International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Survey and Analysis on Classification and Regression Data Mining Techniques...theijes
Classification and regression as data mining techniques for predicting the diseases outbreak has been permitted in the health institutions which have relative opportunities for conducting the treatment of diseases. But there is a need to develop a strong model for predicting disease outbreak in datasets based in various countries by filling the existing data mining technique gaps where the majority of models are relaying on single data mining techniques which their accuracies in prediction are not maximized for achieving expected results and also prediction are still few. This paper presents a survey and analysis for existing techniques on both classification and regression models techniques that have been applied for diseases outbreak prediction in datasets.
Role of Biostatistician and Biostatistical Programming in Epidemiological Stu...PEPGRA Healthcare
Pepgra experts provide regulatory biostatistics and epidemiology statistical programming support to all phases of clinical trial process development and commercialization. Our Epidemiological statistical services is are located globally & trained in current methods and standards to support the successful execution of your projects.
Continue Reading: http://bit.ly/2OBq9EZ
Youtube: https://youtu.be/2NORssElgFg
Contact Us:
Website : https://bit.ly/33Fwsye
Email us: sales.cro@pepgra.com
India: +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
Healthcare Utilization and Self-assessed Health in Turkey: Evidence from the ...Economic Research Forum
Firat Bilgel - Okan University
Burhan Can Karahasan - Piri Reis University
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
A Survey and Analysis on Classification and Regression Data Mining Techniques...theijes
Classification and regression as data mining techniques for predicting the diseases outbreak has been permitted in the health institutions which have relative opportunities for conducting the treatment of diseases. But there is a need to develop a strong model for predicting disease outbreak in datasets based in various countries by filling the existing data mining technique gaps where the majority of models are relaying on single data mining techniques which their accuracies in prediction are not maximized for achieving expected results and also prediction are still few. This paper presents a survey and analysis for existing techniques on both classification and regression models techniques that have been applied for diseases outbreak prediction in datasets.
Role of Biostatistician and Biostatistical Programming in Epidemiological Stu...PEPGRA Healthcare
Pepgra experts provide regulatory biostatistics and epidemiology statistical programming support to all phases of clinical trial process development and commercialization. Our Epidemiological statistical services is are located globally & trained in current methods and standards to support the successful execution of your projects.
Continue Reading: http://bit.ly/2OBq9EZ
Youtube: https://youtu.be/2NORssElgFg
Contact Us:
Website : https://bit.ly/33Fwsye
Email us: sales.cro@pepgra.com
India: +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44- 74248 10299
Healthcare Utilization and Self-assessed Health in Turkey: Evidence from the ...Economic Research Forum
Firat Bilgel - Okan University
Burhan Can Karahasan - Piri Reis University
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
WHO PAYS MORE: Public, Private, Both or None? The Effects of Health Insuranc...Economic Research Forum
Oznur Ozdamar, Bologna University
Eleftherios Giovanis, University of Verona
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Medical Students in Global Neurosurgery: Rationale and RoleAhmad Ozair
Approximately 5 million essential neurosurgical cases are unmet each year, all in low- and middle-income countries (1). After the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery described the absence of global surgery from global health discourse in January 2014 (2), the field of neurosurgery quickly recognized the importance of increasing equity in care globally (3-5). Although existing initiatives in global neurosurgery have focused on neurosurgeons and trainees, medical students represent a promising group for sustainable long-term engagement. We characterize why medical students are fundamental to success, outline the importance of incorporating medical students, and delineate how to increase medical student interest and participation in global neurosurgery.
Cost profiles of colorectal cancer patients in Italy based on individual patt...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Due to changes in cancer-related risk factors, improvements in diagnostic procedures and treatments, and the aging of the population, in most developed countries cancer accounts for an increasing proportion of health care expenditures. The analysis of cancer-related costs is a topic of several economic and epidemiological studies and represents a research area of great interest to public health planners and policy makers. In Italy studies are limited either to some specific types of expenditures or to specific groups of cancer patients. Aim of the paper is to estimate the distribution of cancer survivors and associated health care expenditures according to a disease pathway which identifies three clinically relevant phases: initial (one year following diagnosis), continuing (between initial and final) and final (one year before death).
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The Link between Health Condition Costs and Standard of Living Through Out-of...Economic Research Forum
Eleftherios Giovanis - University of Verona
Oznur Ozdamar - Bologna University
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the measurements of the outcomes which are used in epidemiology such as prevalence, incidence, fatality rate, crude death rate etc.
Level and Determinants of Medical Expenditure and Out of Pocket Medical Expen...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The role of healthcare organizations in activating self-care systems and resp...AI Publications
Background: Self-care refers to the individuals’ ability to promote and maintain their health. The first requirement for self-care is raising awareness of healthcare issues. In this regard, healthcare non-governmental organizations can play a significant role. The present study was carried out in order to investigate the role of an active health organization in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in activating self-care practices and responding to emergency situations. Methods: The study was a descriptive qualitative one that was carried out from July to December 2019 on 16 participants who were selected from doctors, nurses, managers, social researchers, employees, and patients in Zhian health organization. Unstructured in-depth interviews were carried out to collect required data. The collected data were analyzed through van Manen’s method, and the relevant themes and subthemes were extracted. Results: Analyzing the collected data led to emergence of two main theme which were labeled as “raising health awareness” and “providing emergency health care”. The first main theme had three subtheme, namely “raising public awareness of self-care”, “raising the pregnant women’s awareness of self-care”, and “raising the women’s awareness of gender-based violence”. The second main theme had two subtheme, namely “providing refugees with emergency health care” and “providing internally displaced persons with emergency health care”. Conclusion: Primary healthcare NGOs can play a significant role in raising health awareness, promoting self-care activities, and providing emergency health care. As a result, such NGOs need to be developed and supported by the government and the Ministry of Health.
Background; Social Class has shown relation with admissions at Emergency Departments. To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association. Methods Observational study with 1000 patients was carried out between May and July 2018 in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova in Lleida. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, country of origin and marital status were analyzed. The triage level and the main explanatory variable was social class. Social class was calculated based on the CSO-SEE 2012 scale. Results 49.4% were male and the average age was 51.7 years. Most of the patients (66.6%) attended the emergency department under their own volition and the most common triage levels were level III or Emergency (45%). There is a significant relationship between age and triage level. The younger patients had a lower triage level (p <0.001). The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p <0.001). Conclusions; Patients with a lower socioeconomic class go to the Emergency Department for less serious pathologies.
WHO PAYS MORE: Public, Private, Both or None? The Effects of Health Insuranc...Economic Research Forum
Oznur Ozdamar, Bologna University
Eleftherios Giovanis, University of Verona
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Medical Students in Global Neurosurgery: Rationale and RoleAhmad Ozair
Approximately 5 million essential neurosurgical cases are unmet each year, all in low- and middle-income countries (1). After the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery described the absence of global surgery from global health discourse in January 2014 (2), the field of neurosurgery quickly recognized the importance of increasing equity in care globally (3-5). Although existing initiatives in global neurosurgery have focused on neurosurgeons and trainees, medical students represent a promising group for sustainable long-term engagement. We characterize why medical students are fundamental to success, outline the importance of incorporating medical students, and delineate how to increase medical student interest and participation in global neurosurgery.
Cost profiles of colorectal cancer patients in Italy based on individual patt...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Due to changes in cancer-related risk factors, improvements in diagnostic procedures and treatments, and the aging of the population, in most developed countries cancer accounts for an increasing proportion of health care expenditures. The analysis of cancer-related costs is a topic of several economic and epidemiological studies and represents a research area of great interest to public health planners and policy makers. In Italy studies are limited either to some specific types of expenditures or to specific groups of cancer patients. Aim of the paper is to estimate the distribution of cancer survivors and associated health care expenditures according to a disease pathway which identifies three clinically relevant phases: initial (one year following diagnosis), continuing (between initial and final) and final (one year before death).
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The Link between Health Condition Costs and Standard of Living Through Out-of...Economic Research Forum
Eleftherios Giovanis - University of Verona
Oznur Ozdamar - Bologna University
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the measurements of the outcomes which are used in epidemiology such as prevalence, incidence, fatality rate, crude death rate etc.
Level and Determinants of Medical Expenditure and Out of Pocket Medical Expen...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The role of healthcare organizations in activating self-care systems and resp...AI Publications
Background: Self-care refers to the individuals’ ability to promote and maintain their health. The first requirement for self-care is raising awareness of healthcare issues. In this regard, healthcare non-governmental organizations can play a significant role. The present study was carried out in order to investigate the role of an active health organization in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in activating self-care practices and responding to emergency situations. Methods: The study was a descriptive qualitative one that was carried out from July to December 2019 on 16 participants who were selected from doctors, nurses, managers, social researchers, employees, and patients in Zhian health organization. Unstructured in-depth interviews were carried out to collect required data. The collected data were analyzed through van Manen’s method, and the relevant themes and subthemes were extracted. Results: Analyzing the collected data led to emergence of two main theme which were labeled as “raising health awareness” and “providing emergency health care”. The first main theme had three subtheme, namely “raising public awareness of self-care”, “raising the pregnant women’s awareness of self-care”, and “raising the women’s awareness of gender-based violence”. The second main theme had two subtheme, namely “providing refugees with emergency health care” and “providing internally displaced persons with emergency health care”. Conclusion: Primary healthcare NGOs can play a significant role in raising health awareness, promoting self-care activities, and providing emergency health care. As a result, such NGOs need to be developed and supported by the government and the Ministry of Health.
Background; Social Class has shown relation with admissions at Emergency Departments. To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association. Methods Observational study with 1000 patients was carried out between May and July 2018 in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova in Lleida. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, country of origin and marital status were analyzed. The triage level and the main explanatory variable was social class. Social class was calculated based on the CSO-SEE 2012 scale. Results 49.4% were male and the average age was 51.7 years. Most of the patients (66.6%) attended the emergency department under their own volition and the most common triage levels were level III or Emergency (45%). There is a significant relationship between age and triage level. The younger patients had a lower triage level (p <0.001). The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p <0.001). Conclusions; Patients with a lower socioeconomic class go to the Emergency Department for less serious pathologies.
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
2
Annotated Bibliography
3164 words
Rough Draft on Infection Control
by
Submitted to
Semester
Date
Contact
Address
Phone
Email
Infection Control
1
Introduction of the Paper
Background
According to various reports by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a significant number of lives are lost each passing year due to the spread of infections in hospitals that could otherwise have been prevented (Alp & Damani, 2015). Therefore, effort geared towards understanding infection control plays a significant role in reducing the otherwise unnecessary loss of lives. Infection control entails the power to directly prevent or determine the spread of infections with the aim of avoiding it (Berríos-Torres, et al., 2017). Indeed, the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms has far-reaching consequences. While so much has been done to prevent its spread, there is still a lot more to be done. This research paper intends to focus on Healthcare-associated Infections and how it can be prevented if not eliminated altogether.
Statement of the Problem
Healthcare-Associated Infections are a common occurrence in the modern healthcare setting resulting in huge financial losses and loss of lives. According to the Office of Disease Prevention and Healthcare Promotion (ODPHP), these are infections that patients contract while receiving treatment in a medical facility. Percival, Suleman, Vuotto & Donelli, (2015) pointed out that its prevalence is as a result of the employment of invasive devices and procedures meant to treat patients and to help them recover. While most of them are accidental in nature, they still remain to be seen as accidents that could have been prevented. The US government, through the establishment of Healthy People 2020 and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) have taken a lead role in spreading the news on infection control. To that effect, recent research reveals that there could be a 70% reduction in infections by implementing existing prevention practices. This translates to a financial benefit estimated to be $31.5 billion in medical cost savings (ODPHP, 2019). Understanding these prevention measures should, therefore, be a priority to all healthcare practitioners. That is why this research study intends to shade more light on nosocomial infections. These are infections that occur within 48 hours upon admission into a hospital. They can also occur in three days of discharge or 30 days of operation. They affect one in every 10 patients admitted in a hospital (Khan, Baig & Mehboob, 2017; Suleyman, & Alangaden, 2016).
Rationale for addressing the issue
Addressing this issue is important to the health sector from a political, social as well as environmental perspective. As a matter of fact, its impact will be on a short term, interim basis and long term basis. Politically, health has always been a major subject of concern as it is used by voters to determi.
Mitochondrial Disease Community Registry: First look at the data, perspectiv...SophiaZilber
Patient-populated registries are an important component of rare disease communities for many
reasons, including their use as a tool for gathering opinions on specific topics. The Mitochondrial
Disease Community Registry (MDCR) was launched in 2014 for this purpose as well as to identify and
characterize mitochondrial disease patients from the patient perspective. Data collected over a four
year period and provided by adult mitochondrial disease patients and caregivers of pediatric
mitochondrial disease patients in response to a single survey are presented. Primary findings include
the importance of clinician-patient communication, need for treatment and cure, impact of the disease
on the entire life of a person, and quality of life as top issues as described by patients. Despite multiple
challenges, patients are hopeful about the future and thankful for the survey. Efforts should be made
to identify ways to better support patients, improve communication, and create more trusting and
healing relationships between patients and doctors. Additionally, data quality checks showed that more
clear and simple questions and shorter more-targeted surveys are needed in order to get accurate
and meaningful data that can be used for analysis and research in the future.
Role of Computational Biology in Oral Sciencebioejjournal
DNA sequence Cigarette Smoking, Betel leaf chewing, and alcohol consumption are major cause of oral
cancer in Asia. The difficulty in quitting, coupled with patients’ economic conditions affects the inability to
get diagnosed early, driving death rate higher. There has been major advancement in molecular sciences,
computational biology, and other fields today, but we are not still able to pinpoint the causes of oral
cancer, also known as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Early detection leads to better survival rate,
therefore, education on yearly check-ups plays a vital role. Computational analysis at the genomic (DNA
sequence) can help patients with targeted cellular treatment and hopefully a cure. In this paper, we would
look at computation tools used in detecting OSCC and various analysis. Analysis includes detecting
abnormality in the cell and other molecular reactions which later morph into a cancerous cell. Later, we
investigate all computational tools or techniques from local and global sequence alignment, protein
structure, gene, functional structure analysis which help medical staff detect cancer, which in turn can help
with oral cancer treatment, prognosis and hopefully a cure.
ROLE OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY IN ORAL SCIENCEbioejjournal
DNA sequence Cigarette Smoking, Betel leaf chewing, and alcohol consumption are major cause of oral
cancer in Asia. The difficulty in quitting, coupled with patients’ economic conditions affects the inability to
get diagnosed early, driving death rate higher. There has been major advancement in molecular sciences,
computational biology, and other fields today, but we are not still able to pinpoint the causes of oral
cancer, also known as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Early detection leads to better survival rate,
therefore, education on yearly check-ups plays a vital role. Computational analysis at the genomic (DNA
sequence) can help patients with targeted cellular treatment and hopefully a cure. In this paper, we would
look at computation tools used in detecting OSCC and various analysis. Analysis includes detecting
abnormality in the cell and other molecular reactions which later morph into a cancerous cell. Later, we
investigate all computational tools or techniques from local and global sequence alignment, protein
structure, gene, functional structure analysis which help medical staff detect cancer, which in turn can help
with oral cancer treatment, prognosis and hopefully a cure.
Unit-IV Health Surveillance ANP m.sc I year.pptxanjalatchi
Nurses modify patient risk factors through surveillance and intervention (often carried out simultaneously), with direct oversight and surveillance for groups of patients, enabling early detection and timely intervention (Dresser, 2012) .
Epidemiological studies play a crucial role in understanding the distribution, causes, and prevention of diseases in populations. These studies provide valuable insights into the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with various diseases. By identifying the distribution of diseases across different population groups, epidemiological studies help public health officials develop and implement effective preventive measures. This topic is particularly relevant in the current global health context, with the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic highlighting the importance of epidemiological research in mitigating the spread of infectious diseases. Epidemiological studies utilize a range of research methods, including observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and cohort studies, to investigate the relationships between various factors and disease outcomes. These studies also examine the impact of environmental, genetic, and behavioral factors on disease risk. By understanding the underlying factors that contribute to disease risk, epidemiological research can inform the development of targeted interventions to reduce disease burden and improve overall population health. This article will explore the various types of epidemiological studies, including cross sectional studies, case control studies, and prospective studies, as well as the advantages and limitations of each approach. It will also discuss the role of epidemiological studies in shaping public health policy, from identifying risk factors to evaluating the effectiveness of preventive measures. Finally, the article will highlight some of the latest developments in epidemiological research, including the use of big data analytics and machine learning algorithms to identify patterns and trends in disease incidence and risk factors. Ruhina Tabassum | Dr. Sreedhar Tirunagari "Epidemiological Studies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56337.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/pharmacy-practice/56337/epidemiological-studies/ruhina-tabassum
Vision health an integral part of public health in nigeriaChibuzor Emereole
A article on why vision care should be inclusive in the Nigerian concept of public health. The article provides the avenues through which advocacy, and public-private partnerships can be employed to achieve this feat, in view of the VISION 2020 - Right to Sight by all by the year 2020.
ADAPTIVE LEARNING EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITISijaia
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted
diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the
uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis
B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured
interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and
represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer
the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing
the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with
dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived
knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer.
Adaptive Learning Expert System for Diagnosis and Management of Viral Hepatitisgerogepatton
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer
COUNTDOWN on WHO 2020 Targets: A Focus on helminthiasisCOUNTDOWN on NTDs
Professor Russell Stothard, COUNTDOWN's programme Director attended the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute's Winter symposium titled 'Helminth Infection - from Transmission to Control'
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
F026044051
1. International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI)
E-ISSN: 2321 – 4767 P-ISSN: 2321 - 4759
www.ijmsi.org Volume 2 Issue 6 || June. 2014 || PP-44-51
www.ijmsi.org 44 | P a g e
Cluster Analysis of Some Selected Eye Diseases: A case study of
Gombe State, Nigeria
1,
Yakubu Musa 2,
A. B. Zoramawa
1,
Department of Mathematics, Statistics Unit, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
2,
Department of Mathematics, Statistics Unit, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT : In this paper, data of some selected eye diseases were collected from federal medical centre in
Gombe State, Nigeria for the period of 1997 to 2009. The Analysis were carryout using multivariate technique
with particular reference to hierarchical clustering techniques, such as Single Linkage, Complete Linkage,
simple average, and Centroid Methods to partition the set of diseases into groups such that the diseases with
similar degree of prevalence were identified. The result of the cluster formation shows that disorder of
conjunctiva is more prevalent from almost all of the five method employed, followed by cataract, then
Glaucoma. Using Goodness of fit, the study concludes that the use of simple linkage (weighted pair-group
method) of clustering methods is the best that model the mechanism, which provides a suitable tool for assessing
the level of infections of the disease, this procedure become more useful in medical research to classify diseases.
KEYWORDS: Eye diseases, hierarchical clustering, Gombe
I. INTRODUCTION
Many developed countries used statistical data to improve in their economics, industries, education and
medical sector. It is in realization of this that government all over the world are striving to cater for the well
being of their population. Health is very important area of investment in human endeavour. A healthy
population bring about a healthy economic, however critical analysis of health becomes difficult for lack of
sufficient data, it is difficult to sufficiently facilitate the execution of health plan without statistical data needed
for such plan.
Three major problems are contributing to a growing “health crisis” which has already increased the burden of
the health to an in supportable level, these problems are:
[1] the magnitude and diversity of health hazard associated with development
[2] the cost of treating these diseases cause by industrialization and urbanization,
[3] and the need for macro economic adjustment which has resulted in major cuts in the
[4] health budged in many developing countries.
Despite all odds associate with health data, this research work will focus attention on the analysis of
some reported cases of eye diseases in Nigeria taking federal medical centre Gombe as a case study.Due to the
uncountable number of eye diseases case in the federal medical centre Gombe, this research will attach more
emphasis on the 5 most prevailing types of eye diseases in Gombe and its environs that can be treated at federal
medical centre (F.M.C) Gombe, these are: cataract, glaucoma, retina detachment, disorder conjunctiva, and
blindness. Infection differs from other diseases in a number of aspects. The most important is that it is caused by
living microorganisms which can usually be identified, thus establishing the aetiology early in the illness. Many
of these organisms, including all bacteria, are sensitive to antibiotics and most infections are potentially curable,
unlike many non-infectious diseases which are degenerative and frequently become chronic. Communicability is
another factor which differentiates infectious from non-infectious diseases. Transmission of pathogenic
organisms to other people, directly or indirectly, may lead to an epidemic. Finally many infections are
preventable by hygienic measures, by vaccines or by the judicious use of drugs (chemoprophylaxis) (Davidson,
2006).For these reasons, therefore, statisticians and social scientists used different scientific methods to analyze
the cultural and behavioural aspects of the infectious diseases as well as their impact on families, communities
and nations in general.One of the most commonly used scientific methods is multivariate analysis. Multivariate
analysis consists of a collection of methods that can be used when several measurements are made on each
individual or object in one or more samples. We will refer to the measurements as variables and to the
individuals or objects as units (research units, sampling units, or experimental units) or observations. In practice,
multivariate data sets are common, although they are not always analyzed as such.
2. Cluster Analysis Of Some Selected Eye Diseases...
www.ijmsi.org 45 | P a g e
But the exclusive use of univariate procedures with such data is no longer excusable, given the availability of
multivariate techniques and inexpensive computing power to carry them out.Morrison (1990) opined that
multivariate statistical analysis is concerned with data collected on several dimensions of the same individual.
Such observations are common in the social, behavioural life and medical science. It therefore, helps the
researcher to summarize the data and reduce the number of variable necessary to describe it.
Clustering technique (one of the multivariate approach), have been applied to a wide variety of
research problems. Hartigan (1972) provides an excellent summary of the many published studies reporting the
results of cluster analysis. For example, in the field of medicine, clustering of disease cures for diseases, or
symptoms of diseases have lead to very useful taxonomies. In the field of psychiatry, the correct diagnosis of
cluster of symptoms such as paranoia, schizophrenia is essential for successful therapy. In archaeology,
researchers have attempted to establish taxonomies of stone tools, funeral objects, e.t.c. by applying cluster
analysis techniques.Cluster analysis seeks to partition a set of individuals into some form of natural groupings, if
any. It is one tool of exploratory data analysis that attempt to assess the interaction among patterns by
organizing the patterns into groups or cluster, such that patterns within cluster are more similar to each other
than are pattern belonging to different clusters (Hartigan, 1972).One of the most challenging tasks to public
health in Nigeria and Africa in general, is the control of common infectious diseases. Most of these diseases
have already been eliminated in Europe and the Americas.
The problem in Nigeria especially, lies mainly in the behaviour or lack-luster attitude of the people
towards public health. The environment is littered with excretes (a medium for cholera), carcasses (medium for
viral/bacterial infections), contaminated ponds, stagnant water and blocked drainages (breeding medium for
mosquitoes) and polythene bags (item blocking soil pores /water passages). In addition the country is yet to have
a full working system of hygienic drinking water etc.Therefore, to achieve full and effective public health status,
there is the need to study the prevalence and intensity of the infectious diseases with a view to helping the
authorities concerned put in place sound policies and programmes towards achieving healthy population.
Medical, biological, and industrial experiments all benefit from statistical methods and theories. The results of
all of them serve as predictors of future performance, though reliability varies.The aim of this paper is to apply
some of the multivariate techniques with particular reference to hierarchical clustering techniques, such as
Single Linkage, Complete Linkage, simple average, Centroid and Ward‟s Methods to partition some set of
diseases into groups, with the objectives of determining which of these eye diseases is more prevalent in the
study area and to make comparisons among the cluster analysis techniques applied to understand the best
method among the different methods employed.
Study Area Location : Gombe State is located between latitude 9‟30' and 12‟30'N and longitudes 8‟45' and 11
„45'E of the Greenwich Meridian. It lies within the Northeast region of Nigeria and occupies a total land area of
about 20,265sq.Km. The state had, by 2006, an estimated population of 1,820,415 inhabitants.Gombe State,
"Jewel in the Savannah," was created on 1st October, 1996 by the General Sani Abacha administration. Its
creation was a fulfilment of the aspirations of the people who, for long, had been yearning for a state of their
own out of the then Bauchi State. The genesis of the struggle dates back to 1979. Since its creation, the state has
been growing fast, blessed with abundant physical, human and economic resources. One of the criteria for an
area to qualify for State creation is economic viability. There is no doubt that Gombe fulfilled that criterion.
Gombe State comprised eleven Local Government Areas (LGAs) However, some of the LGAs, notably Akko,
Dukku and Gombe have been in existence since 1976, as part of the then Bauchi State.Gombe town is the
administrative capital of the state, as it has been for the Emirate, the seat of the Emir. Its population of about
200,000 makes it the largest centre in the state. It is also the commercial and zonal services headquarters in
Nigeria for many Federal Government establishments, including NNPC, NEPA, NITEL Territorial Office,
NIPOST Territorial Office and Nigerian Railway Corporation
Definition of eye diseases
Cataract : Cataract is clouding of the lens of the eye which impedes the passage of light.
Glaucoma: Glaucoma can be regarded as a group of diseases that have as a common end point a characteristic
optic neuropathy which is determined by both structural change and functional deficit.
Retina Detachment :Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its
underlying layer of support tissue.
Blindness and Low Vision:Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or
neurological factors.
3. Cluster Analysis Of Some Selected Eye Diseases...
www.ijmsi.org 46 | P a g e
Disorder of Conjunctiva:Disorders of the conjunctiva and cornea are a common source of eye complaints.
The surface of the eye is exposed to various external influences and is especially susceptible to trauma,
infections, chemical irritation, allergic reactions and dryness.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data
The data collected and used in this paper were the number of patient treated with five different eye
diseases. The data were collected from Federal Medical centre (FMC) Gombe, from 1997 to 2009 annually.
Cluster Algorithm
There are two types of clustering algorithm: hierarchical and non-hierarchical (partitioning) algorithm.
Hierarchical Algorithms (Agglomerative Techniques)
Hierarchical methods and other clustering algorithm represent an attempt to find “good” cluster in the
data using a c computationally efficient technique (Rencher, 2002). Obviously time constraint make it
impossible to determine the best grouping of similar objects from the list all possible structure, especially a
larger one (Richard and Dean, 2001). According to Duran and Odell (1974), the number of ways of partitioning
a set of n items into g cluster is given by
1
1
( , ) ( 1)
!
g
g k n
k
g
N n g k
kg
This can be approximated by
!
n
g
g
, which is large even for moderate value of n and g.
Procedure for calculating hierarchical algorithms;The algorithm used by all the following five clustering
methods is out line as follows. Let the distance between clusters i and j be represented as ijd and let cluster i
contain 1n object. Let D represent the set of all remaining ijd . Suppose there are N objects to cluster.
[1] Find the smallest element ijd remaining in D.
[2] Merge clusters i and j into a single new cluster, k.
[3] Calculate a new set of distance kmd using the following distance formula;
km i im j jm ij im jmd d d d d d . Here m represents any cluster other than k. These new
distance replace imd and jmd in D. Also let k i jn n n . Note that the five algorithm available represent
five choices for , ,i j and .
Repeat steps1-3 until D contains a single group made up off all objects; this will require N-1 iteration.
Five different methods for creating clusters using hierarchical cluster analysis are available, these include: -
single linkage, complete linkage, average linkage, centroid method and the ward‟s method.
Hierarchical Methods for Creating Clusters
Single Linkage: this is also known as nearest neighbour clustering, this is one of the oldest and most famous of
the hierarchical techniques. The distance between two groups is defined as the distance between their two closer
members.
At each step in the single linkage method, the distance is found for every pair of clusters, and the two clusters
with smallest distance are merged. The number of clusters is therefore reduced by 1. After two clusters are
merged, the procedure is repeated for the next step: the distances between all pairs of clusters are calculated
again, and the pair with minimum distance is merged into a single cluster. (Rencher, 2002). The results are
displayed graphically using a tree diagram, also known as a dendrogram.
The coefficients of the distance equation are; 0.5, 0, 0.5.i j
Complete Linkage: also known as furthest neighbour or maximum method, this method defined the distance
between two groups as the distance between their two farthest-apart members. This method usually yields
clusters that are well separated and compact.
4. Cluster Analysis Of Some Selected Eye Diseases...
www.ijmsi.org 47 | P a g e
The coefficients of the distance equation are: 0.5, 0, 0.5i j
Simple Average: also called the weighted pair-group method, this algorithm defined the distance between
groups as the average distance between each of the members, weighted so that the two groups have an equal
influence on the final result.
The coefficients of the distance equation are: 0.5, 0, 0i j
Centroid Method: also known as un-weighted pair-group centroid method, this method defined the distance
between two groups as the distance between their centroids (centre of gravity or vector average). The method
should only be used with Euclidean distance.
The coefficients of the distance equation are: , , , 0ji
i j i j
k k
nn
n n
.
A restriction of employing this method is that it requires metric data.
Other Additional Techniques.
Dendrogram: this is a pictorial representation of the clustering process that identifies how observations are
combined with one another to form the extracted clusters.
A dendrogram that clearly differentiates groups of objects will have small distance in the far branches of the tree
and large differences in near branches.
Goodness-Of-Fit: Given the large number of techniques, it is often difficult to decide which is best. One
criterion that has become popular is to use the result that has largest cophenetic correlation coefficient. This is
the correlation between the original distances and those that result from the cluster configuration. Values above
0.75 are felt to be good. The Group Average method appears to produce high values of this statistic. This may
be one reason that it is so popular.
A second measure of goodness of fit called delta is described in Mather (1976). These statistics measure degree
of distortion rather than degree of resemblance (as with the cophenetic correlation).
Data Analysis :
Following are the data analysis of some eye diseases in Gombe from 1997 to 2009 a case study of federal
medical center Gombe.
Single Linkage (Nearest Neighbor).
Hierarchical Clustering Report for Single Linkage (Nearest Neighbor)
Cluster Detail Section
Row Cluster C1
2 1 Glaucoma
3 1 Retina detachme
4 1 Cataract
5 1 Blindness and l
1 Disorder of con
Linkage Section
Number Distance Distance Rows
Link Clusters Value Bar Linked
4 1 1.712639 |IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1,2,4,3,5
3 2 0.434305 |IIIIIIII 2,4,3,5
2 3 0.221305 |IIII 2,4
1 4 0.101528 |II 3,5
Cophenetic Correlation 0.968576
Delta(0.5) 0.255843
Delta(1.0) 0.311265
5. Cluster Analysis Of Some Selected Eye Diseases...
www.ijmsi.org 48 | P a g e
2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
Dendrogram
Dissimilarity
Disorder of conjuctiva.
Glaucoma
Cataract
Retina detachment
Blindness and low vission
C1
The dendrogram visually displays a particular cluster configuration. Rows that are close together (have small
dissimilarity) has been linked near the right side of the plot. For example, we notice that Glaucoma and cataract
are very similar. Rows that link up near the left side are very different. For example, disorder of conjunctiva
appears to be quite different from any of the other eye diseases.
Complete Linkage (Furthest Neighbor) method
Hierarchical Clustering Report for Complete Linkage (Furthest Neighbor) method.
Cluster Detail Section
Row Cluster C1
2 1 Glaucoma
3 1 Retina detachme
4 1 Cataract
5 1 Blindness and l
1 Disorder of con
Linkage Section
Number Distance Distance Rows
Link Clusters Value Bar Linked
4 1 2.469776 |IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1,2,4,3,5
3 2 0.757138 |IIIIIIIII 2,4,3,5
2 3 0.221305 |III 2,4
1 4 0.101528 |I 3,5
Cophenetic Correlation 0.968873
Delta(0.5) 0.154202
Delta(1.0) 0.196619
2.50 1.88 1.25 0.63 0.00
Dendrogram
Dissimilarity
Disorder of conjuctiva.
Glaucoma
Cataract
Retina detachment
Blindness and low vission
C1
6. Cluster Analysis Of Some Selected Eye Diseases...
www.ijmsi.org 49 | P a g e
Simple Average (Weighted Pair-Group) method.
Hierarchical Clustering Report for Simple Average (Weighted Pair-Group) method.
Cluster Detail Section
Row Cluster C1
2 1 Glaucoma
3 1 Retina detachme
4 1 Cataract
5 1 Blindness and l
1 Disorder of con
Linkage Section
Number Distance Distance Rows
Link Clusters Value Bar Linked
4 1 2.121152 |IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1,2,4,3,5
3 2 0.595721 |IIIIIIII 2,4,3,5
2 3 0.221305 |III 2,4
1 4 0.101528 |I 3,5
Cophenetic Correlation 0.969538
Delta(0.5) 0.146024
Delta(1.0) 0.150955
2.50 1.88 1.25 0.63 0.00
Dendrogram
Dissimilarity
Disorder of conjuctiva.
Glaucoma
Cataract
Retina detachment
Blindness and low vission
C1
Centroid ( Un weighted Pair-Group Centroid) method.
Hierarchical Clustering Report for Centroid ( Un weighted Pair-Group Centroid) method.
Cluster Detail Section
Row Cluster C1
2 1 Glaucoma
3 1 Retina detachme
4 1 Cataract
5 1 Blindness and l
1 Disorder of con
Linkage Section
Number Distance Distance Rows
Link Clusters Value Bar Linked
4 1 1.952044 |IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1,2,4,3,5
7. Cluster Analysis Of Some Selected Eye Diseases...
www.ijmsi.org 50 | P a g e
3 2 0.515013 |IIIIIIII 2,4,3,5
2 3 0.221305 |III 2,4
1 4 0.101528 |II 3,5
Cophenetic Correlation 0.969267
Delta(0.5) 0.164428
Delta(1.0) 0.188965
2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
Dendrogram
Dissimilarity
Disorder of conjuctiva.
Glaucoma
Cataract
Retina detachment
Blindness and low vission
C1
Table 3.1: Summary of the Cluster Formation Analysis
1Disorder of conjunctiva, 2. Glaucoma, 3. Retinal detachments, 4. Cataract,
5. Blindness,
The Table 3.1 presents the summary of cluster formation analysis for the data, and it indicates that Disorder of
conjunctiva is more prevalent disease in the study area, irrespective of the cluster formation method employed.
It is closely followed by cataract, irrespective of the method employed.
Disorder of conjunctiva and cataract were followed by Glaucoma, then Blindness and low vision and finally
Retina detachment. The five diseases from a single cluster of closely related diseases are statistically significant.
The cluster detail section report displays the cluster number associated with each row. The report is sorted by
row number within cluster number. The cluster numbers of rows that cannot be classified are left blank. The
cluster configuration depends on the Cluster Cut-off value that was used.The Linkage section report displays the
subgroup that is formed at each fusion that took place during the cluster analysis. The links are displayed in
reverse order so that we can quickly determine an appropriate number of clusters to use. It displays the distance
level at which the fusion took place. It will let us precisely determine the best value of the Cluster Cutoff value.
For example, looking down the Distance Value column of the report, one can see that the cutoff value that had
been used in the case of single linkage (the default value is 1.0) occurs between Links 3 and 4. Hence, the cutoff
value of 1.0 results in three clusters.The cophenetic correlation section and the two delta goodness of fit
statistics that are reported at the bottom of the report are the values that will let us compare the fit of various
cluster configurations
Clusters Methods for cluster formation
Single Linkage Complete
Linkage
Simple Linkage Centroid Method
4 1,2,4,3,5 1,2,4,3,5 1,2,4,3,5 1,2,4,3,5
3 2,4,3,5 2,4,3,5 2,4,3,5 2,4,3,5
2 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4
1 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
8. Cluster Analysis Of Some Selected Eye Diseases...
www.ijmsi.org 51 | P a g e
Table 3.2: summary of the cophenetic correlation and delta values.
Linkages. Cophenetic values. Delta 0.5 Delta 1.
Single linkage 0.96 0.25 0.31
Complete linkage 0.96 0.15 0.19
Simple average 0.96 0.14 0.15
Centroid 0.96 0.16 0.18
Wards method. 0.96 0.33 0.34
From our previous discussion, one can see that all the five different clustering method meet the requirement for
the clustering to be considered, since the cophenetic correlation values for all the methods is greater than 0.75.
But for the goodness of fit deltas, only simple linkage method meet the requirement to fit the data better since it
is the method that has the smallest delta values.The dendrogram reports above, visually displays a particular
cluster configuration. Rows that are close together (have small dissimilarity) will be linked near the right side of
the plot. For example, we notice the Cataract and Glaucoma are very similar likewise blindness and retina
detachment are also similar.
III. CONCLUSION
In this paper, analysis was carried out using a multivariate approach of five different cluster techniques,
within the five techniques used; one can see that all the five different clustering method meet the requirement
for the clustering to be considered, since the cophenetic correlation values for all the methods is greater than
0.75. But for the goodness of fit deltas, only simple linkage method meet the requirement to fit the data better
since it is the method that has the smallest delta values. This means that simple linkage method is the best for
analyzing the eye diseases data, for instance using the simple linkage techniques, and we conclude that
Glaucoma and Cataract share the same patterns or features in effecting the population in the area under study.
Disorder of conjunctiva being the most prevalent eye disease followed by cataract and Glaucoma then blindness
and low vision lastly retina detachment in the study area location.Therefore there is the need for government or
authority concerned to put in place sound programmes for the eradication of such diseases and provision of
more medical services and facilities.
REFERENCES
[1] Aldernderfer, M. S. & Blashfield R. K. ( 1984). Cluster Analysis. Sage Publication, Newbury park.
[2] Everitt, B.S. (1974), Cluster Analysis. Heinemann Educational Books Limited U.K.
[3] Gulumbe, S. U., Bakar, A.B. and Dikko, H.G. (2008), Classification of some HIV/AIDS Variables, a multivariate approach.
Research Journal of Science 15, 24 – 30
[4] Hardle, W. and Simar, L. (2007), Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Spring Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
[5] Hartigan, J.A. (1972), Direct clustering of a data matrix. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 67, 123 – 129.
[6] Joshua, B. P., Jerome, C. and Peter, S. A. (2002), Cluster analysis of spatial patterns in Malaysian tree species. American
Naturalist Journal 160, 629 – 644.
[7] Legal Notice on publication (2006), Census final results. National Population Commission.
[8] Morrisson, D.F. (1990), Multivariate Statistical Methods. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
"Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)". World Health Organization. Retrieved
29 October 2010
[9] Rencher, A. C. (2002), Method of Multivariate Analysis 2nd
edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Third Avenue, New York.
[10] Roberta, B. N. & el tal (2005), Cluster analysis of bacterial Vaginosis associated microflora and pelvic inflammatory disease.
American Journal of Epidemiology 162, 1 – 6 .