be done in every situation but there are plenty of instances in which an intermediate punishment could be effective for many offenders.
Refe.
This summary provides an overview of a research study examining factors that could predict police officers' attitudes towards the Black Lives Matter movement. The study surveyed 68 police officers across two departments, collecting data on demographics, preferred news sources, and moral beliefs. Significant positive correlations were found between survey items. Hispanic officers were more likely than white officers to perceive Black Lives Matter as legitimate. The use of conservative vs. neutral news sources also predicted some differences in attitudes. The study aimed to understand how individual police officers' characteristics may influence their interactions with communities and views of the Black Lives Matter movement.
The FBI reports crime data in the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), including the number of arrests, crimes reported, and officers. This data is reported as a rate per 100,000 people and as a percentage change from previous years. Part I offenses in the UCR include serious crimes like murder, while Part II offenses are less serious crimes. The National Crime Victimization Survey directly surveys people about their experiences as crime victims, which can provide information about unreported crimes. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior. Theories like social disorganization theory and social process theories examine how social forces influence criminal behavior.
What critical issues are raised from the examination of developmen.docxphilipnelson29183
What critical issues are raised from the examination of development problems and prospects facing Brazil?
Their problems to be:
Our course is going to deal with the problems of underdeveloped countries. Share your experience of underdeveloped countries and what you believe their problems to be.
12
OJJDP Journal of Juvenile Justice
Developing an Alternative Juvenile Programming Effort to
Reduce Detention Overreliance
Jacqueline G. van Wormer, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
Christopher Campbell, Por tland State University, Por tland, Oregon
Jacqueline G. van Wormer, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Washington State
University; Christopher Campbell, Division of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Portland State
University.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Jacqueline G. van Wormer,
Washington State University, Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 701 Johnson Tower,
Pullman, WA 99163. E-mail: [email protected]
K e y w o r d s : j u v e n i l e j u s t i c e , d e t e n t i o n , e v i d e n c e - b a s e d p r o g r a m m i n g , j u v e n i l e j u s t i c e r e f o r m s , o u t c o m e e v a l u a t i o n
Abstract
The assumption underlying juvenile detention
alternatives is that youth on probation receiving
programming or treatment are less likely to recidi-
vate, whereas youth in detention will be more
likely to recidivate. Under a coordinated justice
reform effort, a juvenile justice court system serv-
ing two southeastern counties in Washington state
developed a program (the FAST program) for pro-
bation violators that offered 2 sessions of account-
ability skill development to address targeted
criminogenic needs in lieu of a formalized hearing
and a subsequent stay in detention. The goal of
the FAST program for participating youth was to
reduce future probation violations and detention
stays. This paper presents an evaluation of the
FAST program using propensity score modeling
of 434 juvenile probation violators. A comparison
of matched groups shows the program does not
reduce recidivism or future probation violations
among participants, though it does produce the
same result as those who received detention. Our
explanation makes the case for increasing the
dosage (number of sessions) of violator programs,
which may be what is necessary to provide a more
effective alternative to detention.
Introduction
Secure detention for juvenile delinquents has
long been a systematic and cyclical method for
states to manage unruly youth. Though its gen-
eral distension in the “get tough” movement of
the 1980s and 1990s has recently ebbed, deten-
tion still remains a serious issue, and it is often
associated with an increased likelihood of later
recidivism (Holman & Ziedenberg, 2006; Mendel,
2009). Combined with increased probation dis-
positions and higher frequencies of subsequent
violations (Puzzanchera, Adams, & Sickmund,
.
This document summarizes a report on the concept of "risk convergence" in criminal justice. It defines risk convergence as the point at which an ex-offender's risk of reoffending converges with that of the general public. Research finds this point is reached after a certain number of crime-free years, depending on the original offense. However, many policies impose permanent punishments and barriers to reintegration even after risk convergence. This is ineffective and inefficient, as ex-offenders past this point pose no greater risk. The report argues policies should promote reintegration and help ex-offenders become productive citizens once risk convergence is reached.
This document discusses research on the effects of incarceration and rehabilitation programs on recidivism. It outlines how rehabilitation was originally the goal of prisons but the "Nothing Works" doctrine in the 1970s claimed rehabilitation programs were ineffective. Later research refuted this, finding cognitive behavioral therapies and skills training programs reduced recidivism. However, more research is needed on how prison subcultures and negative peer influences may undermine rehabilitation efforts, and on carefully assigning inmates to appropriate security levels to foster better treatment outcomes.
Police Mistreatment and the Effect on SocietyAutumn Moody
This document discusses police mistreatment of minorities in the United States and its effects on society. It notes that incidents of police brutality have led to questioning of police legitimacy and shifting perceptions, causing public safety issues like rising fear of police and psychological problems. Possible solutions proposed include improving police screening, training, and including community input. Statistics show minorities, especially young black men, are much more likely to be killed by police than white people. Experiments suggest those in positions of power can become reckless, and behavior depends more on situation than personality.
Discussion - Week 3Elements of the Craft of WritingThe narra.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion - Week 3
Elements of the Craft of Writing
The narrator's point of view is the reader's window into the soul of your story. Combined with the tone of voice, characterization, and dialogue, these elements of the craft of writing give your story believability and interest. How can you combine the elements of the craft with the elements of the short story and the techniques of development you learned about in Weeks 1 and 2? In this Discussion, you will understand point of view, tone of voice, characterization, and dialogue and examine how other writers use these elements of craft to improve their work.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the assigned portions of Chapters 3, 4, 6, and 7 in Shaping the Story.
Review "Revelation" by Flannery O’Connor, "Mericans” by Sandra Cisneros, and "Why I Like Country Music" by James Alan McPherson in Shaping the Story.
Reflect on the voice in the assigned stories.
How would you describe the voice in each short story?
How do these voices demonstrate what the authors are saying about the main issues of each story?
Reflect on the similarities and differences in the ways that the authors use dialogue to establish character presence.
Consider the issues that each story discusses. How do these issues shape the characters and affect the light in which they are seen at the beginning and the end of the story?
With these thoughts in mind:
Post by Day 3
: 2 to 3 paragraphs comparing and contrasting different approaches to two of the following elements in two of the three stories in the Week 3 reading.. Be sure to cite at least two specific examples from your readings.
Point of View
Tone of Voice
Characterization
Dialogue
Be sure to support your ideas by connecting them to the week's Learning Resources, or something you have read, heard, seen, or experienced.
Read
a selection of your colleagues' postings.
Respond by Day 5
to at least one of your colleagues' postings in one or more of the following ways:
Ask a probing question.
Share an insight from having read your colleague's posting.
Offer and support an opinion.
Validate an idea with your own experience.
Make a suggestion.
Expand on your colleague's posting.
Return
to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you have learned and/or any insights you have gained as a result of the comments your colleagues made.
REPLY
QUOTE
18 days ago
Chad Husted
WALDEN INSTRUCTOR
MANAGER
Tips for the week 3 discussion (read before you post)
COLLAPSE
Great job so far, class! I've really enjoyed your first two weeks of discussion posts.
Now we will shift our focus to even more tools we can use in our own stories, but first, we will see how they play out in the work of others.
Make sure you do all the readings for the week before posting anything, and also, go through and ask yourselves all the questions (above) from the
"to prepare for the discussion"
section of the instructions. I.
Discussion - Microbial ClassificationGive names of bacteria in.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion - Microbial Classification
Give names of bacteria in the genus enterobacteriaceae. How would differentiate enterobacteriaceae from other gram (-) bacteria?
Read the selected scriptures and in your response to the prompt discuss how at least one of the scriptures relates to the discussion topic.
Matthew 8:2-3
"A man with leprosy came and knelt before him and said, 'Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.' Jesus reached out his hand and touched the man. 'I am willing,' he said. 'Be clean!' Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy."
Mark 16:17-18
"'And these signs will accompany those who believe: In my name they will drive out demons; they will speak in new tongues; they will pick up snakes with their hands; and when they drink deadly poison, it will not hurt them at all; they will place their hands on sick people, and they will get well.'”
Respiratory System Disease
Pneumonia is diagnosed by the presence of fluid (dark shadows in an X ray) in the alveoli. Since pneumonia usually is caused by a microorganism, what causes the fluid accumulation? Name a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, a protozoan, and a helminth that can cause pneumonia.
Students will individually examine why pneumonia –an infection of the respiratory tract is among the most damaging. Students are also required to use the information they have learnt from the text, lectures, discussions and/or assignments to describe why the respiratory tract is an important portal of entry to inhaled microorganisms such as viruses, fungal spores and bacteria.
Learners will synthesize their findings in a summary presentation of
at least 10 slides
that will be shared with their peers by the specified due date, when they will then
compare and contrast
the feedback from their research in this discussion forum. Learners will be evaluated against the criteria outlined in the assignment and discussion forum rubric.
.
Discussion (Chapter 7) What are the common challenges with which se.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion (Chapter 7): What are the common challenges with which sentiment analysis deals? What are the most popular application areas for sentiment analysis? Why?
Note: Response should be 250-300 words. Make sure to have at least one APA formatted reference (and APA in-text citation)
.
Discussion - Big Data Visualization toolsSeveral Big Data Visu.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion - Big Data Visualization tools
Several Big Data Visualization tools have been evaluated in this week's paper. While the focus was primarily on R and Python with GUI tools, new tools are being introduced every day. Compare and contrast the use of R vs Python and identify the pros and cons of each.
.
Discussion - 1 Pick 2 different department team members and descri.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion - 1 : Pick 2 different department team members and describe why they were chosen and what skill they should bring.
Discussion -2 : What are the most vital functions at your place of work that the BIA will address?
Course Name - Business continuity and disaster recovery planning
No Plagiarism, proper references with APA format
.
Discussion (Chapter 7) What are the common challenges with which .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion
(Chapter 7): What are the common challenges with which sentiment analysis deals? What are the most popular application areas for sentiment analysis? Why?
Questions for Discussions:
1. Explain the relationship among data mining, text mining, and sentiment analysis.
2. In your own words, define text mining, and discuss its most popular applications.
3. What does it mean to induce structure into text-based data? Discuss the alternative ways of inducing structure into them.
4. What is the role of NLP in text mining? Discuss the capabilities and limitations of NLP in the context of text mining.
Exercise:
Go to teradatauniversitynetwork.com and find the case study named “eBay Analytics.” Read the case carefully and extend your understanding of it by searching the Internet for additional information, and answer the case questions.
Internet exercise:
Go to kdnuggets.com. Explore the sections on applications as well as software. Find the names of at least three additional packages for data mining and text mining.
.
Discussion (Chapter 7) What are the common challenges with whic.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Sentiment analysis deals with common challenges in determining sentiment from unstructured text. Popular application areas for sentiment analysis include social media, customer reviews, and survey responses due to the large amounts of online opinions and feedback generated. Students are asked to post a 100-300 word response to an online discussion by Wednesday discussing challenges in sentiment analysis and popular application areas.
Discussion (Chapter 6) List and briefly describe the nine-step .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
The document discusses conducting a neural network project and outlines a nine-step process. Students are asked to engage in an online discussion by Wednesday at 11:59 p.m. EST by posting their first response early and interacting frequently with other students' posts.
Discussion (Chapter 5) What is the relationship between Naïve Bayes.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Naive Bayes and Bayesian networks are both probabilistic classifiers but differ in their assumptions of independence between predictor variables. Bayesian networks are more flexible as they can represent dependencies between variables through a directed acyclic graph structure. To develop a Bayesian network model, one identifies variables of interest, determines conditional dependencies between variables, quantifies these dependencies with probabilities, and represents them in a network diagram.
Discussion (Chapter 4) What are the privacy issues with data mini.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion (Chapter 4): What are the privacy issues with data mining? Do you think they are substantiated?
Note:
Your response should be 250-300 words. There must be at least one APA formatted reference (and APA in-text citation) to support the thoughts in the post. Do not use direct quotes, rather rephrase the author's words and continue to use in-text citations.
.
Discussion (Chapter 3) Why are the originalraw data not readily us.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion (Chapter 3): Why are the original/raw data not readily usable by analytics tasks? What are the main data preprocessing steps? List and explain their importance in analytics.
Note: Response should be 250-300 words. There must be at least one APA formatted reference (and APA in-text citation) to support the thoughts in the post. Do not use direct quotes, rather rephrase the author's words and continue to use in-text citations
.
Discussion (Chapter 5) What is the relationship between Naïve B.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Naive Bayes and Bayesian networks are both probabilistic models but Bayesian networks can represent conditional dependencies between variables while Naive Bayes assumes independence. To develop a Bayesian network model you identify variables, determine dependencies between variables, quantify these dependencies with conditional probabilities, and construct a directed acyclic graph representing the dependencies. Students are asked to post a 100-300 word response to the discussion question by Wednesday and engage with two other classmates' posts.
Discussion (Chapter 10 in the textbook or see the ppt) For ea.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion (Chapter 10 in the textbook / or see the ppt):
For each of the steps in the "Seven Step Forecasting Game Plan" for forecasting, discuss the following:
Who do you suspect is being included in creating each step of the various company forecasts?
Why? Why not? Be specific about the various players and the reasons they might be involved.
Assignment (Chapter 10) (1-2 pages double space):
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FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 1 .docx
1. FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 1
Factors of Homelessness: An Annotated Bibliography Dedicated
to the
Exploration of the Social Problem and Criminal Element
STUDENT NAME
Portland State University
2. FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 2
Introduction:
The intent of this bibliography was to explore the nature of
homelessness with specific
attention to the population that has been involved with the
criminal justice system. In the
City of Portland this population can be readily seen as they
3. frequent the University
campus, and sleep unsheltered nearby. This topic became of
interest to research because
of the visibility here on campus and the desire to change this
behavior and lifestyle that
affects a small proportion of society. Wishing to achieve the
greatest synthesis of the
criminal problem associated with homelessness, the research
chosen for study provided
insight to the causes and factors of recidivism, and quantitative
data from interviews and
surveys. This combination of research was chosen because it
examined the reasons this
population enters and sometimes reenters the criminal system,
as well as establishing
perspective. This scope does not account for crimes committed
by the homeless, even
though it was a recurring topic in related research of the studies
themselves. The research
question for this synthesis is what is the criminal problem
associated with homelessness
and what factors have been found that influences this behavior?
This synthesis of research developed insight into the
4. aggravating factors of homelessness
in states such as Minnesota, Arizona, Nevada, and also overseas
in Milan, Italy. The
Recurring trends in the research suggest that though there is a
small proportion of the
population that is actively involved with the court and legal
systems, homelessness
provides for an overwhelming factor to recidivism. The
community or condition that an
offender released to played a significant role on their desistance
in criminal activity.
Further mediated through substance use and victimization,
homelessness adds a
significant strain on those that experience it. The type of social
interactions with other
homeless was also tested for effect on the topic, and it was
found that interactions with
previous offenders also show signs of correlation. Because of
the survivability aspect of
the lifestyle, and the frequent inability to secure food or shelter,
this population
commonly is charged or arrested with crimes such as
trespassing or other property crimes
because of their situation. Further analysis to the kind of
5. crimes committed could further
detail the specific homeless problem for the city or places
studied, but would probably be
different because this may be impacted by the resources for the
population of the
concerned location.
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 3
Annotations:
Clark V.A. (2014). Predicting two types of recidivism among
newly released prisoners:
First addresses as “launch pads” for recidivism or reentry
success. Crime &
6. Delinquency, 1-36. doi: 10.1177/0011128714555758
By evaluating the impact of multiple factors of individuals
separating from Minnesota
state corrections in 2009, the author, Valerie A. Clark, sought to
explain relationships of
post release housing situations that offenders released to and
rates of recidivism. Clark
found that individual-level variables such as neighborhood and
housing characteristics of
the area the offender was set to release maintained a lasting
impact on recidivism.
Through a longitudinal study of offenders released to the state
of Minnesota, the author
evaluated the most successful and least successful “launch
pads” (Clark, 2014) for
offender reentry. Clark classified each primary address the
offender listed when
releasing to categories such as private residences, halfway
houses, emergency (homeless)
shelters, treatment facilities, and impoverished communities.
These same measures were
recorded 1 year after release as their whereabouts and status
was determined through use
7. of the Correctional Operations Management Systems (COMS).
The research found that a large portion of those releasing to
emergency shelters were
rearrested within the year recorded for the study, and offenders
releasing to transitional or
halfway houses had the largest proportion of offenders to fail
via a supervision
revocation. Of the total sample, 66% of the offenders
recidivated, with 34% of total
sample rearrested and 32% revoked from supervision.
Offenders released to emergency
shelters (temporary emergency shelters, including homeless
shelters and motels with stay
of less than 30 days) posted the highest percentage of rearrests
within the sample at 45%.
Relocation to transitional housing (state-funded or private
halfway houses with
supervision and monitoring) also recorded the highest
percentage of revocation, at 50%.
In all, the report concluded that offenders were 34% more likely
of arrest when
transitioning straight to emergency shelters compared to
offenders releasing to private
8. residences. The study also concluded in line with other
research that details newly
released offenders are more likely to experience supervision
revocation or prison
readmission when returning to poor and non-affluent
neighborhoods.
The strengths of the research were the utilization of various and
extensive contextual
factors of offenders releasing from Minnesota corrections to
accurately display relation to
recidivism. All releasing offenders were given a context by
applying their individual
Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) score that measured
risk of recidivism.
Individual-level variables categorized the releases situation into
five descriptive
definitions, one being emergency shelter. Neighborhood-level
variables, including
urbanization and “Neighborhood Disadvantage”, as well as the
Index of Concentrated
Extremes (ICE) were determined to accurately portray the living
conditions upon release.
These measures increased construct validity because it matched
9. the type of residency
noted by the releasing offender to risk assessment scores and
geo-locations matched to an
offender’s whereabouts.
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 4
Because recidivism is an increasingly difficult outcome to
measure due to only recording
failure through police intervention (National Institute of Justice,
2008), this result cannot
be seen as an absolute answer to the overall criminal problems
this population has.
Weaknesses of the research fell on selection criteria and
inclusiveness to Minnesota
release. This decreased the validity as it excluded a certain
amount of offenders. The
follow-up time capped at one-year, not recording cases of
recidivism occurring out of the
time frame, as well as only recording recidivism through law
enforcement records
deteriorates the validity because other offenses could of
happened outside the parameters
10. of the follow-up and state police records. All offenders
releasing to other states were also
eliminated, further distorting the raw data. Another weakness is
that though it attempted
to use all offenders releasing in the state, there was very few
offenders releasing to work
release and emergency shelters, 12% and 7%, further diluting
the findings’ reliability.
What is also common of recidivism studies is that there is no
cross-population
generalizability from this sample. Because programs and
resources for inmates
undergoing reentry is vastly different intra-state, these results
cannot be compared to that
of another state’s newly released population.
This article was found by searching the PSU library website.
The article was found under
the criminology & criminal justice database of articles, and
located under the
‘criminology full text’ resource provided by SAGE journals.
Corno, L. (2015). Homelessness and crime: Do your friends
11. matter? The Economic
Journal. Doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12316
With an array of research extensively covering recidivism, the
further discussion of the
effect of friendship and criminality is researched through the
analysis of three releasing
jurisdictions in Milan, Italy. The purpose of this study was to
determine if social
interactions of those classified as homeless show a causal
relationship with criminal
behavior to the type of friendship (interaction person has
criminal record). This was
determined by using instruments of 1) the proportion of rainy
days in the last year-spent
homeless 2) inmate release data for the particular city of release
and comparing this with
arrest information of the individual case. Corno asserts that the
homeless spend extended
periods of time with one another during the rain and develop
much of their behaviors
from those interactions. Survey data from the responses of 836
homeless individuals;
collected from service providers, university students, and
12. private citizens, were compared
with outcome criminality. The article sought to add to the
current literature examining the
impact of social interaction on behavior and criminality and
“provide evidence of the
influence of the size of one’s network on criminal behavior”
(Corno, 2015).
The research found a relationship to how many friends a
homeless person had with an
arrest in their past. The survey found that, on average, the
increase of one additional
friend (not specifically non-criminal) lead to a decrease of 12
percentage points of the
likelihood of incarceration during a spell of homelessness.
Respondents were asked ‘who
were their best friends?’ and ‘whether they were homeless?’
among other various
demographic questions to add to the extensive depth that the
research captured. More
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 5
individuals in their peer group seem to establish a “safety net”
(Corno) of social support,
13. where they could rely on someone to assist them or return
favors when needed –and
possibly avoid criminality. This was found by comparing time
in the rain spent and the
characteristics of friends (if had any) by non-imprisoned
homeless versus imprisoned
homeless.
The sheer depth the research established in the report gives
instantaneous face validity.
Graphical analysis as far as a ‘friendship network’ (Figure A2,
Corno) of all respondents
and their peer groups were presented along with a multitude of
characteristic data clearly
detailing the depth of the survey. Superseding the interview
phase for each of the three
locations was a count of all homeless to ensure a proper sample
was drawn. Another
finding on the type of peers one associates with showed that an
increase in the share of
criminal friends a homeless person has ultimately increases the
likelihood of
incarceration for a non-criminal, by a rate of 23 percentage
points per increase of one
14. standard deviation of criminal friends. An improved design to
the study would be to have
a similar number of individuals that were imprisoned to those
that were solely homeless.
Selection factors such as achieving respondents via availability
sampling ultimately
hindered the reliability of the sample findings. Though the
survey portion was conducted
in 12 hours, it can only be a reflection of the relative population
present in the three
municipalities of Milan and is inherent in selection bias. The
generalizability of findings
is weak, as this did not use any sort of random sampling.
This resource was found from the PSU library online database,
while searching keywords
“homelessness and criminality.”
Fischer, S.N., Shinn, M., Shrout, P., Tsemberis, S. (2008).
Homelessness, mental illness,
and criminal activity: Examining patterns over time. American
Journal of
Community Psychology. 42(3-4). pp. 251 – 265. doi:
10.1007/s10464-008-9210-
15. z
This study sought to determine the relationship between
committing crime and varying
levels of mental illness of homeless individuals. Fischer et al.
differentiated between
violent and non-violent crime in order to explore if conditions
of mental illness lead to a
certain type of crime. The longitudinal study consisted of the
recruitment of 218
homeless adults. They had to have spent 15 of the last 30 days
homeless, shown a period
of housing instability, and been diagnosed with an “Axis I
diagnosis of severe mental
illness, such as psychotic disorder (e.g., schizophrenia) or mood
disorder (e.g., major
depressive disorder)” (Fischer et al., 2008). The main
hypothesis was that the more
severe the mental disability of the individual, the higher
likelihood of aggressiveness, or
violent crime. Data was collected via interviews of recruited
subjects that encompassed a
4-year time span, with testing in 9-month intervals. The study
found that the likelihood
16. of committing a criminal act increased along with the time the
individual had spent
homeless, and increase in severity of mental illness. The initial
hypothesis were
supported but findings suggested a weaker connection between
sheltered homeless and
“subsistence-driven crimes (e.g., breaking into buildings to find
shelter)” (Fischer et al.).
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 6
The relative factors of violent crime were also different than
expected, as it was not
determined to produce a significant relationship.
Because the study recruited individuals that were made
available to them through
transitional programs, the generalizability of the findings is in
question. The researchers
utilized availability sampling by recruiting individuals
recommended by psychiatric care
providers and those that were available in homeless shelter that
met requirements. This
weakened the validity of findings.
17. This study was found through reading the previous research
section of the Fox et al.
(2016) study and located via the PSU library database.
Fox, A.M., Mulvey, P., Katz, C.M., Shafer, M.S. (2016)
Untangling the relationship
between mental health and homelessness among a sample of
arrestees. Crime and
Delinquency. 62(5). pp. 592 – 613. doi:
10.1177/0011128713511571
In analyzing demographical information of arrested individuals,
the homeless and
mentally ill populations have been found to provide
increasingly consistent results as
factors to involvement in the criminal justice apparatus. The
study performed by Fox et
al., seeks to further analyze qualitative data surrounding the
characteristics of jailed
individuals and provide structural equation modeling to test the
relationship to
homelessness and other factors. Fox based data from interviews
of 3,673 recently
18. arrested in the county of Maricopa, Arizona within three
different facilities, seeking to
represent the arrested in this setting. Adding to the extensive
research done regarding the
consequences of homelessness in the criminal justice system,
few studies have examined
homelessness and mental illness as separate factors in the
relation to incarceration. The
current study presented by Fox et al. “proposes a model for
understanding the
relationship between mental health, substance abuse problems,
victimization and
homelessness for criminally involved individuals.” (2016). The
research team
hypothesized that variables such as criminal justice
involvement, coupled with a display
of mental illness increases the risk of victimization; as well as
substance abuse, and
increases the likelihood of becoming homeless.
Homelessness was not found to be a large contributor to the
population of arrested
individuals included in the sample. Only 8% of the sample
stated that they were
19. homeless within the 30 days preceding their arrest. Larger
portions of the arrestee
population included those with health problems, drug
dependent, alcohol dependent and
involved of some sort of victimization, with 30%, 31.7%, 20.6%
and 21.0% respectfully.
The direct effect of mental illness with homelessness was found
to be very minute, and
more of the substantiating evidence suggested more of a
connection from mental illness
to victimization. The research showed that homelessness was
most commonly a result of
the variables measured and most commonly followed by at least
one.
This study is not representative of the homeless population.
Though the analyses
intended on measuring homelessness as a result of the variables
measured, it was not an
overwhelming relation. As the study noted, the data collected is
cross-sectional, and
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 7
provides limited insight to the causal effect established. The
20. utilization of structural
equation modeling was intended to offset this limitation, but the
researchers still
cautioned the interpretation of the findings. Representativeness
to the arrestee population
in Maricopa County was a strong point of the research, as the
method of systematic
sampling of arrested individuals was utilized. The findings are
likely generalizable to
other like jurisdictions for self-report data. The validity
however hinges on the accuracy
of every respondents answers, because the data was compiled
from interviews. Only
through urine analysis testing, provided by the researchers, was
actual substance abuse
measured for the respondents. All other factors were those
made on their own remission.
Because of the environmental restrictions of the incarceration,
and the self-reporting
procedures utilized, the validity is overall weak, but can be seen
an aggregate perspective
of how the respondents viewed themselves.
This study was found through utilization of the PSU library
21. database, and was found
using keyword of “homelessness and mental illness” in the
criminology full text resource.
Hunter, B.A., Lanza, A. S., Lawlor, M., Dyson, W., Gordon, D.
M., (2015). A strengths-
based approach to prisoner reentry: The fresh start prisoner
reentry program.
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology. pp. 1-
17. doi: 10.1177/0306624X15576501
Hunter et al. intended on proving the lasting and positive impact
that personalized
rehabilitation and reintegration programs possessed in the lives
of those set out to release
in a matter of months in the state of Connecticut to three
designated communities. This
research was designed to evaluate repeated support and
counseling by trained and
motivated personnel in the lives of those set to release, in an
effort to prepare the offender
for troubles outside of the prison walls and in their
socioeconomic climate. The authors
22. sought to demonstrate the effectiveness and far-reaching
potential of strength-based
approaches in increasing success of reintegration and
rehabilitation. The present study is
a qualitative assessment of the impact of these strength-based
approaches during both
pre- and post- release phases of the reentry process to
individual communities, and
further seeks to qualitatively analyze through implementation of
focus groups, the impact
that these programs possess over newly releasing offenders. To
highlight the best
qualities of strength-based approaches, the study shadowed the
new implementation of
the Fresh Start Program that was designed to increase success of
prisoner reentry through
repeated collaboration and training meetings. The program
collaborated with businesses,
the Connecticut Department of Corrections, and community
leadership to provide
repeated training on various topics of employment readiness,
workplace safety, correction
and supervision success, and one-on-one counseling.
23. The focus group responses during incarceration were at first
cautious of the new program.
Offenders wondered if this program would help them with the
overbearing process of
reintegration, because they had never received help through the
prison in any way. Many
offenders seemed optimistic of the new program, as the
attention to care and
respectfulness of program staff seemed to win them over
eventually. During the baseline
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 8
integration to the program, risk assessments were noted and the
individuals were matched
with appropriate resources designed for their specific need.
This seemed to prove
beneficial, as the offenders in the post-release focus groups
identified the increased
accountability of the program staff and support had increased
their successes in the
reintegration process.
Strengths of this research include the detailed analysis of
24. feedback given by offenders
traversing the reentry process from prison to community. The
qualitative feedback
provided valuable insight to the thoughts the offenders had of
the Fresh Start Program,
and proved to be effective judging by the feedback. Feedback
from the offenders of the
implementation of the program is useful when determining the
applicability to other
communities and correctional facilities, as it seemed
overwhelmingly positive amongst
those that participated. The absence of measurable variables in
the study proves to be the
weakest point of the research. Inherent of qualitative studies
and focus groups is the
inability to measure the outcome of the independent variable
(Fresh Start Program) and
though the responses of the focus groups seem positive, these
were the only responses
recorded in the post-release phase of the study. The validity of
the research hinges on
whether the responses that were recorded in post-release phase
were accurate of the rest
of the participants, and because this was not discussed; the
25. validity remains in question,
as this is solely an exploratory study on the impact of strength-
based approaches. The
reliability of the study is also very weak, as different results are
inherent for repeated
studies in different settings.
This article was found from the article on Homelessnes and
Reentry by Lutze et al. also
included in this bibliography, and was listed in the prior
research to the study.
Lutze, F.E., Rosky, J. W., Hamilton, Z.K. (2013).
Homelessness and reentry: A
multisite outcome evaluation of Washington State’s housing
program for high risk
offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 41. pp. 471 – 491.
doi:
10.1177/0093854813510164
Setting out to investigate the impact of different modes of
transitional assistance and
wraparound services for inmates releasing to certain counties of
Washington State, this
26. study showcased the Reentry Housing Pilot Program (RHPP).
Created by the 2007
Washington State Legislature, and with a goal of reducing
overall costs of the state from
prisoner reentry, the pilot program selected eligible participants
that were high risk and
need offenders with no viable housing option and agreed to
participate voluntarily.
RHPP, unlike other modes of transitional assistance, provided
secure housing for up to 1
year post-release, but like other programs demanded that
participants attended treatment
and seek active employment. The study consisted of a quasi-
experimental research
design that matched participants in the program to similar
offenders going through same
process without support of the RHPP (N = 416). The purpose of
the study was to
distinguish the different outcomes of successful reintegration of
coordinated wraparound
services [like the RHPP] and other more common transitional
housing, such as halfway
27. FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 9
houses, measuring outcomes by recidivism (revocations, new
conviction, prison
readmission).
The findings of the study were in line with the hypotheses that
participation in the RHPP
would reduce recidivism and increase survival times for the
same categories. RHPP
participants were found to significantly outperform their
matched co-offenders amongst
outcomes of new convictions and prison readmissions, 21.6%
vs. 35.6% and 37.0% vs.
56.3% respectively. The RHPP participants were also found to
significantly abstain from
homelessness post-treatment, with 8.7% of participants
becoming homeless after
treatment compared to 15.4% of comparison group.
The research utilized previous studies to bolster its
effectiveness and shape its methods to
encompass the most needed study. Having a greater sample size
increased the statistical
representativeness of the reentry population and individual
28. characteristics, increasing
statistical power and validity. The strain caused by reentry
from prison was assessed by
increasing follow-up time to 3 years post-release, encompassing
the prolonged difficulty
in successfully reintegrating. Measuring periods of
homelessness over time also added to
a better-developed picture of the problems of offenders.
As stated by the author, selection bias could not have been
avoided due to ethical
considerations. Though randomization is the most effective
way to procure a
representative sample, offenders with the highest need for
housing were given access to
the program resources and housing –which impacts the
reliability. Because offender
motivation for successful completion amongst those
participating in RHPP can be greater
for those participating, it is not a reliable method in measuring
true or natural responses
to the program.
This article was found through resources provided by the PSU
29. online library, specifically
searching “homelessness and prison population” from the
criminology and criminal
justice databases.
FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 10
OTHER WORKS CITED
National Institute of Justice. (2008). Measuring recidivism.
Retrieved from:
http://www.nij.gov/topics/corrections/recidivism/pages/measuri
ng.aspx
35. FACTORS OF HOMELESSNESS 16
Lutze, Rosky, Hamilton (2013)
Annotated Bibliography Assignment
CCJ 380
The purpose of this assignment is for each student to
demonstrate an understanding of the research skills covered by
the library instruction component of this class and to use your
new research methods skills to critically analyze scientific
36. writing. You must use the Portland State University library
resources to locate the majority of your sources.
You are tasked with completing an annotated bibliography of 6
sources, all of which relate to a topic of your choice. Sources
may include: books, scholarly articles, government documents,
and web produced reports (as long as they are scholarly), and
other peer-reviewed or rigorous scientific report. You will need
to include at least 3 peer-reviewed journal articles (this includes
law reviews). Feel free to use the bibliographies of other
articles as jumping off points for locating other scholarly
articles.
One of the main points of this assignment is for you to
demonstrate a grasp of APA (American Psychological
Association) format and that you understand the scope of the
material appropriate for scholarly research. Consult the
American Psychological Associations Guide to Formatting for
correct citation style. There is a quick guide to APA format on
the Library website or you can find the full text in the library.
Overview of the Role and Importance of Citing Material
References and citationsserve several purposes. Most
importantly, they give credit to whom it is warranted. In
addition, they acknowledge the value of others' work, create an
important record of the line of scholarly inquiry, and allow
readers to evaluate the accuracy of your conclusions and to
pursue the subject further by examining the original documents.
All work that is a source of the ideas presented—whether
quoted, paraphrased, or summarized—should be cited properly.
To summarize is to condense the original into a sentence or two
in your own words; to paraphrase is to follow the original
statement or passage more closely but still restate it in your
own words. In paraphrasing, do not use whole phrases, many of
the same words, or sentence structures similar to the original.
37. To quote a source is to extract a word, phrase, sentence, or
passage from the original and insert it into the text. Quoted
material should be enclosed within double quotation marks or,
if lengthy (longer than three typewritten lines), indented as a
block quote.
In general, it is better to summarize or paraphrase others' ideas
than to present a stream of quotations. Your paper will be easier
to read and will better convey your understanding of what you
have read. Use direct quotations when the original words are
particularly well chosen—clear, incisive, or powerful. A good
research proposal will have zero to just a few (2 or 3) direct
quotes, you should endeavor to have a few as possible.
Whenever possible the material should be resented in your own
words (properly cited of course).
If you use another writer's words or ideas without citing the
source, you have committed an act of plagiarism. Work is
plagiarized even if it is in your own words, but is not properly
cited; a good rule is that every paragraph in a proposal should
have at least one citation. Very few ideas, if any, will be
original.
Documentation of sources should be presented in two places:
(1) in the text, to identify and credit the source immediately
following its use; and (2) following the text, in a list of
references with more detailed information about each source.
Cite the source whose ideas and/or words you are using. If you
are citing work referenced or quoted by another author (and you
do not have access to or have not read the primary source), cite
the original author "in" the work where you found it; for
example, (Rossi in Singleton and Straits1999).
Annotated Bibliography Assignment Instructions
Part I: Introduction
Begin with an introduction explaining the scope of your topic to
38. familiarize the readers with the focus of your annotated
bibliography. The introduction should be one to two paragraphs
long, but does not need to be elaborate or include references.
Within the introductory statement, you should indicate the topic
of study, what research question your topic addresses, and why
this project interests you.
Part II: Annotations:
The annotations should be listed alphabetically by author, using
APA format. Each entry should conform to the following
structure by answering each of the three parts below:
1. A complete citation in APA format.
2. An annotation of the source. An annotation briefly describes
and evaluates the reference with the purpose of informing the
reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources
cited. The annotation of each source should address the
following items in the order presented below:
I. Summarize in a sentence or two the author’s main point.
II. The purpose of the work.
III. What were the author(s) main findings?
IV. The strengths of the research.
V. The weaknesses or biases of the material.
3. Short explanation of how the resource was located – e.g.
Academic Search Premier, Portland State University Online
Catalog, recommended by professor, etc.
Part III: Photocopies of Material:
You will be required to turn in a photocopy of the first page of
the journal article, government document, table of contents of a
book, first page of a webpage, or other item needed to clearly
identify the source. You do not need to turn in the entire
article, just the first page. Attach these to the end of the main
document.
TIPS
Don't confuse abstracts or summaries with annotations.
39. Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at
the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical
indexes.
Annotations are descriptive and critical; they expose the
author's point of view, clarity and appropriateness of
expression, and authority.
Suggestions for Writing Annotations (To help you think about
the sources, not a “requirement”)
Content – What is the resource about? Is it relevant to your
research?
Purpose – What is it for? Why was the book or article written?
Usefulness – What does it do for your research?
Reliability – Is the information accurate? Do other sources
support the
conclusions?
Authority – Is it written by someone who has the expertise to
author the
information? What are the author’s credentials?
Currency – Is it new? Is it up-to-date for the topic?
Ease of use – Can a “real person” use this resource? What is
the reading level
of the resource?
What you need to turn in for the final assignment
1. Brief (1-2 paragraphs) introduction to your topic
2. Citations for all of your sources in correct APA format
40. (consult D2L)
3. Annotations with both description and critical evaluations of
each source
4. Photocopies as required from each item included in the
bibliography
3