This document compares and contrasts the vegetation diversity between West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. It finds that West Bengal has a larger variety of vegetation types, including tropical forests, mangrove wetlands, and riverside vegetation, due to its climatic conditions. In comparison, Tamil Nadu has a less diverse flora consisting of dry deciduous, evergreen forests and moist deciduous forests. Both states have unique vegetation influenced by their geography and climate, and both are taking conservation efforts while still facing challenges to maintaining biodiversity.
IN this presentation cover Erosivity and erodibilty
Different methods to calculate soil loss.
Er. Gurpreet Singh
M.tech from PAU, Ludhiana
Assistant Prof.
Khalsa college.
Bio engineering methods and their control for soil erosionSantosh pathak
integrated technology that uses sound engineering practices in conjuction with ecological principles to: design & construct vegetative living system to prevent erosion,
stabilize shallow areas of soil instability, protect and enhance healthy system. uses live plant materials and flexible engineering techniques to eliminate environmental problems.
IFPRI Policy Seminar “Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement--A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development” held on December 3, 2015. Presentation by Rattan Lal, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center.
Biodrainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.”The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage. Fast growing Eucalyptus species like known for luxurious water consumption under excess soil moisture condition are suitable for biodrainage. These species can be planted in blocks in the form of farm forestry or along the field boundary in the form of agroforestry. Other suitable species for block plantations are Casuarina glauca, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata and Syzygium cuminii etc.
Experiments were conducted in Haryana state. Plantations were raised in water logged areas of Haryana state. To measure the ground water table observation wells were installed in between the tree plantations. Corbon content of oven dried timber, fuel wood, twings/leaves and roots samples were determined by dichromate oxidation method. The transpiration rate was measured using dissipation probes. The basic dissipation probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. Girth of all trees was measured at the breast height with the help of a measuring tape.
Four parallel strip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal-irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi-arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields. There was no net increase in ground water table salinity underneath the plantation. The fluctuations in g.w.t. caused fluctuations in g.w.t. salinity underneath the plantation as well as in the adjacent fields. Tree species vary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
SOIL TEXTURE
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES
HOW THESE PARTICLES CAN BE SEPARATED
TEXTURAL GROUPS
TEXTURAL CLASSES OF SOILS
PROPERTIES
WHY DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURES HAVE THE PROPERTIES THEY DO ?
ROLE OF SOIL TEXTURE
IN this presentation cover Erosivity and erodibilty
Different methods to calculate soil loss.
Er. Gurpreet Singh
M.tech from PAU, Ludhiana
Assistant Prof.
Khalsa college.
Bio engineering methods and their control for soil erosionSantosh pathak
integrated technology that uses sound engineering practices in conjuction with ecological principles to: design & construct vegetative living system to prevent erosion,
stabilize shallow areas of soil instability, protect and enhance healthy system. uses live plant materials and flexible engineering techniques to eliminate environmental problems.
IFPRI Policy Seminar “Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement--A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development” held on December 3, 2015. Presentation by Rattan Lal, Carbon Management and Sequestration Center.
Biodrainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.”The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage. Fast growing Eucalyptus species like known for luxurious water consumption under excess soil moisture condition are suitable for biodrainage. These species can be planted in blocks in the form of farm forestry or along the field boundary in the form of agroforestry. Other suitable species for block plantations are Casuarina glauca, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata and Syzygium cuminii etc.
Experiments were conducted in Haryana state. Plantations were raised in water logged areas of Haryana state. To measure the ground water table observation wells were installed in between the tree plantations. Corbon content of oven dried timber, fuel wood, twings/leaves and roots samples were determined by dichromate oxidation method. The transpiration rate was measured using dissipation probes. The basic dissipation probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. Girth of all trees was measured at the breast height with the help of a measuring tape.
Four parallel strip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal-irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi-arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields. There was no net increase in ground water table salinity underneath the plantation. The fluctuations in g.w.t. caused fluctuations in g.w.t. salinity underneath the plantation as well as in the adjacent fields. Tree species vary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
SOIL TEXTURE
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES
HOW THESE PARTICLES CAN BE SEPARATED
TEXTURAL GROUPS
TEXTURAL CLASSES OF SOILS
PROPERTIES
WHY DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURES HAVE THE PROPERTIES THEY DO ?
ROLE OF SOIL TEXTURE
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government o.docxmaxinesmith73660
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
The government of Mahandar wants to expand biodiversity conservation efforts on the island. The government has two goals: 1) to protect the overall biodiversity and sustainability of the island ecosystem, and 2) to protect the endemic primates that live in the forests on the island. The endangered primates are unique and very sensitive to habitat changes. This puts them at a higher risk of extinction. The primates have also become a well-known attraction for ecotourists from around the world. The government has enough funds to fully support conservation at only one of four forest areas being considered for conservation. You are a member of the conservation team that will advise the government as to which area should get full conservation support.
Instructions: Examine the map of the island and the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Use this information to complete questions 1-4.
1. Examine the map of the island (attached), with the 4 proposed conservation sites.
a. Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way? Explain.
b. Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Explain.
2. Carefully examine the phylogenetic tree for the primates of Mahandar (attached).
a. What is the number of the node that represents the most recent common ancestor for all of the primates collectively living in each of the four areas.
b. Which forest area displays the least variation in its primates? Explain how you determined this.
c. Which forest area displays the most variation in its primates? Explain how you determined this.
d. If the government of Mahandar is trying to preserve the biodiversity of the primates, do it matter which forest is conserved? Explain your answer.
3. Read the descriptions of the 4 proposed conservation areas (attached). Use that information to completely fill out the following chart.
Forest area
Environmental
benefit if conserved
Economic
benefit if conserved
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
4. Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning. (Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasoning is extremely important to the scoring of your answer!)
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
Below is a phylogenetic tree for the primates on Mahandar. The tree shows evolutionary data for primate taxa that are endemic to the island. Use this picture to answer question 2.
Four Possible Conservation Areas
1. Mangrove Forest
land area to be conserved (%)
7
number of endemic species in the area
14
number of endemic sp.
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government o.docxdonnajames55
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
The government of Mahandar wants to expand biodiversity conservation efforts on the island. The government has two goals: 1) to protect the overall biodiversity and sustainability of the island ecosystem, and 2) to protect the endemic primates that live in the forests on the island. The endangered primates are unique and very sensitive to habitat changes. This puts them at a higher risk of extinction. The primates have also become a well-known attraction for ecotourists from around the world. The government has enough funds to fully support conservation at only one of four forest areas being considered for conservation. You are a member of the conservation team that will advise the government as to which area should get full conservation support.
Complete the chart on the following page. You will attach this chart (but not this instruction page) to your completed writing assignment when you submit it.
Things to Consider: Examine the map of the island, the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Then, consider the following:
Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Which proposed sites have a size advantage? Which have a disadvantage?
Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way?
Do all areas contain the same biodiversity? Which have more? Which have less?
Do all areas contain significant diversity in their primate populations (you need to consult the evolutionary tree to determine this)? Which areas contain more genetically diverse primate populations? Which areas contain less diverse populations?
The Written Assignment: Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning; your reasoning should include the advantages to conserving the area you picked (required), and may also include disadvantages to conserving other areas (optional). While you may decide on a particular area due to non-biological considerations (for example, economic advantages to conserving this area), you must also discuss the biology (shape, size, diversity) in your response. Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasons is extremely important to the scoring of your assignment.
Forest area
Biological Advantages of conserving this area
Economic Advantages of conserving this area
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
Below is a phylogenetic tree for the primates on Mahandar. The tree shows evolutionary data for primate taxa that are endemic to the island. Think carefully – Some regions have all their primates on bran.
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity HotspotThe government .docxaryan532920
Conservation of an Island Biodiversity Hotspot
The government of Mahandar wants to expand biodiversity conservation efforts on the island. The government has two goals: 1) to protect the overall biodiversity and sustainability of the island ecosystem, and 2) to protect the endemic primates that live in the forests on the island. The endangered primates are unique and very sensitive to habitat changes. This puts them at a higher risk of extinction. The primates have also become a well-known attraction for ecotourists from around the world. The government has enough funds to fully support conservation at only one of four forest areas being considered for conservation. You are a member of the conservation team that will advise the government as to which area should get full conservation support.
Complete the chart on the following page. You will attach this chart (but not this instruction page) to your completed writing assignment when you submit it.
Things to Consider: Examine the map of the island, the primate evolutionary tree, and read (carefully) the descriptions of the 4 possible conservation areas on the following pages. Then, consider the following:
Does the size of the proposed conservation area matter? Which proposed sites have a size advantage? Which have a disadvantage?
Does the shape of the proposed conservation area matter? Which area(s) are shaped in a desirable way? Which areas are shaped in a detrimental way?
Do all areas contain the same biodiversity? Which have more? Which have less?
Do all areas contain significant diversity in their primate populations (you need to consult the evolutionary tree to determine this)? Which areas contain more genetically diverse primate populations? Which areas contain less diverse populations?
The Written Assignment: Based on all the information you have, which forest area do you think should be conserved? Explain your reasoning; your reasoning should include the advantages to conserving the area you picked (required), and may also include disadvantages to conserving other areas (optional). While you may decide on a particular area due to non-biological considerations (for example, economic advantages to conserving this area), you must also discuss the biology (shape, size, diversity) in your response. Note: there is no one correct answer to this question, which means your explanation of the reasons is extremely important to the scoring of your assignment.
Forest area
Biological Advantages of conserving this area
Economic Advantages of conserving this area
Trade-offs (“cons”) of
Conserving the area
Mangrove Forest
Tropical Forest North
Tropical Forest South
Cloud Forest
The island of Mahandar
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Mahandarian Primates
Below is a phylogenetic tree for the primates on Mahandar. The tree shows evolutionary data for primate taxa that are endemic to the island. Think carefully – Some regions have all their primates on bran ...
This presentation is based on the PhD Course work which applies the subject that Advances in Botany, deliberated things are referred from different sources. Books, PDFs, Websites, etc.
Biodiversity and its Conservation methodsNishat Fatima
Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.
Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.
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Key Features of The Italian Restaurants.pdfmenafilo317
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Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
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Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
2. 1.Introduction to
Diversity
This presentation will explore the vegetation
diversity across West Bengal and Tamil Nadu,
and investigate the similarities and
differences between the two states. It will
provide a comprehensive analysis of the
vegetation types and discuss the implications
of the ndings.
3. 2. W e s t Bengal's Flora
West Bengal is a land of many forests and
diverse vegetation. Its climatic conditions
have produced a range of plant species,
ranging from tropical forests, mangrove
wetlands to riverside vegetation. The ora
can be classi ed into three main groups,
namely tropical forests, deciduous forests
and mangrove forests. These forests have
provided a wide range of products such as
fruit, spices and timber, and have been of
great economic importance to the people
of West Bengal.
4. 3. Tamil Nadu's Flora
In comparison to the plant-rich
environment of West Bengal, the ora of
Tamil Nadu is comparatively less diversi ed.
It includes species from dry deciduous,
evergreen forests and moist deciduous
forests. Eucalyptus, acacia, lantana and
grasses are some of the species found in
the deciduous forest, while a wide range of
medicinal plants are found in the evergreen
forests. The wet evergreen forests of the
Nilgiris and Anamalai hills account for a signi
cant part of the
5. 4. Geographical In uences
Tamil Nadu’s geological proximity to the
sea results in a unique vegetation
comprising several species of salt-tolerant
plants. On the other hand, in West Bengal,
the rivers and low-lying areas are
characterized by swamps with a variety of
aquatic and semi-aquatic plants.
Additionally, both the states have different
landforms that in uence its plant
population.
6. 5. Climatic Variations
West Bengal gets copious rainfall
throughout the year, while Tamil Nadu sees
both heavy rainfall and drought seasons.
This necessitates different adaptation
strategies in the vegetation. Additionally,
colder temperatures make for a completely
different set of plants in West Bengal
compared to tropical climates of Tamil
Nadu. Both states experience extreme
weather events and their vegetation has
adapted to survive such unforeseen
occurrences.
7. 6. UniqueSpecies Comparison
West Bengal is k n o w n for its rich cultural
diversity and so is the vegetation. Alpine,
evergreen and deciduous forests,
grasslands and swamps, these are some
habitats you’ll n d in the state. While Tamil
Nadu sky is blessed with an abundance of
rainforests which include both moist and
dry deciduous, alpine, mangrove and
western ghats. With many endemic
species, Tamil Nadu is the second most
Biodiverse state in India.
8. 7. Human Interaction &Impact
The h u m a n impact on the environment
has led to a great imbalance for both the
states. From forest res to unlawful
logging, the damage has been huge.
Though conservation strategies have been
p u t in place, the need of the hour is to
asses and mitigate the impact of urban
settlements and various industries.
9. 8. Conservation
Efforts
Conservation Efforts:
Both West Bengal and Tamil Nadu have
taken several steps to conserve the local
vegetation. These include introducing laws
for controlled harvesting of resources,
establishing more protected areas,
improving public awareness and
encouraging sustainable practices.
10. 9. Challenges& Opportunities
Challenges: Despite these efforts, the
challenges in maintaining the diversity of
species still persist. These challenges
include climate change, habitat loss, and
overexploitation of resources.
Opportunities: Initiatives such as
eco-tourism and agroforestry can provide
alternative sources of income, thus
enabling villagers to sustainably harvest
local resources and preserve culture.
11. 10. Conclusion & Future
Prospects
Conclusion: Through analysis of existing
data, it was found that West Bengal is
h o m e to a large variety of vegetation in
comparison to Tamil Nadu.
Future Prospects: To promote the
conservation of diverse ora and fauna,
local government support and focus m u s t
be on initiatives such as agroforestry,
eco-tourism, sustainable harvesting, and
habitat management.
