Neurophysiological Factors Affecting Reading Physical Health and Reading Visual Adequacy Auditory Adequacy

1. Factors Affecting Reading
A. NEURO-PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS
B. COGNITIVE FACTORS
PRESENTER: APRILYN N.
FUENTES

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the discussion, I will be able to…
A. identify the different physical, visual, and
auditory factors affecting reading,
B. reflect on the factors which my
current/previous students exhibit,
C. share my reflection to the class.

3. A. Neuro-Physiological
Factors
1.Physical Health and Reading
2.Visual Adequacy
3.Auditory Adequacy

4. Physical Health and Reading
1. Malnutrition- refers to
deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances
in a person’s intake of energy and/or
nutrients. The term malnutrition
addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:
A) undernutrition, which includes
wasting (low weight-for-height),
stunting (low height-for-age) and
underweight (low weight-for-age);
- World Health Organization, 2021

5. “People with poor reading skills are likely to be less healthy than those who
read easily, according to recent research.” -ScienceDaily
B) micronutrient-related malnutrition,
which includes micronutrient deficiencies
(a lack of important vitamins and
minerals) or micronutrient excess; and
C) overweight, obesity and diet-related
noncommunicable diseases (such as heart
disease, stroke, diabetes and some
cancers).
–World Health Organization, 2021

6. Research Results on Malnutrition
“Chronically malnourished children struggle to
read and write simple sentences regardless of
their level of schooling, according to research
by Save the Children.” (The Yorkshire Post,
2013)
“The majority of the underweight students had a
lack of reading and writing skills, whereas the
majority of well-nourished students had good
skills of reading and writing…” (Bhatti et al.,
2020)
“…Compared to those who were never stunted,
persistent stunting had poorer reading…Reading
poorer in adolescents who experienced growth

7. Physical Health and Reading
2. Illness- a disease or
period of sickness
affecting the body or
mind.
"Adolescents with reading and writing
difficulties are not only struggling with
reading and writing difficulties but
experiencing also low self-rated
health.”

8. Physical Health and Reading
3. Hunger- a feeling of
discomfort or weakness caused
by lack of food, coupled with
the desire to eat.
“These disadvantaged groups of
children are therefore vulnerable to the
learning-related consequences of
hunger and food insecurity… its effects
have been proven to jeopardize
children’s chances to learn and thrive.”
(Gracy et al., 2017)

9. Visual defect
Refractive Errors
1. Myopia or Nearsightedness
-is a condition of the eye
where the light comes in does not directly
focus on the retina but in front of it,
causing the image that one sees when
looking at a distant object to be
out of focus, but in focus when
looking at a close object

10. Visual defect
Refractive Errors
2. Hyperopia or farsightedness
-a condition in which visual images
come to a focus behind the retina
of the eye and vision for
distant than for
near objects.

11. Visual defect
Refractive Errors
3. Astigmatism- a defect in the eye or in
a lens caused by a deviation from curvature
which results in distorted images as light
rays are prevented from meeting at a common
focus.

12. Visual defect
Binocular Difficulties
1. Strabismus
(crossed eyes)
-abnormal alignment of the
eyes; the condition of
having squint.

13. Visual defect
Binocular Difficulties
2. Aniseikonia- a
significant difference in
the perceived size of
images; can occur as an
overall difference between
the two eyes, or as a
difference in a particular
meridian.

14. Auditory
1. Conductive Loss- occurs
when sound is not conducted
efficiently through the
outer ear canal to the
eardrum and the tiny bones
(ossicles) of the middle
ear. It usually involves a
reduction in sound level or
the ability to hear faint
sounds.
Normal
Conductive
loss 30dB

16. Auditory
2.Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder
(ANSD)
-caused by an impairment of auditory
nerve. The child
hears the speech
of others but
may not
understand
what he hears.

17. REFERENCES
 Juliet Mae Dumepnas, 2016. Factors Affecting Reading,
https://www.slideshare.net/julietdumepnas/factors-affecting-reading
 Hear it, 1999. Conductive loss. https://www.hear-it.org/Impressions-of-hearing-
loss-and-Tinnitus-#hearing-loss
 Health Barriers To Learning: The Prevalence and Educational Consequences in
Disadvantaged Children https://www.childrenshealthfund.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/01/Health-Barriers-to-Learning.pdf
 Reading and writing difficulties and self-rated health among Danish adolescents:
cross-sectional study from the FOCA cohort, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-
6931-x
 Reading is good for your health,
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131008091237.htm

18. QUIZ TIME
• Use the raise hand button
• Answer only when acknowledged

19. 1. It is a binocular condition in which the two eyes
perceive images of different size.
2. It occurs when there is a defect in the eye or lens
which results in distorted images.
3. When your diet lacks the proper amount of
nutrients, what deficiency develops?
4. Vision is clear for distant object rather than near.
5. It is a reduction in sound level.
Identify the neurophysiological factors defined
in each statement.

20. 6. An uncomfortable feeling in the stomach caused by lack
of food.
7. It is a condition where the eyes do not properly align with
each other.
8. An impairment where one can hear words but could not
understand them.
9. A disease or period of sickness which can affect the
body and mind.
10. The image of a distant object is out of focus, but in
focus when looking at near object.

21. 1. It is a binocular condition in which the two eyes
perceive images of different size.
2. It occurs when there is a defect in the eye or lens
which results in distorted images.
3. When your diet lacks the proper amount of
nutrients, what deficiency develops?
4. Vision is clear for distant object rather than near.
5. It is a a reduction in sound level.
Aniseikonia
Astigmatism
Malnutrition
Hyperopia
Conductive Loss
Identify the neurophysiological factors defined
in each statement.

22. 6. An uncomfortable feeling in the stomach caused
by lack of food.
7. It is a condition where the eyes do not properly
align with each other.
8. An impairment where one can hear words but
could not understand them.
9. A disease or period of sickness which can
affect the body and mind.
10. The image of a distant object is out of focus,
but in focus when looking at near object.
Hunger
Strabism
us
ANSD/
Auditory
Neuropathy
Spectrum
Disorder
Illness
Myopia

23. REFLECTION
 Think of a time where you came across a
student having one of the
neurophysiological factors, what action did
you take for that student?