Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted
diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the
uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis
B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured
interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and
represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer
the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing
the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with
dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived
knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer.
NEURO-FUZZY APPROACH FOR DIAGNOSING AND CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSISijcsitcejournal
Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide, after the human
immunodeficiency virus. The main aim of this research work is to develop a Neuro-Fuzzy system for diagnosing tuberculosis. The system is structured with to accept symptoms with the help of three domain Medical expertise as inputs that are used to automatically generate rules that are injected in to the knowledge based where the system would use to make decisions and draw a conclusion. MATLAB 7.0 is used to implement this experiment using fuzzy logic and Neural Network toolbox. In this experiment linguistic variables are evaluated using Gaussian membership function. This system will offer potential assistance to medical practitioners and healthcare sector in making prompt decision during the diagnosis of tuberculosis. In this work basic emblematic approach using Neuro-fuzzy methodology is presented that describes a technique to forecast the existence of mycobacterium and provides support platform to researchers in the related field.
A study on “the impact of data analytics in covid 19 health care system”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
A Study on “The Impact of Data Analytics in COVID-19 Health Care System”, Presentation slides for International Conference on "Life Sciences: Acceptance of the New Normal", St. Aloysius' College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 27-28 August, 2021
A PROPOSED NEURO-FUZZY MODEL FOR ADULT ASTHMA DISEASE DIAGNOSIScscpconf
The task of medical diagnosis with the help different intelligent system techniques is always crucial because it require high level of accuracy and less time consumption in decision making.
Among all other AI techniques Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as a tool for medical diagnosis has become the most popular in last few decades due to its flexibility and accuracy. ANN was
developed after getting the inspiration from biological neurons. There are various diseases that are still needed to be diagnosed. Among many other critical diseases like cancer, thyroid disorder, diabetes, heart diseases, neuro diseases, asthma disease was also tried to bediagnosed
effectively with various ANN mechanisms by different researchers. Due to various uncertainties about symptoms the study of Neuro-Fuzzy technique in this context became very popular in last few years. Neuro-Fuzzy now-a-days is one of the most advanced technique that is mainly concatenation of two model-neural networks and the fuzzy logic. In this model various
parameters are used that are much crucial if ill-chosen and may led to failure of the whole system. Recent trend in analysis is following this model for advanced expert work. In this study
an enhanced Neuro-fuzzy model has been proposed for the proper diagnosis of adult Asthma disease and to foster the proper aid or medication to the patients and make physicians alert forthe upcoming disease pattern otherwise they may lack in the process of providing improper medication at right time. In the first phase data collected from various hospitals are used to
train by three different types of learning of ANN like ANN with Self Organizing Maps (SOM),ANN with Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) and ANN with Backpropagation Algorithm
(BPA) through NF tool for much accurate result. In the second phase fuzzy rule base is appliedto the classified data for the diagnosis of the disease.
A study on “impact of artificial intelligence in covid19 diagnosis”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
A study on “Impact of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Diagnosis”, Presentation slides for International Conference on "Life Sciences: Acceptance of the New Normal", St. Aloysius' College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 27-28 August, 2021
Quality and safety in global surgery and healthcare conference presentationDr Edward Fitzgerald
Quality and safety in global surgery and healthcare conference presentation including Lifebox Foundation - presented at the International Student Surgical Network
NEURO-FUZZY APPROACH FOR DIAGNOSING AND CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSISijcsitcejournal
Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide, after the human
immunodeficiency virus. The main aim of this research work is to develop a Neuro-Fuzzy system for diagnosing tuberculosis. The system is structured with to accept symptoms with the help of three domain Medical expertise as inputs that are used to automatically generate rules that are injected in to the knowledge based where the system would use to make decisions and draw a conclusion. MATLAB 7.0 is used to implement this experiment using fuzzy logic and Neural Network toolbox. In this experiment linguistic variables are evaluated using Gaussian membership function. This system will offer potential assistance to medical practitioners and healthcare sector in making prompt decision during the diagnosis of tuberculosis. In this work basic emblematic approach using Neuro-fuzzy methodology is presented that describes a technique to forecast the existence of mycobacterium and provides support platform to researchers in the related field.
A study on “the impact of data analytics in covid 19 health care system”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
A Study on “The Impact of Data Analytics in COVID-19 Health Care System”, Presentation slides for International Conference on "Life Sciences: Acceptance of the New Normal", St. Aloysius' College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 27-28 August, 2021
A PROPOSED NEURO-FUZZY MODEL FOR ADULT ASTHMA DISEASE DIAGNOSIScscpconf
The task of medical diagnosis with the help different intelligent system techniques is always crucial because it require high level of accuracy and less time consumption in decision making.
Among all other AI techniques Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as a tool for medical diagnosis has become the most popular in last few decades due to its flexibility and accuracy. ANN was
developed after getting the inspiration from biological neurons. There are various diseases that are still needed to be diagnosed. Among many other critical diseases like cancer, thyroid disorder, diabetes, heart diseases, neuro diseases, asthma disease was also tried to bediagnosed
effectively with various ANN mechanisms by different researchers. Due to various uncertainties about symptoms the study of Neuro-Fuzzy technique in this context became very popular in last few years. Neuro-Fuzzy now-a-days is one of the most advanced technique that is mainly concatenation of two model-neural networks and the fuzzy logic. In this model various
parameters are used that are much crucial if ill-chosen and may led to failure of the whole system. Recent trend in analysis is following this model for advanced expert work. In this study
an enhanced Neuro-fuzzy model has been proposed for the proper diagnosis of adult Asthma disease and to foster the proper aid or medication to the patients and make physicians alert forthe upcoming disease pattern otherwise they may lack in the process of providing improper medication at right time. In the first phase data collected from various hospitals are used to
train by three different types of learning of ANN like ANN with Self Organizing Maps (SOM),ANN with Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) and ANN with Backpropagation Algorithm
(BPA) through NF tool for much accurate result. In the second phase fuzzy rule base is appliedto the classified data for the diagnosis of the disease.
A study on “impact of artificial intelligence in covid19 diagnosis”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
A study on “Impact of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Diagnosis”, Presentation slides for International Conference on "Life Sciences: Acceptance of the New Normal", St. Aloysius' College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, 27-28 August, 2021
Quality and safety in global surgery and healthcare conference presentationDr Edward Fitzgerald
Quality and safety in global surgery and healthcare conference presentation including Lifebox Foundation - presented at the International Student Surgical Network
Mining Health Examination Records A Graph Based Approachijtsrd
EHR Electronic Health Records collects data on yearly basis and it is used in many countries for healthcare.HER Health Examination Records collects the data on regular basis and identifies the participants at risk that is important for early warning and prevention.the fundamental challenge is for learning classification model for risk prediction with unlabelled data and live data string that established the majority of the collected dataset.the unlabelled data string describes the participants in health examintions whose health conditions can be vary from healthy to highly risky or very ill.in this paper, we propose a graph based,semisupervised learning algorithm called SHG health semi supervised heterogenous graph on Health for risk prediction and assessment to classify a progressively developing condition with the majority of the data unlabelled. An efficient iterative algorithm is designed and developed to proof the convergence is given.extensive experiments based on both real health examination dataset and live datasets to show effectiveness of our method. Jayashri A. Sonawane | Dr. Swati A. Bhavsar ""Mining Health Examination Records - A Graph Based Approach"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22810.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/22810/mining-health-examination-records---a-graph-based-approach/jayashri-a-sonawane
A study on “impact of artificial intelligence in covid19 diagnosis”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
Although the lungs are one of the most vital organs in the body, they are vulnerable to infection and injury. COVID-19 has put the entire world in an unprecedented difficult situation, bringing life to a halt and claiming thousands of lives all across the world. Medical imaging, such as X-rays and computed tomography (CT), is essential in the global fight against COVID-19, and newly emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are boosting the power of imaging tools and assisting medical specialists. AI can improve job efficiency by precisely identifying infections in X-ray and CT images and allowing further measurement. We focus on the integration of AI with X-ray and CT, both of which are routinely used in frontline hospitals, to reflect the most recent progress in medical imaging and radiology combating COVID-19.
Early diagnosis and prevention enabled by big data geneva conference finale-Marefa
The presentation provides an overview of how digital health or use of data processing and telecommunication infrastructure can contribute to the early diagnosis and prevention of diseases.
Giris basics of biomedical informatics generalSerkan Turkeli
At the end of this course, students will be able to
• Define medical informatics
• Define information management, information technology and informatics
• Define concepts of medical informatics
• Selecting best techniques to manage a medical informatics project.
Presented at the 7th Healthcare CIO Program, Hospital Administration School, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand on July 8, 2016
KNOWLEDGE OF NURSES ON NATIONAL PRESSURE ULCER PREVENTION GUIDELINES IN EMBU ...AM Publications
Knowledge of guidelines can have a bearing on implementation of pressure ulcer prevention strategies. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 200 nurses working at Embu Level 5 Teaching and Referral Hospital. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge levels and determine the factors influencing the knowledge leves. The sample size was 145 calculated using Yamane 1967 formula where 118 nurses participated in the study. This represented a response rate of 81%. Respondents were selected using two methods i.e. stratified random sampling coupled with systematic random sampling. The duty rotas in the wards acted as the sampling frame and every second nurse on the duty rota who consented, participated in the study. Permission to collect data was obtained from the County Director of Health and the Chief Executive Officer of the hospital. The participants also signed an informed consent form before filling questionnaires. Data was collected using a self administered questionnaire which was developed based on the Nursing Council of Kenya (NCK) guidelines which were found in the NCK procedure manual. Data was coded and entered into SPSS version 21 software for analysis. Chi squared test was used to test for any significance in association between the variables. Majority (85.6%) of the nurses were found to have adequate knowledge of the NCK pressure ulcer prevention guidelines, while 14.4% had inadequate knowledge. The mean score was 87.5%, range of 55-100% and SD=8.9. Qualification, attendance of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) sessions, and years of experience significantly affected knowledge levels at p=<0.05.
Presentation that gives an overview of the impact of IT on radiology, including the growing role of biomarkers and artificial intelligence and deep learning on the (future) radiology profession. The shift to precision medicine and personalized care are explained, the reasons for a re-definition of radiology are addressed.
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
Sting Stigma Eradication Application forms the lifetime of fighting Stigma related to HIV/AIDS in Kenya and other developing countries in Africa. However, through this project there is remarkable improvement in approach of dealing with people affected or infected by HIV. It is therefore a turning point to a long journey of fighting the diseases in the entire continent. The IT initiative has encouraged various organizations to develop systems to facilitate their day to day operations. SSEA incorporates various modules for automating service delivery and enhancing communication between the concerned parties and thus help in saving time and operations thus increasing efficiency. The purpose of this solution is to present the software engineering approach for development which focuses on the set of activities and associated results to develop a Sting Stigma Eradication Application meant to perform some of services delivery necessary for individuals affected by HIV/AIDS automatically at their comfort by use of widely used technology, mobile and web technology.
Welcome to the age of cognitive computing: where intelligent machines have
moved from the realms of science fiction to the present day. This groundbreaking
technology is driving advanced discoveries and allowing improved decision-making –
resulting in better patient care
Disease outbreak detection, monitoring and notification systems are increasingly gaining popularity since
these systems are designed to assess threats to public health and disease outbreaks are becoming
increasingly common world-wide. A variety of systems are in use around the world, with coverage of
national, international and global disease outbreaks. These systems use different taxonomies and
classifications for the detection and prioritization of potential disease outbreaks. In this paper, we study
and analyze the current disease outbreak systems. Subsequently, we extract features and functions of
typical and generic disease outbreak systems. We then propose a generic model for disease outbreak
notification systems. Our effort is directed towards standardizing the design process for typical disease
outbreak systems.
The core of artificial intelligence is certification. It demonstrates a productive method for resolving urgent issues, and it denotes how to approach a dataset. For speedier access and seamless client service, we integrate artificial intelligence into our concept. Tensor-flow is used in its development to accelerate activities and automate data collection. Our module is standardised using a standard scaler. Cross-validation is done using the grid-search CV approach. The random-forest algorithm is the algorithm that we defined here. We reduce processing time while increasing usability adaptability. We criticise the strong emphasis on current solutions when it comes to attribution as a process for knowledge development since this focus influences the knowledge structure. Like chronic illness, which takes a lengthy time to diagnose because it is a long-lasting sickness, everywhere on the globe, chronic diseases are dangerous illnesses that are more expensive to detect and force the patient to endure their effects for the rest of their lives. There is a wealth of information about these diseases in the medical field; thus, data mining techniques are used to simplify the healthcare system.
Mining Health Examination Records A Graph Based Approachijtsrd
EHR Electronic Health Records collects data on yearly basis and it is used in many countries for healthcare.HER Health Examination Records collects the data on regular basis and identifies the participants at risk that is important for early warning and prevention.the fundamental challenge is for learning classification model for risk prediction with unlabelled data and live data string that established the majority of the collected dataset.the unlabelled data string describes the participants in health examintions whose health conditions can be vary from healthy to highly risky or very ill.in this paper, we propose a graph based,semisupervised learning algorithm called SHG health semi supervised heterogenous graph on Health for risk prediction and assessment to classify a progressively developing condition with the majority of the data unlabelled. An efficient iterative algorithm is designed and developed to proof the convergence is given.extensive experiments based on both real health examination dataset and live datasets to show effectiveness of our method. Jayashri A. Sonawane | Dr. Swati A. Bhavsar ""Mining Health Examination Records - A Graph Based Approach"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22810.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/22810/mining-health-examination-records---a-graph-based-approach/jayashri-a-sonawane
A study on “impact of artificial intelligence in covid19 diagnosis”Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu
Although the lungs are one of the most vital organs in the body, they are vulnerable to infection and injury. COVID-19 has put the entire world in an unprecedented difficult situation, bringing life to a halt and claiming thousands of lives all across the world. Medical imaging, such as X-rays and computed tomography (CT), is essential in the global fight against COVID-19, and newly emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are boosting the power of imaging tools and assisting medical specialists. AI can improve job efficiency by precisely identifying infections in X-ray and CT images and allowing further measurement. We focus on the integration of AI with X-ray and CT, both of which are routinely used in frontline hospitals, to reflect the most recent progress in medical imaging and radiology combating COVID-19.
Early diagnosis and prevention enabled by big data geneva conference finale-Marefa
The presentation provides an overview of how digital health or use of data processing and telecommunication infrastructure can contribute to the early diagnosis and prevention of diseases.
Giris basics of biomedical informatics generalSerkan Turkeli
At the end of this course, students will be able to
• Define medical informatics
• Define information management, information technology and informatics
• Define concepts of medical informatics
• Selecting best techniques to manage a medical informatics project.
Presented at the 7th Healthcare CIO Program, Hospital Administration School, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand on July 8, 2016
KNOWLEDGE OF NURSES ON NATIONAL PRESSURE ULCER PREVENTION GUIDELINES IN EMBU ...AM Publications
Knowledge of guidelines can have a bearing on implementation of pressure ulcer prevention strategies. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 200 nurses working at Embu Level 5 Teaching and Referral Hospital. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge levels and determine the factors influencing the knowledge leves. The sample size was 145 calculated using Yamane 1967 formula where 118 nurses participated in the study. This represented a response rate of 81%. Respondents were selected using two methods i.e. stratified random sampling coupled with systematic random sampling. The duty rotas in the wards acted as the sampling frame and every second nurse on the duty rota who consented, participated in the study. Permission to collect data was obtained from the County Director of Health and the Chief Executive Officer of the hospital. The participants also signed an informed consent form before filling questionnaires. Data was collected using a self administered questionnaire which was developed based on the Nursing Council of Kenya (NCK) guidelines which were found in the NCK procedure manual. Data was coded and entered into SPSS version 21 software for analysis. Chi squared test was used to test for any significance in association between the variables. Majority (85.6%) of the nurses were found to have adequate knowledge of the NCK pressure ulcer prevention guidelines, while 14.4% had inadequate knowledge. The mean score was 87.5%, range of 55-100% and SD=8.9. Qualification, attendance of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) sessions, and years of experience significantly affected knowledge levels at p=<0.05.
Presentation that gives an overview of the impact of IT on radiology, including the growing role of biomarkers and artificial intelligence and deep learning on the (future) radiology profession. The shift to precision medicine and personalized care are explained, the reasons for a re-definition of radiology are addressed.
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
The need for a reliable and efficient way of storing and mining data about people living with HIV/AIDs with the intent to monitor the health status for effective therapy is on the increase. This paper presents a model of a web-based system for knowledge warehousing and mining of diagnosis and therapy of HIV/AIDs using Fuzzy Logic and data mining approach. A model was developed, using the predictive modeling technique, for predicting HIV/AIDs and monitoring of patient health status. The fuzzy inference
rule and a decision support system based on cognitive filtering was employed to determine the possible course of action to be taken. A case study of some data of PLWH was used and the result obtained shows that the developed system is efficient. The system uses XAMP on Windows OS platform. The system was tested and evaluated with satisfactory results
Sting Stigma Eradication Application forms the lifetime of fighting Stigma related to HIV/AIDS in Kenya and other developing countries in Africa. However, through this project there is remarkable improvement in approach of dealing with people affected or infected by HIV. It is therefore a turning point to a long journey of fighting the diseases in the entire continent. The IT initiative has encouraged various organizations to develop systems to facilitate their day to day operations. SSEA incorporates various modules for automating service delivery and enhancing communication between the concerned parties and thus help in saving time and operations thus increasing efficiency. The purpose of this solution is to present the software engineering approach for development which focuses on the set of activities and associated results to develop a Sting Stigma Eradication Application meant to perform some of services delivery necessary for individuals affected by HIV/AIDS automatically at their comfort by use of widely used technology, mobile and web technology.
Welcome to the age of cognitive computing: where intelligent machines have
moved from the realms of science fiction to the present day. This groundbreaking
technology is driving advanced discoveries and allowing improved decision-making –
resulting in better patient care
Disease outbreak detection, monitoring and notification systems are increasingly gaining popularity since
these systems are designed to assess threats to public health and disease outbreaks are becoming
increasingly common world-wide. A variety of systems are in use around the world, with coverage of
national, international and global disease outbreaks. These systems use different taxonomies and
classifications for the detection and prioritization of potential disease outbreaks. In this paper, we study
and analyze the current disease outbreak systems. Subsequently, we extract features and functions of
typical and generic disease outbreak systems. We then propose a generic model for disease outbreak
notification systems. Our effort is directed towards standardizing the design process for typical disease
outbreak systems.
The core of artificial intelligence is certification. It demonstrates a productive method for resolving urgent issues, and it denotes how to approach a dataset. For speedier access and seamless client service, we integrate artificial intelligence into our concept. Tensor-flow is used in its development to accelerate activities and automate data collection. Our module is standardised using a standard scaler. Cross-validation is done using the grid-search CV approach. The random-forest algorithm is the algorithm that we defined here. We reduce processing time while increasing usability adaptability. We criticise the strong emphasis on current solutions when it comes to attribution as a process for knowledge development since this focus influences the knowledge structure. Like chronic illness, which takes a lengthy time to diagnose because it is a long-lasting sickness, everywhere on the globe, chronic diseases are dangerous illnesses that are more expensive to detect and force the patient to endure their effects for the rest of their lives. There is a wealth of information about these diseases in the medical field; thus, data mining techniques are used to simplify the healthcare system.
An AI-based Decision Platform built using unified data model, incorporating systems biology topics for unit analysis using semi-supervised learning models
1 1 Abstract—With the advent of the technologicAbbyWhyte974
1
1
Abstract—With the advent of the technological world, the
technology is getting more and more advanced day-by-
day. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can possibly affect pretty
much every part of medical care, from identification to
forecast and anticipation. The appropriation of new
advances in medical services, nonetheless, slacks far
behind the rise of new advances. An elementary
understanding of developing Artificial Intelligence
proceedings can be basic though wellbeing couldn't care
less experts. These advancements incorporate master
frameworks, mechanical cycle robotization, regular
language preparing, Artificial Intelligence, and deepest
understanding. In the research article, different
technologies have been derived for the detection of
different health diseases. First of all, background
knowledge has been taken under consideration. After
that, diseases like Diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and
health disease have been discussed. It has been evaluated
that technologies are providing extremely efficient results
with higher level of accuracy which shows that the
discussed technologies are contributing at their best level.
The proposed methods for the discussed diseases in
different research articles have also been evaluated and
highlighted. Every technology has its own benefits. The
proposed article illustrate that how Artificial Intelligence
is contributing in healthcare department and in the
detection of different health diseases.
Index Terms— Expert System, Decision making
Support, Artificial Intelligence, Clinical Decision Support
System, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Alzheimer’s
Disease
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is how different machines exhibit
intelligence compared to natural intelligence used by different
humans and animals. In simple words, the theory related to
the growth of computer systems to perform tasks usually
needs human intelligence, for instance, visual perceptions,
decision making, translation of languages, and speed
recognition (Fei Jang, 2017). It is known as a digital
computer's capability or called a computer-controlled robot to
execute tasks usually connected with intelligence. This term
AI is applied to those projects related to developing systems
bestowed with factors of human or intellectual processes, for
example, the ability to reason, generalizing, abstracting, learn
from past experiences, or to discover meaning. In the 1940s,
digital computers evolved and came into existence, so from
1940, since now, computers are designed to perform
complicated and complex tasks, for instance, working on
advanced proofs and theorems from mathematical portions as
well as playing chess. Despite continued advances in the
speed of computer processing and memory capacity still, there
is a gap in programming that they cannot be as flexible as
human beings. This system is ...
1
1
Abstract—With the advent of the technological world, the
technology is getting more and more advanced day-by-
day. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can possibly affect pretty
much every part of medical care, from identification to
forecast and anticipation. The appropriation of new
advances in medical services, nonetheless, slacks far
behind the rise of new advances. An elementary
understanding of developing Artificial Intelligence
proceedings can be basic though wellbeing couldn't care
less experts. These advancements incorporate master
frameworks, mechanical cycle robotization, regular
language preparing, Artificial Intelligence, and deepest
understanding. In the research article, different
technologies have been derived for the detection of
different health diseases. First of all, background
knowledge has been taken under consideration. After
that, diseases like Diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and
health disease have been discussed. It has been evaluated
that technologies are providing extremely efficient results
with higher level of accuracy which shows that the
discussed technologies are contributing at their best level.
The proposed methods for the discussed diseases in
different research articles have also been evaluated and
highlighted. Every technology has its own benefits. The
proposed article illustrate that how Artificial Intelligence
is contributing in healthcare department and in the
detection of different health diseases.
Index Terms— Expert System, Decision making
Support, Artificial Intelligence, Clinical Decision Support
System, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Alzheimer’s
Disease
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is how different machines exhibit
intelligence compared to natural intelligence used by different
humans and animals. In simple words, the theory related to
the growth of computer systems to perform tasks usually
needs human intelligence, for instance, visual perceptions,
decision making, translation of languages, and speed
recognition (Fei Jang, 2017). It is known as a digital
computer's capability or called a computer-controlled robot to
execute tasks usually connected with intelligence. This term
AI is applied to those projects related to developing systems
bestowed with factors of human or intellectual processes, for
example, the ability to reason, generalizing, abstracting, learn
from past experiences, or to discover meaning. In the 1940s,
digital computers evolved and came into existence, so from
1940, since now, computers are designed to perform
complicated and complex tasks, for instance, working on
advanced proofs and theorems from mathematical portions as
well as playing chess. Despite continued advances in the
speed of computer processing and memory capacity still, there
is a gap in programming that they cannot be as flexible as
human beings. This system is ...
Big data approaches to healthcare systemsShubham Jain
The idea behind this presentation is to explore how big data will revolutionize existing healthcare system effectively by reducing healthcare concerns such as the selection of appropriate treatment paths, quality of healthcare systems and so on. Large amount of unstructured data is available in various organizations (payers, providers, pharmaceuticals). We will discuss all the intricacies involved in massive datasets of healthcare systems and how combination of VPH technologies and big data resulted into some mind-boggling consequences. Major opportunities in healthcare includes the integration of various data pools such as clinical data, pharmaceutical R&D data and patient behaviour and sentiment data. Finding potential insights from big data with the help of medical image processing techniques, predictive modelling etc. will eventually help us to leverage the ever-increasing costs of care, help providers practice more effective medicine, empower patients and caregivers, support fitness and preventive self-care, and to dream about more personalized medicine.
SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND ANALYSIS ON HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTIONS IN EGYPT IJDKP
Lots of studies worldwide have been carried out to check out the prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in human populations. Spatial data analysis and clustering detection is a vital process in HCV monitoring to discover the area of high risk and to help involved decision makers to draw hypotheses about the cause of disease. Egypt is declared as one of the countries having the highest prevalence rate of HCV worldwide. The anomaly of the HCV infection’s distribution in Egypt allowed several researches to identify the reasons that contributed to such widespread of HCV in this country. One way that can help in identification of areas with highest diseases is to give a detailed knowledge about the geographical distribution of HCV in Egypt. To achieve that goal, Data mining analytical tools integrated with GIS can help to visualize the distribution. Thus, the main propose of this paper is to present a spatial distribution of HCV in Egypt using case data obtained from the Egyptian health institute National Hepatology Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMR). The visualization of the spatial analysis distribution by means of GIS allows us to investigate statistical results that are easily interpreted by non-experts.
In order to cope with real-world problems more effectively, we tend to design a decision support system for tuberculosis bacterium class identification. In this paper, we are concerned to propose a fuzzy diagnosability approach, which takes value between {0, 1} and based on observability of events, we
formalized the construction of diagnoses that are used to perform diagnosis. In particular, we present a
framework of the fuzzy expert system; discuss the suitability of artificial intelligence as a novel soft paradigm and reviews work from the literature for the development of a medical diagnostic system. The newly proposed approach allows us to deal with problems of diagnosability for both crisp and fuzzy value of input data. Accuracy analysis of designed decision support system based on demographic data was done
by comparing expert knowledge and system generated response. This basic emblematic approach using
fuzzy inference system is presented that describes a technique to forecast the existence of bacterium and
provides support platform to pulmonary researchers in identifying the ailment effectively.
A Decision Support System for Tuberculosis Diagnosability ijsc
In order to cope with real-world problems more effectively, we tend to design a decision support system for tuberculosis bacterium class identification. In this paper, we are concerned to propose a fuzzy diagnosability approach, which takes value between {0, 1} and based on observability of events, we formalized the construction of diagnoses that are used to perform diagnosis. In particular, we present a framework of the fuzzy expert system; discuss the suitability of artificial intelligence as a novel soft paradigm and reviews work from the literature for the development of a medical diagnostic system. The newly proposed approach allows us to deal with problems of diagnosability for both crisp and fuzzy value of input data. Accuracy analysis of designed decision support system based on demographic data was done by comparing expert knowledge and system generated response. This basic emblematic approach using fuzzy inference system is presented that describes a technique to forecast the existence of bacterium and provides support platform to pulmonary researchers in identifying the ailment effectively.
Neuro-Fuzzy Approach for Diagnosing and Control of Tuberculosirinzindorjej
ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide, after the human immunodeficiency virus. The main aim of this research work is to develop a Neuro-Fuzzy system for diagnosing tuberculosis. The system is structured with to accept symptoms with the help of three domain Medical expertise as inputs that are used to automatically generate rules that are injected in to the
knowledge based where the system would use to make decisions and draw a conclusion. MATLAB 7.0 is used to implement this experiment using fuzzy logic and Neural Network toolbox. In this experiment linguistic variables are evaluated using Gaussian membership function. This system will offer potential assistance to medical practitioners and healthcare sector in making prompt decision during the diagnosis
of tuberculosis. In this work basic emblematic approach using Neuro-fuzzy methodology is presented that describes a technique to forecast the existence of mycobacterium and provides support platform to researchers in the related field.
KEYWORDS
Tuberculosis, Neuro-fuzzy, Fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Network, Diagnosing, Mycobacterium
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ADAPTIVE LEARNING EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITIS
1. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
DOI: 10.5121/ijaia.2019.10204 33
ADAPTIVE LEARNING EXPERT SYSTEM FOR
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL
HEPATITIS
Henok Yared Agizew
Department of Management Information System, Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia.
ABSTRACT
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted
diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the
uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis
B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured
interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and
represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer
the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing
the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with
dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived
knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer.
KEYWORDS:
Expert System, Diagnosis and Management of Viral Hepatitis, Adaptive Learning, Discovery and
Generalization Mechanism
1. INTRODUCTION
Viral hepatitis is an infection that results for liver damage. This inflammation of liver is caused
by five different viruses such as hepatitis viruse A, B, C, D and E. Those five different types of
viruses have the ability to cause acute disease, but the maximum number of deaths throughout
world result from chronic hepatitis virus B or hepatitis virus C infection (WHO, 2013).
According to the Annual Report of WHO (2017), Hepatitis B is highly endemic and probably
affects an estimated 5–8% of the population in Africa, mainly in West and Central Africa. It is
estimated that around 19 million adults are infected with chronic hepatitis C in this region. The
growing mortality rate of peoples living with HIV is caused by viral hepatitis. As a result, nearby
2.3 million people living with HIV are also infected with hepatitis virus C and about 2.6 million
people infected with hepatitis virus B.
Expert System is a system that contain tacit and explicit knowledge (Wielinga et al., 1997). It is a
system that can provide valuable knowledge for the sake of solving different problems in defined
application domain (Kasabov et al., 1996). It has been practical successfully in almost every field
of human activities due to it’s ability to represent, accommodate and learn knowledge; it is also
capable of taking decisions and communicating with their users in a responsive or friendly way
(Wielinga et al., 1997). Through using such system it is possible to get so many benefits like wise
decisions, learning from experience, explanation and reasoning, and solving problems (Kock,
2003).
2. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
34
Intelligent expert systems can be used to exploit productivity, capturing scare knowledge to aid
document rare knowledge and enhance capabilities of problem solving in the most crucial way to
eliminate the mortality rate and wastage of time to see the physician (Wan-Ishak et al., 2011).
This system developed by imitating human intelligence could be employed to help the medical
doctors in making decision without consulting the specialists. The system is not meant to replace
the specialist or medical doctor, but it is developed to help general physicians and nurses in
diagnosing, predicting condition of patient, and providing treatments based on certain grounds or
experiences.
In order to develop such medical expert systems, adaptive learning mechanisms used the input
sign or symptoms of the disease, the current available knowledge base, and the valid diagnosis
result to produce an updated knowledge base. Before applying the adaptive learning techniques
for the expert system, deciding how and when to apply those different types of learning
mechanisms is very important. These mechanisms may refine rule statistics, rule hypotheses, or
add new rules.
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Chronic viral hepatitis is now the second biggest killer after tuberculosis. About 325 million
people are caused by chronic viral Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C throughout the world. This is 10
times greater than the global epidemic of HIV. More than 3600 people are die every day in case
of the viral hepatitis disease (WHO, 2017).
According to Dhiman (2018), more than 70 million Africans are affected by chronic diseases like
viral hepatitis B and C. Which means, about 60 million people are affected with hepatitis B and
about 10 million people affected with hepatitis C. The disease affects adults and the productive
young people’s most of the time. As a result, the financial problem could be raised highly in this
region. Moreover, Ethiopia is regarded as a country with out any controlling and management
strategy for the viral hepatitis. However, the country is categorized under the regions with
intermediate to hyperendemic viral hepatitis infections (WHO, 2013).
Developing expert systems would play essential and critical role in providing aid for giving
diagnosis, capturing guidelines and knowledge and experience of well educated and experienced
physician and make it available for those health workers which also help the country in providing
a quality health care service for the people who are living in remote and rural areas. Several
studies were conducted on knowledge based systems in order to support reasoning and finding
solutions for certain problems like in the area of health and medicine. However, the knowledge
based system implemented using rule-based representation technique did not hold all the
necessary rules i.e., they do not have an ability to discover new rules and generalize the existing
rules in order to adapt the new environment dynamically.
Therefore, this study aims to develop adaptive learning expert system that can improve the
compressivenes of advice provided by the system in line with accurate diagnosis and
management of viral hepatitis using both discovery and generalization mechanis.
3. RESEARCH QUESTION
In this regard, this study explores and finds solutions for the following research questions:
What suitable domain knowledge available for the diagnosis and management of viral
hepatitis ?
3. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
35
What are the suitable ways to develop Adaptive learning expert system for diagnosis and
management of viral hepatitis ?
4. OBJECTIVES
The general objective of this study is to develop adaptive learning expert system that can provide
advice for physicians in order to aid the diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis.
Specifically:
To acquire the required knowledge from the human expert and documents
Modeling and representing the knowledge in a suitable way for knowledge based expert
system implementation
Designing the prototype expert system with adaptive learning ability
5. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
In order to developing expert systems, several approaches are available. However, for the sake of
implementing this adaptive learning expert system for diagnosis and management of viral
hepatitis the rule based reasoning approach is used. The system takes new cases of the problem
and refining existing rules body, generalizing rules and descovering new rules to provides
accurate result and support for decision making. There are five (5) different types of viral
hepatitis but including all viral hepatitis types require further investigation and influence the
system performance. Due to this reason this study focused on chronic viral hepatitis (viral
hepatitis B and viral hepatitis C) only.
6. LITERATURE REVIEW
The availability of advanced computing facilities and other resources, currently the attention of
the knowledge engineer is changed to the more demanding activities, which might require proper
intelligence. Knowledge based system (KBS) can act as an expert on demand without wasting
time and being anywhere, therefore the society could solve the decision making problem easily
by using such expert system (Sajja & Akerkar, 2010).
Both Expert system (ES) and knowledge based systems (KBS) are terms that are used
interchangeably in machine learning technology (Heijst, 2006). KBS is one of the major family
members of the AI group and Expert systems provide ability to act as domain expert. expert
system also used to store the knowledge of different domain experts for long time (Malhotra,
2015).
6.1 THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING EXPERT SYSTEM
The process of knowledge engineering follows its own basic procedures. The main phases of the
expert system development processes are planning, knowledge acquisition, knowledge
representation and evaluation (Sajja & Akerkar, 2010).
The knowledge of the expert is stored in his mind in a very abstract way. Also every experts may
not be familiar with expert systems terminology and the way to develop an intelligent system.
Knowledge Engineer is the responsible person to acquire, transfer and represent the experts’
knowledge in the form of computer system. But, the remains are users’ of the knowledge based
systems (Sajja & Akerkar, 2010).
4. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
Figure 1.6.1 Development of expert System (Sajja and Akerkar, 2010).
6.2 EXPERT SYSTEM REASONING
An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with knowledge of some
specialist subject with a view to solving problems or
occurs in the domain expert level, expert systems will require valuable access to a substantial
domain knowledge base, and a suitable reasoning techniques to apply the knowledge in to the
problem they are given (Jackson,
are either rule-based or case based or a hybrid of them (Leake, 1996). Among those different
reasoning methods, the rule-based reasoning approach is used for the purpose of conducting this
reseasrch.
6.3 RULE-BASED REASONING
Rule based reasoning is a system whose knowledge representation in a set of rules and facts. One
of the most popular knowledge representation and reasoning techniques are using symbol as a
rule to represent propositions and rela
due their naturalness, which facilitates comprehension of the represented knowledge. A rule can
be supposed of as a condition action couple. Any rule has two different sections such as; the IF
section which is also known as antecedent or premises or condition and the remaining section is
the THEN section which also known as consequent or action or conclusion. Those yields the
format shown below;
The conditions are fired or not rendering to what fact is existing currently. If available situations
or facts of a rule are fulfilled, then the action is created and the rule is said to be executed. The
way of representing the real world situations like troubleshooting,
treatment as a rule is easy rather than others. As a result, so many works were done by using the
rule based reasoning techniques to represent the existing domain knowledge.
6.4 EXPERT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
The expert system development methods can be classified into three categories: manual, semi
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
Figure 1.6.1 Development of expert System (Sajja and Akerkar, 2010).
EASONING TECHNIQUES
An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with knowledge of some
specialist subject with a view to solving problems or giving advice. To overcome problems
occurs in the domain expert level, expert systems will require valuable access to a substantial
domain knowledge base, and a suitable reasoning techniques to apply the knowledge in to the
problem they are given (Jackson, 1999). The most widely used expert system reasoning methods
based or case based or a hybrid of them (Leake, 1996). Among those different
based reasoning approach is used for the purpose of conducting this
Rule based reasoning is a system whose knowledge representation in a set of rules and facts. One
of the most popular knowledge representation and reasoning techniques are using symbol as a
rule to represent propositions and relations in order to assist reasoning. This popularity is mainly
due their naturalness, which facilitates comprehension of the represented knowledge. A rule can
be supposed of as a condition action couple. Any rule has two different sections such as; the IF
ection which is also known as antecedent or premises or condition and the remaining section is
the THEN section which also known as consequent or action or conclusion. Those yields the
IF condition holds
THEN do action
are fired or not rendering to what fact is existing currently. If available situations
or facts of a rule are fulfilled, then the action is created and the rule is said to be executed. The
way of representing the real world situations like troubleshooting, advisory, diagnosis and
treatment as a rule is easy rather than others. As a result, so many works were done by using the
rule based reasoning techniques to represent the existing domain knowledge.
EVELOPMENT APPROACH
development methods can be classified into three categories: manual, semi
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
36
An expert system is a computer program that represents and reasons with knowledge of some
giving advice. To overcome problems
occurs in the domain expert level, expert systems will require valuable access to a substantial
domain knowledge base, and a suitable reasoning techniques to apply the knowledge in to the
1999). The most widely used expert system reasoning methods
based or case based or a hybrid of them (Leake, 1996). Among those different
based reasoning approach is used for the purpose of conducting this
Rule based reasoning is a system whose knowledge representation in a set of rules and facts. One
of the most popular knowledge representation and reasoning techniques are using symbol as a
tions in order to assist reasoning. This popularity is mainly
due their naturalness, which facilitates comprehension of the represented knowledge. A rule can
be supposed of as a condition action couple. Any rule has two different sections such as; the IF
ection which is also known as antecedent or premises or condition and the remaining section is
the THEN section which also known as consequent or action or conclusion. Those yields the
are fired or not rendering to what fact is existing currently. If available situations
or facts of a rule are fulfilled, then the action is created and the rule is said to be executed. The
advisory, diagnosis and
treatment as a rule is easy rather than others. As a result, so many works were done by using the
development methods can be classified into three categories: manual, semi-
5. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
37
automatic, and automatic (Gamble,et al.,2003).
• Manual Methods: in this manner, the knowledge is gathered from the domain experts and
also extracted from other knowledge sources through interview by the knowledge engineer
to codes it in the knowledge base in order to develop the expert system. There are different
types of the manual knowledge gathering methods, however the three main manual methods
are interviewing the domain experts, tracking the process of reasoning, and observation
(Gamble, et al.,2003). Manual methods has the drawbacks such as slow processing speed,
very expensive to collect appropriate knowledge and the accuracy of gathered knowledge.
Therefore, there is a trend toward automating the process as much as possible. For instance,
KBS which requires everything from experts and knowledge engineers are an example of
manual methods.
Semi-Automatic Methods: are divided into two categories.
1. The first one is; the domain experts could build the knowledge bases without any support or
little help of the knowledge engineer.
2. Second; intended to support knowledge engineers in order to execute the necessary tasks
efficiently and effectively. For instance, KBS which are learning new knowledge from
experts and did not require knowledge engineers to update or maintain the system are an
example of semi-automatic methods.
• Automatic Methods: in this section, it is said to be the system need a little help or does not
require any contribution from domain experts and also from the knowledge engineers,
because the system update it selves automatically. For example, the induction method,
which generates rules from a set of known cases, can be applied to build a knowledge base.
The role of the expert and knowledge engineers are minimal. The term automatic may be
misleading, but it indicates that, compared with other methods, the contributions from a
knowledge engineer and an expert is relatively small.
For instance, the expert system with learning ability is an example of automatic methods because
they are able to add new knowledge and maintain the system with minimum contributions from a
knowledge engineer and an expert.
6.5 EXPERT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
In the process of expert system development the software and hardware tools are very crucial in
as well as both general purpose programming languages like java and framework like .NET and
useful specific purpose ready made utilities such as Expert System Shell (JESS), GURU, and
Vidwan. In most cases tailor made expert system can be developed using programming languages
like LISP (List Processing) and Prolog (Nilsson & Maluszynski, 2000). For the purpose of
conducting this research work the Logic Programming language with SWI Prolog editor tool is
used.
SWI Prolog: SWI Prolog is the most comprehensive, user-friendly and widely used Prolog
development environment. It has good development facilities and aids a graphical debugging
environment to apply the graphical user-interface feature easily in the implementation of the
expert system (Wielemaker, 2010). Moreover, SWI Prolog is well maintained and available for
all major platforms such as Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc (Wielemaker, 2010).
6. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
38
6.6 RELATED WORKS
Santosh et al.,(2010) developed “an expert system for diagnosis of human diseases”. The system
is rule-based system and makes inferences with symbols for knowledge representation. They
recommended automated diagnosis system should give explanation for the conclusion, a factor
which is important for user acceptance for the sake of testing the accuracy of the diagnosis
provided by developed expert system.
The study conducted by Seblewongel, (2011) “A prototype of rule-based KBS for anxiety mental
disorder diagnosis”. This study was conducted using rule-based representation technique to find
solution for mental health problem which is not gaining enough cares. Thus, knowledge about
anxiety mental disorder was acquired using both structured and unstructured interviews from
domain experts and from secondary sources by using document analysis method to find solution
of the problem. For modeling the knowledge gathered before, the decision-tree modeling
technique is used to properly structure the rules and procedures existed in the domain area.
Finally, the system is developed using manual KBS development method with SWI Prolog editor
tool.
The study conducted by Solomon,(2013),“Aself-learning knowledge-based system for diagnosis
and treatment of diabetes”. The study focused on memorizing or remembering patients past
history. It is rule based system with backward chaining technique and the system is developed
using semi-automatic KBS development method with SWI Prolog editor tool.
Paulo and Augusto, (2018), tried to develop the mobile system that can support prediction of
childrens with autism. To developing the system the idea behind fuzzy neural networks were used
with the concept of AI and machine learning. The system is capable to provide some sort of
question and immidiate respones for users through using binary classification labels.
7. KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION, MODELLING AND REPRESENTATION
According to Sajja et al.,2009, Knowledge Acquisition is the way of gathering domain area
knowledge using different techniques such as interview, observation and questioner for gathering
domain experts knowledge and using document analysis technique for gathering knowledge from
other sources of information such as books, databases, guidelines, manuals, journal articles and
computer files. Knowledge acquisition is the first step and critical task in the development of
knowledge based system.
In this study, to acquire the needed knowledge, both secondary and primary sources of knowledge
are used. The primary data (tacit knowledge) gathered from experts in the domain area (Internists
of the St.Paul Hospital, Ethiopia) using structured and semi-structured interview. Secondary
sources of knowledge have been gathered from the Internet sources, viral hepatitis diagnosis
guide line, viral hepatitis prevention, viral hepatitis treatment guide line, manuals, and published
Articles.
7.1 CONCEPTUAL MODELING
Modeling should be the perquisite activity for implementing expert systems. Models are applied
to acquire the important characteristics of problem domains by decomposing them into more
controllable parts that are simple to know and to use. In this study, decision tree is used to model
the levels of decisions that domain experts use during diagnosis and management of viral
hepatitis. The details of the conceptual model using decision tree are depicted in figure 6.2.1 and
figure 6.2.2 below.
7. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
Fig 6.2.1 : Decision tree for diagnosis of HBV and HCV (with Jaundice)
Fig 6.2.2: Decision tree for diagnosis of HBV and HCV (with out Jaundice)
7.2 KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
Once the model of the proposed system is designed, the next stape will be representing the
knowledge to make the coding phase easy for the Knowledge Engineer. For the purpose of
conducting this research work, the rule based reasoning technique with both forward and
backward chaining is used.
In the rule-based reasoning the domain knowledge that
related medical documents are represented as a set of premises and condition which consisits both
facts and rules in the knowledge base. In order to develop the fully functional and expert system
with the accurate advices and adaptive learning ability the rule could plays a crucial role. For
instance; the HBV and HCV diagnosis knowldege in the decision tree above is represented as the
following manner;
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
Decision tree for diagnosis of HBV and HCV (with Jaundice)
Fig 6.2.2: Decision tree for diagnosis of HBV and HCV (with out Jaundice)
EPRESENTATION
Once the model of the proposed system is designed, the next stape will be representing the
nowledge to make the coding phase easy for the Knowledge Engineer. For the purpose of
conducting this research work, the rule based reasoning technique with both forward and
based reasoning the domain knowledge that acquired from the domain experts and
related medical documents are represented as a set of premises and condition which consisits both
facts and rules in the knowledge base. In order to develop the fully functional and expert system
es and adaptive learning ability the rule could plays a crucial role. For
instance; the HBV and HCV diagnosis knowldege in the decision tree above is represented as the
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
39
Once the model of the proposed system is designed, the next stape will be representing the
nowledge to make the coding phase easy for the Knowledge Engineer. For the purpose of
conducting this research work, the rule based reasoning technique with both forward and
acquired from the domain experts and
related medical documents are represented as a set of premises and condition which consisits both
facts and rules in the knowledge base. In order to develop the fully functional and expert system
es and adaptive learning ability the rule could plays a crucial role. For
instance; the HBV and HCV diagnosis knowldege in the decision tree above is represented as the
8. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
40
Knowledge Representation for HBV Diagnosis with Jaundice
If
the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
with jaundice,
Then
Check the HBV blood tests with HBsAg and IgM Anti HBc.
If HBsAg result is Reactive,
Then HBV result is Positive.
If HBsAg result Non-Reactive,
Then HBV result is Positive.
If HBsAg result is Reactive AND IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive, Then HBV result is
Positive.
If HBsAg result is Reactive AND IgM Anti HBc result is Non-Reactive, Then HBV result
is Positive.
If HBsAg result is Non-Reactive AND IgM Anti HBc result is Non-Reactive,
Then HBV result is Negative.
Knowledge Representation for HCV Diagnosis with out jaundice
If
the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
with out jaundice,
Then
Check the HBV blood tests with antiHCV.
If anti HCV result is Reactive,
Then HCV result is Positive.
If anti HCV result is Non-Reactive,
Then HCV result is Negative.
8. ADAPTIVE LEARNING MECHANISM IN RULE-BASED EXPERT SYSTEM
According to Clair et al., (1987), Adaptive learning strategies classified into six basic categories.
Those are strengthening, weakening, unlearning, generalization, discrimination, and discovery.
Among those different types of adaptive learning strategies; generalization and discovery
mechanisms are used in this research.
8.1 GENERALIZATION MECHANISM
Generalization mechanism has a crucial roles in the process of applying adaptive-learning
techniques to the expert system. The main concepts behind this mechanism are minimizing the
number of premises and deriving less restrictive hypotheses (Clair, 1987). Accordingly, the
advantages of using this mechanism are (Clair, 1987):
• The derived rule could be applicable in most of the available environments
• Identifying the difficult condition in which a rule should have fired didn’t execute easily.
Here, is the rule representation for the rule generalization mechanism in adaptive learning
mechanism.
Rule 1:
If
the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
9. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
41
with jaundice,
HBsAg result is Reactive,
HBsAg result Non-Reactive,
IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive,
Then
HBV result is Positive.
Rule 2:
If
the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
with jaundice,
HBsAg result is Reactive,
Then
HBV result is Positive.
Rule 3:
If
the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
with jaundice,
HBsAg result is Non-Reactive,
Then
HBV result is Positive.
Rule 4:
If
the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
with jaundice,
IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive,
Then
HBV result is Positive.
In this example; Rule 1 is the generalized rule of Rule 2, Rule 3 and Rule 4. All three rules will
fire whenever Rule1fires, so that the generalized Rule 1 should be used to replace the remaining
rules.
The figure shown below is the system knowledge base where the knowledge gathered from
different hepatitis sources are stored on it. This knowldge base is constructed from 33 (thirty
three) different clouses and consists the diagnosis knowldge of viral hepatitis which are used to
support physicians to identify weither the diagnosed case is positive or not. However, the
following basic produre should be followed, in order to know which rule among the following
rules has the maximum number of execution experience.
10. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
Figure 8.0. Viral Hepatitis Knowledge Base for indicating rule experiences
1. Reconsult the knowledge base of viral hepatitis at run time
2. Induce the rule to indicate each rule’s execution experiences
3. Use the rule with the maximum number of execution exeperience to generalize the rule
Accordingly; the rule induction algorithm were used to proced the process of indicating the rule’s
execution experiences. Finally, results generated from the above sample cases of hepatitis
knowledge following those three steps are shown below;
Figure 8.0.1 Rule execution experience indicator result
As a result, here is shown the condition and action pair of sample hepatitis
indiuced from the knowledge base above. For instance;
Rule1: hbscagreact = yes
igmantihbcreact = yes => [negative/1]
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
Figure 8.0. Viral Hepatitis Knowledge Base for indicating rule experiences
Reconsult the knowledge base of viral hepatitis at run time
indicate each rule’s execution experiences
Use the rule with the maximum number of execution exeperience to generalize the rule
Accordingly; the rule induction algorithm were used to proced the process of indicating the rule’s
ly, results generated from the above sample cases of hepatitis
knowledge following those three steps are shown below;
Figure 8.0.1 Rule execution experience indicator result
As a result, here is shown the condition and action pair of sample hepatitis diagnosis knowledge
indiuced from the knowledge base above. For instance;
igmantihbcreact = yes => [negative/1]
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
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Use the rule with the maximum number of execution exeperience to generalize the rule
Accordingly; the rule induction algorithm were used to proced the process of indicating the rule’s
ly, results generated from the above sample cases of hepatitis
diagnosis knowledge
11. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
i.e. IF HBsAg result is Reactive AND IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive THEN the HBV result is
Negative. This [negative/1] indicates as the rule 1 is fired or executed only one time. While,
Rule2: hbscagreact = yes
igmantihbcreact = no => [positive/9] , this also represents;
IF HBsAg result is Reactive AND IgM Anti HBc result is Non
Positive. This [positive/9] also indicating as the rule2 is fired or executed nine (9) times.
Accordingly, among those two different rules the rule that has more number of execution time is
rule2 becouse it is fired 9 times while rule1 is fired once. Th
which can generalize the rule1 in order to provide accurate diagnosis result for physicians. Those
remaining other rules are also processed in the same manner.
8.2 DISCOVERY MECHANISM
Discovery mechanism is the proce
the current knowledge base in order to adapt with the new situation. This discovery mechanism is
very important whenever the incomplete result is provided by the system and when the system
does not have a response to the new occur situations. The figure below shows how to discover the
new rule in prolog programming language.
Figure 8.1: Discovery mechanism sample code.
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
i.e. IF HBsAg result is Reactive AND IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive THEN the HBV result is
[negative/1] indicates as the rule 1 is fired or executed only one time. While,
igmantihbcreact = no => [positive/9] , this also represents;
IF HBsAg result is Reactive AND IgM Anti HBc result is Non-Reactive THEN the HBV result
Positive. This [positive/9] also indicating as the rule2 is fired or executed nine (9) times.
Accordingly, among those two different rules the rule that has more number of execution time is
rule2 becouse it is fired 9 times while rule1 is fired once. Therefore, the expert system used rule2
which can generalize the rule1 in order to provide accurate diagnosis result for physicians. Those
remaining other rules are also processed in the same manner.
Discovery mechanism is the process of discover new rules through utilize input symptoms and
the current knowledge base in order to adapt with the new situation. This discovery mechanism is
very important whenever the incomplete result is provided by the system and when the system
t have a response to the new occur situations. The figure below shows how to discover the
new rule in prolog programming language.
Figure 8.1: Discovery mechanism sample code.
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
43
i.e. IF HBsAg result is Reactive AND IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive THEN the HBV result is
[negative/1] indicates as the rule 1 is fired or executed only one time. While,
Reactive THEN the HBV result is
Positive. This [positive/9] also indicating as the rule2 is fired or executed nine (9) times.
Accordingly, among those two different rules the rule that has more number of execution time is
erefore, the expert system used rule2
which can generalize the rule1 in order to provide accurate diagnosis result for physicians. Those
ss of discover new rules through utilize input symptoms and
the current knowledge base in order to adapt with the new situation. This discovery mechanism is
very important whenever the incomplete result is provided by the system and when the system
t have a response to the new occur situations. The figure below shows how to discover the
12. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
The knowledge gathered from the domain experts is coded in to the knowledge
developed expert system as shown above. Also the validated knowledge base automatically
replaces the previous value existed in the knowledge base in order to adapt with the new
situation.
The figure 1.8.A shows, the situation where the incomp
the knowledge base is constructed. For instance; the constructed knowledge base contains the rule
represented as follows;
If the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
The patient is with jaundice,
The HBsAg result is Reactive AND/OR
The HbsAg result Non-Reactive,
The IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive, Then
HBV result is Positive.
However, if such situations were occurred frequently the domain experts should fill the
knowledge gap of the system through teaching or providing appropriate condition and action
which also known as rule dynamical
is clearly shown in the figure 1.8.B above. Accordingly; when the knowledge gap of the
knowledge base is filled by the domain expert, the knowledge base is validated and the provided
answer is also saved to cope up with such situation for the future. As a result, to fill the
knowledge gap of the system the domain expert also need to add the new condition “the result of
HIV is positive” and conclusion “HBV result is positive” in to system knowled
Therefore; the rule is updated as:
If the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms, the patient is with jaundice, the HBsAg result is Non
Reactive, the IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive, the result of HIV is positive; Then the HBV result
is positive.
9. IMPLEMENTATION
As we have seen the architecture in figure 9.1 below, the implemented adaptive learning expert
system for the diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis consists several parts such as; the
knowledge-base, inference engine, adaptive
Figure 9.1 : Prototype Adaptive Learning Expert System Architecture
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
The knowledge gathered from the domain experts is coded in to the knowledge
developed expert system as shown above. Also the validated knowledge base automatically
replaces the previous value existed in the knowledge base in order to adapt with the new
The figure 1.8.A shows, the situation where the incomplete set of rules could be existed during
the knowledge base is constructed. For instance; the constructed knowledge base contains the rule
If the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
The patient is with jaundice,
t is Reactive AND/OR
Reactive,
The IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive, Then
While;
If he patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
The patient with jaundice,
The HBsAg result Non-Reactive,
The IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive;
Then HBV result is not known.
However, if such situations were occurred frequently the domain experts should fill the
knowledge gap of the system through teaching or providing appropriate condition and action
which also known as rule dynamically at runtime. The answer provided or validated by the expert
is clearly shown in the figure 1.8.B above. Accordingly; when the knowledge gap of the
knowledge base is filled by the domain expert, the knowledge base is validated and the provided
also saved to cope up with such situation for the future. As a result, to fill the
knowledge gap of the system the domain expert also need to add the new condition “the result of
HIV is positive” and conclusion “HBV result is positive” in to system knowled
Therefore; the rule is updated as:
If the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms, the patient is with jaundice, the HBsAg result is Non
Reactive, the IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive, the result of HIV is positive; Then the HBV result
As we have seen the architecture in figure 9.1 below, the implemented adaptive learning expert
system for the diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis consists several parts such as; the
base, inference engine, adaptive learner, user interface, and explanation facility.
Figure 9.1 : Prototype Adaptive Learning Expert System Architecture
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
44
The knowledge gathered from the domain experts is coded in to the knowledge base of the
developed expert system as shown above. Also the validated knowledge base automatically
replaces the previous value existed in the knowledge base in order to adapt with the new
lete set of rules could be existed during
the knowledge base is constructed. For instance; the constructed knowledge base contains the rule
If he patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms,
Reactive,
Reactive;
However, if such situations were occurred frequently the domain experts should fill the
knowledge gap of the system through teaching or providing appropriate condition and action
ly at runtime. The answer provided or validated by the expert
is clearly shown in the figure 1.8.B above. Accordingly; when the knowledge gap of the
knowledge base is filled by the domain expert, the knowledge base is validated and the provided
also saved to cope up with such situation for the future. As a result, to fill the
knowledge gap of the system the domain expert also need to add the new condition “the result of
HIV is positive” and conclusion “HBV result is positive” in to system knowledge base.
If the patient has viral hepatitis sympthoms, the patient is with jaundice, the HBsAg result is Non-
Reactive, the IgM Anti HBc result is Reactive, the result of HIV is positive; Then the HBV result
As we have seen the architecture in figure 9.1 below, the implemented adaptive learning expert
system for the diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis consists several parts such as; the
learner, user interface, and explanation facility.
13. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJAIA), Vol.10, No.2, March 2019
45
10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
For the purpose of developing this adaptive learning expert system, tacit knowledge is acquired
from domain experts by using structured and semi-structured interviwing techniques and also
explicit knowledge is gathered from medical documents through document analysis technique.
Once the appropriate knowledge is gathered, it is modeled by using decision tree to simulate
procedures involved in diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis. Finally, the knowledge is
represented using a rule-based knowledge representation methods and also SWI-prolog editor
tool is used for codification of the represented knowledge. Among, those five (5) different types
of viral hepatitis the scope of this study is limited on viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis C only.
The following recommendations are forwarded based on the discusion of the findings of the
study:
In order to evercome each and every problems of the viral hepatitis the scope of the study
should be extended.
The system needs to be integrated with other languages like C#, VB, or Java.Net to have a
more attractive look. Therefore, further research to design a user friendly user interface with
the capability to use local languages is needed.
Acquiring knowledge about the diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis is another
challenge during knowledge acquisition from the domain experts using interviewing
method. As a result, it is important to use the data mining tools and technics to filter out the
hidden domain knowledge about the disease as a feature work of line.
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