A task from my LLS lecturer, Prof Mohamed Amin Embi on Factors affecting LLS.

3. • Ellis (1994) – the effort of learning a language
due to the will and need of a students to learn
it.
• Gardner (1985) – 3 important component
defining motivation : the effort, willing to
learn and the satisfaction in doing the task or
activity.
• 2 categories of motivation :
integrative/universal and
instrumental/concrete (Gardner and Lambert,
1972)
• Oxford and Nyikos (1989) – motivation is the
biggest factors affecting language learning
strategies.

5. • Politzer (1983) – survey made on 90 students
studied French, Spanish and German show that
women used social learning strategy more than
men.
• Oxford & Nyikos (1989) – gender differences
has a big influences on the usage of learning
strategies.
• Cross (1983) – gender differences in language
achievement influenced by the gender of the
teacher that taught the language.

7. • Politzer (1983) – In USA, students that
learning Spanish only used positive
learning strategies less than others that
learned French and German.
• Chang (2007) - female learners showed
significantly greater use of language
learning strategies than did male learners
in three of six categories on the SILL:
cognitive strategies, metacognitive
strategies, and social strategies

9. • Surtridge (1997) – the difference of
background culture educational system
build difference strength and weaknesses
of students.
• O’Malley & Chamot (1990) - Origin
country and ethnic gives effect on the
easy or difficulties of organizing new
learning strategies.
• Oxford (1994) – Asian students like to
use memorizing strategies.

11. • Oxford (2005) – claimed that learning styles
and strategies are the main factor affecting
language learning strategies.
• Pei-Shi (2012) – students that used auditory
learning style use more social strategies than
others that used visual learning style.
• Ehrman & Oxford (1990) – Extroverts show a
strong preferences of social strategies while
introvert used more of metacognitive
strategies