The document discusses exploratory research methodology. It explains that exploratory research involves initially exploring questions about a topic through processes like literature review, contemplation, or qualitative research methods. The goal is to build an organized body of knowledge about a subject matter and develop valid and reliable explanations for phenomena within a domain. Exploratory research is flexible and allows researchers to gain insights and ideas about a topic to help guide future research.
ilovepdf_merged.pdf- about Media and communicationKonulAzizli
This document discusses key concepts in social science research methods. It defines research as a structured, systematic investigation aimed at increasing understanding through objective analysis of data. Research is guided by theory, which provides frameworks for interpreting findings. The document outlines various aspects of the research process, including developing research questions, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It emphasizes that social research should have practical implications and be influenced by ethical considerations and real-world contexts.
D821 beliefs and evidence presentation 2010 Martin Le Voi and Eileen MansfieldMartin Voi
Here are some ways the different positions discussed could approach ECA topics:
- Positivist: Take a detached, objective view. Form hypotheses and test them empirically through controlled experiments. Aim to establish causal relationships or generalizable laws. Use quantitative methods.
- Interpretivist: Emphasize understanding meaning and experience from participants' perspectives. Consider social and cultural contexts. Use qualitative methods like interviews to explore diverse viewpoints.
- Critical realist: Acknowledge complexity and unseen influences like social structures. Study open systems with many factors. Use mixed methods to explore observable behaviors and underlying realities. Theories cannot be decisively proven or falsified.
- Postmodern: Question notions of objective truth and fixed
This document discusses key considerations for designing and conducting primary research using questionnaires and surveys for a human geography dissertation project. It covers topics such as choosing a research topic, reviewing previous literature, using secondary data, designing questionnaires, sampling techniques, pilot testing, minimizing errors, data analysis, and reporting results. The main points are: questionnaires should be rooted in a clear research question or hypothesis; sampling should aim for representativeness; surveys require careful design, testing, and analysis to ensure reliability and validity of results.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to generate theory from data. The document discusses grounded theory's development by Glaser and Strauss and its key assumptions. It proposes using grounded theory to study workplace bullying in small organizations as a research topic. Both the merits and disadvantages of using grounded theory are discussed, such as the risk of producing a poorly designed framework if not fully understanding grounded theory's paradigm and methodology.
Cultural Contradictions of Scanning in an Evidence-based Policy EnvironmentWendy Schultz
Dr. Wendy L. Schultz discusses horizon scanning as an essential tool for foresight activities that identifies emerging issues and changes. However, scanning faces challenges in an evidence-based policy environment due to contradictions between the subjective, tentative nature of scanning and political and scientific desires for objective, authoritative conclusions. Various techniques like causal layered analysis, integral futures, and spiral dynamics can help overcome biases and validate scan findings from diverse sources to better identify surprises and alternatives for policymaking.
This document summarizes key aspects of research philosophies and methodologies based on the Research Onion model. It discusses three philosophies outside the onion - ontology, epistemology, and axiology. For each layer of the onion, it defines important research concepts like objectivism, constructivism, positivism, deductive approaches, inductive approaches, and specific methodologies like experiments, surveys, case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, and archival research. The document provides concise yet thorough explanations of these fundamental elements to consider in planning and conducting research.
The role of theory in researchProf Brian van WykPO.docxkathleen23456789
The role of theory in research
Prof Brian van Wyk
POSTGRADUATE ENROLMENT AND THROUGHPUT (PET)
*
Outline for workshopWhat is theory?Characteristics of theoryFunctions of theory in researchHow to evaluate the quality of a theory (explanation)Theory in research OR research and theory?
*
What is theory?A model or framework for observation and understandingshapes both what we see and how we see it;allows the researcher to make links between the abstract and the concrete, the theoretical and the empirical, thought statements and observational statements.
Generalising statements that assert a connection between two or more types of phenomena
Explains and predicts the relationship between variables
A system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organises knowledge about the world
*
Characteristics of theoryTheory guides research and organises its ideas. i.e. bricks lying around haphazardly in the brickyard: ‘facts’ of different shapes and sizes have no meaning unless they are drawn together in a theoretical or conceptual framework.
Empirically relevant
Always tentative, never proven
Becomes stronger as more supporting evidence is gathered; provides a context for predictions
Has the capacity to generate new research.
*
Theory vs. hypothesisAn hypothesis is an educated guess. It usually predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
Hypotheses are more specific than theories.
Multiple hypotheses may relate to one theory.
*
Remember theory can operate on different levelsMicro-level theory seeks to explain behaviour at the level of the individual or family environment e.g. psychology – Frustration-Aggression hypothesis or Sternberg’s theory of love
Meso-level theory seeks to explain the interactions of micro-level organisms e.g. social institutions, organisations, communities
Macro-level theory seeks to explain behaviour at the level of large groups of people e.g. ethnicity, class, gender – Conflict Theory
*
How to evaluate a theoryIs the theory or explanation logical and coherent?Is it clear and parsimonious?Does it fit the available data?Does it provide testable claims?Have theory-based predictions been tested and supported?Has it survived numerous attempts by researchers to identify problems with it or to falsify it?Does it work better than competing or rival theories or explanations?
*
Is it general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or person?
Can practitioners use it to control or influence things in the world a good theory of teaching helps teachers to positively influence student learning; a good theory of counseling helps counselors to positively influence their clients’ mental health
*
Theory and research OR
theory in research?There is a two-way relationship between theory and research.
Social theory informs our understanding of issues, which, in turn, assists us in making research decisions and making sense of the world.
The experience of.
The document discusses various social science disciplines including sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, and economics. It defines each discipline and provides examples of topics studied within each field. It also discusses sociological research methods and key concepts like variables, hypotheses, validity, reliability, and triangulation of methods.
ilovepdf_merged.pdf- about Media and communicationKonulAzizli
This document discusses key concepts in social science research methods. It defines research as a structured, systematic investigation aimed at increasing understanding through objective analysis of data. Research is guided by theory, which provides frameworks for interpreting findings. The document outlines various aspects of the research process, including developing research questions, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It emphasizes that social research should have practical implications and be influenced by ethical considerations and real-world contexts.
D821 beliefs and evidence presentation 2010 Martin Le Voi and Eileen MansfieldMartin Voi
Here are some ways the different positions discussed could approach ECA topics:
- Positivist: Take a detached, objective view. Form hypotheses and test them empirically through controlled experiments. Aim to establish causal relationships or generalizable laws. Use quantitative methods.
- Interpretivist: Emphasize understanding meaning and experience from participants' perspectives. Consider social and cultural contexts. Use qualitative methods like interviews to explore diverse viewpoints.
- Critical realist: Acknowledge complexity and unseen influences like social structures. Study open systems with many factors. Use mixed methods to explore observable behaviors and underlying realities. Theories cannot be decisively proven or falsified.
- Postmodern: Question notions of objective truth and fixed
This document discusses key considerations for designing and conducting primary research using questionnaires and surveys for a human geography dissertation project. It covers topics such as choosing a research topic, reviewing previous literature, using secondary data, designing questionnaires, sampling techniques, pilot testing, minimizing errors, data analysis, and reporting results. The main points are: questionnaires should be rooted in a clear research question or hypothesis; sampling should aim for representativeness; surveys require careful design, testing, and analysis to ensure reliability and validity of results.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to generate theory from data. The document discusses grounded theory's development by Glaser and Strauss and its key assumptions. It proposes using grounded theory to study workplace bullying in small organizations as a research topic. Both the merits and disadvantages of using grounded theory are discussed, such as the risk of producing a poorly designed framework if not fully understanding grounded theory's paradigm and methodology.
Cultural Contradictions of Scanning in an Evidence-based Policy EnvironmentWendy Schultz
Dr. Wendy L. Schultz discusses horizon scanning as an essential tool for foresight activities that identifies emerging issues and changes. However, scanning faces challenges in an evidence-based policy environment due to contradictions between the subjective, tentative nature of scanning and political and scientific desires for objective, authoritative conclusions. Various techniques like causal layered analysis, integral futures, and spiral dynamics can help overcome biases and validate scan findings from diverse sources to better identify surprises and alternatives for policymaking.
This document summarizes key aspects of research philosophies and methodologies based on the Research Onion model. It discusses three philosophies outside the onion - ontology, epistemology, and axiology. For each layer of the onion, it defines important research concepts like objectivism, constructivism, positivism, deductive approaches, inductive approaches, and specific methodologies like experiments, surveys, case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, and archival research. The document provides concise yet thorough explanations of these fundamental elements to consider in planning and conducting research.
The role of theory in researchProf Brian van WykPO.docxkathleen23456789
The role of theory in research
Prof Brian van Wyk
POSTGRADUATE ENROLMENT AND THROUGHPUT (PET)
*
Outline for workshopWhat is theory?Characteristics of theoryFunctions of theory in researchHow to evaluate the quality of a theory (explanation)Theory in research OR research and theory?
*
What is theory?A model or framework for observation and understandingshapes both what we see and how we see it;allows the researcher to make links between the abstract and the concrete, the theoretical and the empirical, thought statements and observational statements.
Generalising statements that assert a connection between two or more types of phenomena
Explains and predicts the relationship between variables
A system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organises knowledge about the world
*
Characteristics of theoryTheory guides research and organises its ideas. i.e. bricks lying around haphazardly in the brickyard: ‘facts’ of different shapes and sizes have no meaning unless they are drawn together in a theoretical or conceptual framework.
Empirically relevant
Always tentative, never proven
Becomes stronger as more supporting evidence is gathered; provides a context for predictions
Has the capacity to generate new research.
*
Theory vs. hypothesisAn hypothesis is an educated guess. It usually predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
Hypotheses are more specific than theories.
Multiple hypotheses may relate to one theory.
*
Remember theory can operate on different levelsMicro-level theory seeks to explain behaviour at the level of the individual or family environment e.g. psychology – Frustration-Aggression hypothesis or Sternberg’s theory of love
Meso-level theory seeks to explain the interactions of micro-level organisms e.g. social institutions, organisations, communities
Macro-level theory seeks to explain behaviour at the level of large groups of people e.g. ethnicity, class, gender – Conflict Theory
*
How to evaluate a theoryIs the theory or explanation logical and coherent?Is it clear and parsimonious?Does it fit the available data?Does it provide testable claims?Have theory-based predictions been tested and supported?Has it survived numerous attempts by researchers to identify problems with it or to falsify it?Does it work better than competing or rival theories or explanations?
*
Is it general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or person?
Can practitioners use it to control or influence things in the world a good theory of teaching helps teachers to positively influence student learning; a good theory of counseling helps counselors to positively influence their clients’ mental health
*
Theory and research OR
theory in research?There is a two-way relationship between theory and research.
Social theory informs our understanding of issues, which, in turn, assists us in making research decisions and making sense of the world.
The experience of.
The document discusses various social science disciplines including sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, and economics. It defines each discipline and provides examples of topics studied within each field. It also discusses sociological research methods and key concepts like variables, hypotheses, validity, reliability, and triangulation of methods.
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research conducted in everyday life. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research people do in their everyday lives. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
The document discusses several key issues regarding ethics in research:
- Research is not objective and researchers must recognize how their own biases and worldviews can influence the research process. They must actively manage power dynamics and potential biases.
- Researchers have a responsibility for the production of knowledge and must ensure accurate reporting of results, obtaining informed consent, protecting confidentiality of participants, and avoiding harm.
- Important considerations include recognizing one's own position and identity, being aware of dichotomization and power differentials, and understanding how language and cultural worldviews can impact research. Overall researchers must balance responsibilities to knowledge production with minimizing harm or abuse of participants.
This document discusses concepts in philosophy. It begins by defining a concept as a constituent of thought. It then outlines key aspects of a metaphysical account of concepts, including their identity conditions and distinction between simple and complex concepts. It also discusses epistemological accounts of concept possession, acquisition, and categorization. The document then discusses the concept of educational philosophy and theory, noting the philosophical underpinnings of educational research. It argues that philosophical reflection is central to educational research methodology. Finally, it discusses different approaches philosophers can take to conceptual or linguistic analysis in educational thought and practice.
This document discusses research methodology and provides guidance for students and researchers. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover new information or revise existing knowledge through objective analysis. The document outlines various components of research including objectives, motivations, importance, and methods. It emphasizes that research is important for solving problems, advancing knowledge, and informing policies across scientific and non-scientific fields. The document is intended to educate and motivate young researchers.
This document discusses methods for conducting social research. It explains that social scientists use both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods are used to study large populations and establish relationships between variables, but cannot capture the richness of individual experiences. Qualitative methods focus on understanding meanings and interpretations through techniques like interviews and observation. The document also notes that social research aims to move beyond common sense understandings and challenge prejudices by taking a scientific approach.
This document outlines challenges in communicating science to policymakers and ways scientists can enhance the role of science in policymaking. It discusses the different cultures of science and policy, how policymakers learn about science, and challenges like relevance and certainty. The document recommends separating science from policy, addressing advisory panel processes, increasing transparency of scientific reviews, and strengthening peer review. Scientists can get involved through letters, visits, internships, fellowships and advisory committees to become more policy-savvy.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in social sciences. It discusses what research is, the purposes of research including developing new knowledge and solving problems. It outlines different research designs including defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data. It also discusses the objectives of social research as discovering new facts and understanding human behavior. The document covers quantitative and qualitative research methods, as well as sources of data collection for social research like interviews, observations, and documents. It provides examples of the process of social research.
This document discusses the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, as well as etic and emic approaches in research. Deductive reasoning starts with a general hypothesis and reaches a specific conclusion, while inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Etic approaches apply established theories to research, potentially imposing biases, while emic approaches immerse researchers in a culture to understand it from within and develop culturally relevant instruments and conclusions. Both have strengths and limitations for understanding human behavior across cultures.
Presentation to CRC Mental Health Early Career Researcher Workshop, Melbourne 29.11.17 for @andsdata.
Workshop title: A by-product of scientific training: We're all a little bit biased.
A primary goal of mental health education is to increase awareness. This involves teaching children what mental health means, and how to maintain positive mental health. It is vital that youth understand the concept of self-care and that they are responsible for their own mental health.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods for teaching senior high school students. It defines qualitative research as emphasizing qualities, processes and meanings rather than quantitative measures. The document outlines three main research approaches - qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. It then describes five common qualitative research designs: narrative research, phenomenological research, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study research. The document concludes with an overview of ethics in qualitative research focusing on principles like respect, beneficence, and justice as well as key concepts such as informed consent, deception, confidentiality and protecting participants.
1. The document proposes the "Sociological Ninety-ten rules" which acknowledge that the social sciences, unlike more precise sciences, are inherently inexact due to human variability. For every postulated social science rule, there are likely many exceptions across cultures, times, places, and groups.
2. Exceptions should actively be sought out through both rule-based and case-based reasoning to develop better hypotheses. Researchers should consider both rules and their exceptions. Significant exceptions may warrant separate research lines.
3. Seeking exceptions can improve social science research quality by aiding inductive analysis, theory-building, and increasing the field's global applicability and cultural trust. The "Ninety-ten" terminology
The document discusses the "Sociological Ninety-ten rules" proposed for improving hypothesis formulation in social sciences research. Some key points:
1) Social sciences like sociology, anthropology, and economics deal with human behaviors and are therefore inexact, varying from more precise sciences like physics. For every social science rule, there are likely many exceptions across cultures, times, and groups.
2) Exceptions to rules are as important as rules themselves and should be actively sought out to lead to better research. Researchers should consider both rules and exceptions. Significant exceptions may warrant separate research lines.
3) Accounting for variations and exceptions can aid theory-building and help "globalize" social sciences research to
This document discusses different research philosophies and methodologies. It outlines positivism and interpretivism as the two major research philosophies in Western science. Positivists believe reality can be observed objectively, while interpretivists believe reality can only be understood through subjective interpretation. The document then provides examples and descriptions of various research methodologies, including experiments, surveys, case studies, and action research, discussing their strengths and weaknesses.
The document discusses theories and the components that make up a theory. It explains that a theory is comprised of concepts, thinking construction, connections/associations, and hypotheses. It then goes on to define each of these components in more detail. Specifically, it defines concepts as the building blocks of theories and examples. Thinking construction represents relationships between concepts. Hypotheses are testable statements about relationships between concepts. Finally, a theory is defined as a system that uses these components to explain phenomena.
An overview of ethical research practices by Malcolm MacLean, Chair of UoG Research Ethics Committee.
Reader in the Culture & History of Sport, Faculty of Applied Sciences
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research conducted in everyday life. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and different types of research. It also covers ethical considerations, how research findings may be used, and examples of research people do in their everyday lives. The document is divided into units that discuss primary and secondary sources of data, how research is used in the voluntary and community sector, and examples of primary research methods.
The document discusses several key issues regarding ethics in research:
- Research is not objective and researchers must recognize how their own biases and worldviews can influence the research process. They must actively manage power dynamics and potential biases.
- Researchers have a responsibility for the production of knowledge and must ensure accurate reporting of results, obtaining informed consent, protecting confidentiality of participants, and avoiding harm.
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This document discusses concepts in philosophy. It begins by defining a concept as a constituent of thought. It then outlines key aspects of a metaphysical account of concepts, including their identity conditions and distinction between simple and complex concepts. It also discusses epistemological accounts of concept possession, acquisition, and categorization. The document then discusses the concept of educational philosophy and theory, noting the philosophical underpinnings of educational research. It argues that philosophical reflection is central to educational research methodology. Finally, it discusses different approaches philosophers can take to conceptual or linguistic analysis in educational thought and practice.
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This document discusses methods for conducting social research. It explains that social scientists use both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods are used to study large populations and establish relationships between variables, but cannot capture the richness of individual experiences. Qualitative methods focus on understanding meanings and interpretations through techniques like interviews and observation. The document also notes that social research aims to move beyond common sense understandings and challenge prejudices by taking a scientific approach.
This document outlines challenges in communicating science to policymakers and ways scientists can enhance the role of science in policymaking. It discusses the different cultures of science and policy, how policymakers learn about science, and challenges like relevance and certainty. The document recommends separating science from policy, addressing advisory panel processes, increasing transparency of scientific reviews, and strengthening peer review. Scientists can get involved through letters, visits, internships, fellowships and advisory committees to become more policy-savvy.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in social sciences. It discusses what research is, the purposes of research including developing new knowledge and solving problems. It outlines different research designs including defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data. It also discusses the objectives of social research as discovering new facts and understanding human behavior. The document covers quantitative and qualitative research methods, as well as sources of data collection for social research like interviews, observations, and documents. It provides examples of the process of social research.
This document discusses the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, as well as etic and emic approaches in research. Deductive reasoning starts with a general hypothesis and reaches a specific conclusion, while inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Etic approaches apply established theories to research, potentially imposing biases, while emic approaches immerse researchers in a culture to understand it from within and develop culturally relevant instruments and conclusions. Both have strengths and limitations for understanding human behavior across cultures.
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1) Social sciences like sociology, anthropology, and economics deal with human behaviors and are therefore inexact, varying from more precise sciences like physics. For every social science rule, there are likely many exceptions across cultures, times, and groups.
2) Exceptions to rules are as important as rules themselves and should be actively sought out to lead to better research. Researchers should consider both rules and exceptions. Significant exceptions may warrant separate research lines.
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2. “The PhD is ONE FORM of doctorate that is
WELL-ESTABLISHED and there are variations
in the form of PhD offered…” (Green & Powell,
2005)
Tradition varies…..
12/27/2023
3. Traditional
PhD study, often conducted over many years
By Mid or End career professionals (particularly in
fields like Management, design)
Advance research methods courses –now a days
common
Non- traditional
By publication or portfolio
12/27/2023
4. Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)/FPM (Fellow Program in
Management)- More of industry orientation, part-time academic
PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)- More of social science orientation, full-
time academic.
Doctor of Science (In some countries equivalent to PhD, in others
more than PhD work)
DPhil
Etc.
12/27/2023
Depends on eco-system, philosophy of the institution and regulatory
bodies
Distinctions often get blurred
License to teach
5. 12/27/2023
Arts Theology Law Medicine
Arts Science Law Medicine
Humanities
and Social
Science
Science &
Technology
Law Medicine
Humanities
and Social
Science
Science &
Technology Law Medicine
Commerce &
Management
6. E.g.
University of Oxford
The University’s academic departments, faculties and
research centres are grouped into four
divisions: Humanities; Mathematical, Physical and Life
Sciences; Medical Sciences; and Social Sciences.
SAID Business School forms part of the Social Sciences
Division, one of four academic divisions of the University
of Oxford and the largest grouping of social sciences in
the UK.
12/27/2023
7. Knowledge driven
Interdisciplinary opportunities
Professional development
12/27/2023
RESEARCHER’S IDENTITY
8. Research training and support (courses &
seminars, teaching experience, additional
research opportunities)
Supervisory relationship (Choice-No choice, 1
supervisor, 2 supervisors, 3-4 supervisors,
change in supervision team, initial
mentoring)
12/27/2023
12. Positivism Realism CriticalTheory Constructivis
m
Ontology Reality is real
and
Apprehensible
(Absolute
poverty)
Reality is real
but only
imperfectly
apprehensible.
Triangulation
on from many
sources is
required.
(Multi-
dimensional
poverty)
Virtual reality
shaped by
social
economic,
ethnic,
political,
cultural, and
gender values
developed
over time.
(Intersectional
poverty,
concept
borrowed from
feminism)
Multiple local
and
specific
constructed
realities.
(poverty is not
monolithic)
13. Positivism Realism CriticalTheory Constructivis
m
Epistemology Objectivist
findings
true
Neither value
free nor value
laden but value
aware.
Findings
probably true.
Value
mediated
findings..
Created
findings.
14. Positivism Realism CriticalTheory Constructivism
Methodology Experiment/
survey.
Verification of
hypothesis:
Quantitative
method.
Case studies,
convergent
interviewing.
Dialogic/dialec
tical
Researcher is a
transformative
intellectual
who changes
the social
world within
which
participants
live.
Hermeneutical
Dialectical.
Researcher
is a passionate
participant
within the
world being
investigated.
15. RESEARCH PARADIGM APPROACH
Positivism An approach which emphasizes causal laws, careful empirical
observations and value-free research. (Asset, income,
consumption)
Critical theory An approach which emphasizes meaningful social action,
socially constructed meaning and value relativism. It
incorporates historically situated structures and
ethnographic. (Exploitative structure)
Interpretivism
(phenomenological)
An approach which allows for a more intensive and flexible
relationship with the respondents. It provides a more in-
depth understanding of the phenomenon of interest and also
known as qualitative research. (Experiences of vulnerability)
Constructivism An approach which suggests that truth is based on a
particular belief system (subjective meaning and social
construction of reality) in a specific context. Realities are
various and are socially based. It attempts to understand the
values that underlie a research finding. (Uniqueness in
vulnerability, e.g. poor pet owners in europe)
Research Paradigm
Overlapping superstructures in Mixed Methods
16. Exploratory Descriptive Causal/Experiment
al
Objective Discovery of ideas
and insights
Describe market
characteristics or
functions
Determine cause
and effect
relationships
Characteristics Flexible, versatile Marked by the prior
formulation of
specific
hypotheses
Manipulation of
one or
more independent
variables
Often the front end
of total
research design
Preplanned and
structured
design
Control of other
mediating
variables
Methods Expert surveys
Pilot surveys
Secondary data
Qualitative
research
Secondary data
Surveys
Panels
Observation and
other data
Experiments
17. Reality is complex, seems to be have several
aspects
Ambiguity
Needs exploration
May be done through literature review,
contemplation, secondary data or field
(qualitative research).
18.
19. To build and organized body of knowledge
about the subject matter
To develop valid, reliable explanations for the
phenomena within domain
20. With faith in science emphasizes explanations
which are
Empirical
Rational
Testable
Parsimonious
General (broad explanatory power)
Tentative (with certain degree of confidence, and
admits that better alternate explanation is possible in
future which will change the world-view)
Rigorously
Ignores Subjectivity in Research
21. Argues that subjectivity is involved in all
research
Role of researcher, his value system shapes
the process of research
e.g. Decision to finalize the best factor analysis
model or many other statistical decisions
involve subjectivity
22. “The formidable complexity of studying
unobservable individual processes in
organizational behavior, such as learning, social
perception, motivation, and attribution, is
exacerbated by intrafirm group decision making,
subtle interfirm phenomena such as trust,
reciprocity, opportunism, and forbearance, and
often sharp differences in the relevant actors'
cultural, national, and organizational settings
(Parkhe, 1991).
23. Many researchers deal with this complexity by
simply ignoring it. However, this solution to the
problem, acceptable in the well-established
paradigm in economics (Bettis, 1991), is hardly
suitable for management scholars, in as much as
these complexities are among the primary
phenomena demanding concerted attention.
24. “AsTeece andWinter (1984) pointed out, the
discipline of economics is shaped by very
different concerns from those of
management, including "unquestioning faith
in the rational behavior paradigm, ... and a
delight in the construction of 'parables of
mechanism' that provide a sharply defined
view of an imaginary world in which the logic
of a particular economic mechanism stands out
with particular clarity."
25.
26. In 1910, F.W.Taylor, an industrial engineer,
observed a Dutch immigrant laborer, Schmidt.
Schmidt was carrying heavy pigs of iron from one
part of the smoky yards to another at the
Bethlehem SteelWorks.
Taylor thought that Schmidt was using (a) his
arms and legs to move those pigs of iron and (b)
brain to make decisions on how to pile the iron and
whether to bend from his knee or hip.
27. If a manuscript is rejected, what should we
do?
Take the criticisms and suggestions into
consideration;
Prepare a revised manuscript and send to another
journal;
Continue until it is finally published.
28. One reason for rejecting a manuscript might be the mindset
of the reviewers and the editor.
They have one way of thinking and the current contribution
might not fit within that mental framework.
If one is sure that the finding is genuine and worth putting in
the literature, it should be published somewhere.
29. The mindset issue is too important to ignore in publication
process.
All the pieces that we consider as good may got rejected. In
contrast, the not-so good ones get published.
30. Getting an idea, devising a method to study to test it out,
obtaining resources, gathering and analyzing data, and finally
publishing the report entail lots of suffering and pain.
Both laymen and peers resist if you ever come up with a new
information! Why?
What people know make them blind to what they do not know.
The entire process is painful. So, you should enjoy inflicting pain
upon yourself!
31. What is right to do for people in the name of science?
Is it ethically justified to withhold treatment from people in order to
learn more about a disease and thus hopefully help many more
people in the future?
Is it ethically justified to study people without their knowing that they
are part of a study?
Is it justified to lie to people about the procedures they are
undergoing as a part of the study?
32. Most institutions allow a study to be carried out only if it is
cleared by the IRB.
An IRB consists of people of diverse backgrounds who
consider whether the method of a proposed research is
humane for participants and free from legal complications
for the institution per se.
Are the participants free to participate or withdraw?
Do they know the harmful effects of participation?
If there is any potential harm, how will they be compensated?
Can the study be done without deception?
How will the participants be debriefed?
Are the investigators aware of the human rights issues?
33.
34. Sustainability (Objective)
• Primarily about minimizing negative outputs
• Greed Minimization through adhering to values, and
reduction in asymmetry
• CSR /R&R ,CENDERET reports,
• Governance studies
• Inclusive education project, inclusive health care
programmes
• Community economic zones, farmers’ organizations
• Writings on Ethics
• Studies on institutional alliances
Analytics (Technology)
34
35. Concept interpreted broadly and covers works
related to risk-taking behaviour required for
sustainability
creativity, innovation, organization change,
human relations and thought, Culture of
empathy, Leadership research, New venture
capital
Spirituality at work, EQL, Work-Life balances,
Inclusive corporate branding for SMEs etc.
Many of these scholars have also contributed towards other
two, and vice versa
35
36. Research is integral part of academics and linked with teaching, and service
(Smallest Segment)- Survival? of this specie for the next generation
This segment attaches very high importance to Journal publications
Intellectual Contribution type - Discipline-based Scholarship
Research has instrumental value (Largest Segment)
More important is the delivery in teaching and service which does not have an explicit
relationship with research inquiry and action
This segment focuses on action
Intellectual Contribution type Learning and Pedagogical Research
Research should have direct utility for society (Mid-Size Segment)
This segment focuses on publishing in various formats
Concerned about its policy impact
Alliances and Institutional capability formation are the key measures
Intellectual Contribution type - Contributions to Practice
However, these views are not contradictory with each other,
Categories are not mutually exclusive, members keep changing the
orientation- But, by and large captures the attitude
The three segments have their own constituencies 36
‘’’Successful teaching is a joint product arising out of research alone (Stigler)
37. Social Entrepreneur (Brock and others, 2008
amongst other)
Employee entrepreneurship (Agrawal, R. et al. in
The Academy of Management Journal, 2004)
Alliances, Indigenous knowledge, (Parmar, C.
2006, in Seminar, An invitation to A South Asian
University)
Innovations in Innovation (Prasad, C S with
others)
Self regulation (Shiva,V, 1997;Anand, S, 2006;
Shah,T. and others)
Integration with the concept of research entrepreneurship
37
38.
39. Knowledge Silos in Society
Department Silos in Organizations
Are there Silos related to gender, caste, and
institutional identities in so-called modern
organizations?
WE NEEDTOTESTTHIS IN INDIAN INSTITUTIONSAND MARKETS
39
40. Conflicts by primary identities (religion, region, caste)
Conflicts by secondary identities (IIT, IIM, Universities)
Can this explain knowledge hoarding?
Does this impact organizational boundary?
A barrier in innovation
Positive side: Can conflicts create creative tensions?
ISTHIS LINKEDWITH CORPORATE IDENTITY?
CANWE REALLYCREATE CULTURE OF EMPATHY INTHIS CONTEXT?
40
41. Understanding about organizational culture
Organizations are embedded in wider socio-economic reality:Which is
characterized by inequalities, consumerism, alienation, resistance, conflicts,
hierarchies
Time periods have their own language
Business Policy to Strategy to Ecology
Strategic Orientation, Market Orientation, HR Orientation, New Employee
Orientation and so on
E-commerce, E-Marketing, E-CRM, E-governance
Entrepreneurship, Political Entrepreneur, Social Entrepreneur, Research
Entrepreneur, Employee Entrepreneur
Organization learning , Learning organizations, Knowledge Management,
Knowledge organizations, KnowledgeWorkers
Economic Capital, Human Capital, SocialCapital,Cultural Capital
41
42. How important these issues (in which Indian organizations
are embedded) are?
Is lack of cognitive justice key to hoarding or culture of
distrust?
Are we working on similar issues?
How important is the role of caste in relationship
marketing?
What is the role of primary identities while studying
insider information in the context of information
asymmetry prevalent in stock trading?
Do we appreciate that our works are highly
interconnected?We work on fairly common themes?
Do we acknowledge each others’ contribution in a proper
way?
Do we cooperate with each other or compete?
42
43. Growth vs. Inequality
Directed Creativity vs. Individual Solo Acts
Reaching to Ambidextrous Leadership
Optimization of inter-dependence and
independence
BOTH FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE AND LEARNING MODES NEEDTO BE
PROTECTED INTHE FRAMEWORKOF COGNITIVE JUSTICE
43
44. But now, especially with the globalization of
business education, we will have to go beyond the
inherent naivete of the “invisible hand”
– Growth and Sustainability
– “Real” Efficiency and equity
– Private and Public (Business and Government)
REFLECTIONSON CLASSICAL DEBATE BETWEEN COMMUNISMAND
CAPITALISM- MANY SHADES IN BETWEEN (GANDHIAND NEHRUTRIED
TO CREATETHE BALANCE BETWEENTHESETWO BUT INTHEIR OWN
WAYS
44
45. Key issues as stated by Singh (2012)
1. Workers in India do not enjoy their work.
2. Students do not enjoy their study.
3. Power is not exercised in a responsible way.
WHAT ISTHE CENTRAL PROBLEM?
LACK OF RESPECT? LACK OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT? LACK OF DIGNITY?
HUMAN LIFE IS NOTVALUABLE IN INDIA? SOCIAL SECURITY IS LOW?
THE ELEGANTTHEORY OF COGNITIVE JUSTICE BY SHIVVISVANTAHAN
DEALSWITH ALL OFTHE ABOVE ANDTHAT ISWHY BEGETS FURTHER
CONTRIBUTION FROM OTHERS
45
46. Do I need to start with the problem?
Starting from lack of trust in an organization
and then reaching to culture of empathy
Do I need to start with the area?
OCD or Relationship Marketing or Brand Management
And then reaching to assessment of school programme
intervention or applying to SMEs
If I have a technique can I use this to solve some
problem?
Aggregation of negative outputs with DEA
Can be used to understand Brand’s efficiency in social
media space
46
47. Broad vocabulary (B)
Knowledge Management
OCD
Brand Management
Understanding of research methods (U)
Gives us frame or perspective
Theoretical lenses/Topic (T)
power and politics
Sense making
Corporate Identity and Customer Orientation
Firm Size and Socio-environmental Performance
Social Media and Consumer Complaint Behaviour
Cognitive Justice and Gandhian Branding
OrganizationalCulture and Empathy
BUT, the path varies, Many do not start with any of the above but
straightway from the broad problem which is relevant, interesting, and
doable and then look for- BUT 47
48. Will School based Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation in CBSE
make the process of learning more enjoyable?
Will it impact classroom effectiveness?What impact it will have for
school, teachers, team of teachers, and students?
How School based Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation in CBSE is
related to learning or teaching effectiveness.
What is the role of schools there?What is the role of teachers there?
What is the incentive for teachers in this?What students like what they
do not like?What is the role of parents there?
What kind of organizational design changes this necessitates?
Then relating this with the T- theoretical perspective
IF I HADTO STUDYTHE ABOVE IWILL STUDYTHIS FROMTHE
PERSPECTIVE OF COGNITIVE JUSTICE.T- depends on our interests which
is dependent on one’s intellectual eco-system. If CJ can not explain this I
will search for alternate explanation. Hence,T is to be opted by
researcher which will be defined by her eco-system.
48