Factorial numbers are calculated by multiplying all natural numbers from 1 up to and including a given number. For example, 4! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4. In general, n! is calculated as n x (n-1) x (n-2) x ... x 2 x 1. Factorial numbers were originally denoted with an exclamation point rather than the modern notation. They are used in various mathematical exercises and calculations.