This document provides an overview of European exploration of the Americas between the 1400s and 1700s. It discusses key explorers like Columbus, Cortez, Pizarro and their voyages of discovery and conquest. It also summarizes the emergence of mercantilism as an economic policy that drove exploration to acquire new colonies and resources. Finally, it outlines the rise of the Atlantic slave trade as a result of the need for labor in the new colonies.
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Apartamentos, Condos for Sale & Rent in Miami - Le Parc at BrickellLEPARC AT BRICKELL
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American Portraits Christopher ColumbusW.docxgreg1eden90113
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American Portraits: Christopher Columbus
World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
Postcard.
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Alejo Fernandez, detail from The Virgin of the Navigators, ca. 1505-36. Oil on wood.
Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Christopher Columbus, ca. 1507. Oil on canvas.
Sebastiano del Piombo, Portrait of a Man, said to be Christopher Columbus, 1519. Oil on canvas.
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October 10, 1492
They are so affectionate and have so little greed and are in all ways so amenable that I assure your highnesses that there is in my opinion no better people and no better land in the world. They love their neighbors as themselves and their way of speaking is the sweetest in the world, always gentle and smiling. Both men and women go naked as their mothers bore them; but your highnesses must believe me when I say that their behavior to one another is very good and the king keeps marvelous state, yet with a certain kind of modesty that is a pleasure to behold, as is everything else here. They have good memories and ask to see everything, then inquire what it is and what it is for.
Christopher Columbus, 1492 Journal
Alejo Fernandez, detail from The Virgin of the Navigators, ca. 1505-36. Oil on wood.
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Oct. 12, 1492
They should be good servants and very intelligent, for I have observed that they soon repeat anything that is said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made christians, for they appeared to me to have no religion. God willing, when I make my departure I will bring half a dozen of them back to their Majesties, so that they can learn to speak.
Christopher Columbus, 1492 Journal
Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Christopher Columbus, ca. 1507. Oil on canvas.
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Oct. 14, 1492
…these people are very unskilled in arms, as your Majesties will discover from the seven whom I have caused to be taken and brought aboard so that they may learn our language and return. However, should your Highnesses command it all the inhabitants could be taken away to Castille or held as slaves on the island, for with fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we wish. Moreover, near the small island I have described there are groves of the loveliest trees I have seen…
Christopher Columbus, 1492 Journal
Sebastiano del Piombo, Portrait of a Man, said to be Christopher Columbus, 1519. Oil on canvas.
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Alejo Fernandez, detail from The Virgin of the Navigators, ca. 1505-36. Oil on wood.
Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Christopher Columbus, ca. 1507. Oil on canvas.
Sebastiano del Piombo, Portrait of a Man, said to be Christopher Columbus, 1519. Oil on canvas.
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1469 Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon uniting Spain
1492 Defeat of Moors at Granata
1492 Sponsorship of Columbus’ first voyage to the New World
1492 Expulsion of Jews
1494 Pope Alexander VI bestows honorific “Catholic King and Queen” on the Spanish monarchs.
Pedro Berruguete, detail from Saint Dominic Presiding over Auto-de-Fe, ca. 1495.
Oil on panel. Sacris.
The era known as the Age of Exploration, sometimes called the Age of Discovery, officially began in the early 15th century and lasted through the 17th century. The period is characterized as a time when Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge.
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Theme #19 For want of a nail . . . ~ how technology has affected.docxchristalgrieg
Theme #19 "For want of a nail . . ." ~ how technology has affected history
Without Europe’s ability to create advanced technology they would have never been able to reach the New World. Advanced technologies such as better boats that allowed for sailors to sail farther, faster, and for longer periods of time. Once they had reached the shores of the New World they introduced many new things to the Natives, such as horses and weapons and certain items of clothing that these people have never seen before. These tools were so much farther advanced than anything that the natives owned or could create and that that was a big part of why the Natives fell to the power of the Europeans so quickly because the Europeans were so technology advanced and had been masters of war for decades before the Natives even knew that such a type of people or weapons could exist. “Their superior weapons, organizational skills, and determination brought them incredible success in their new environment,” (Duiker & Spielvogel, Mindtap 14-2c). In just a short amount of time because of their advanced technology the Europeans were able to conquer the Aztecs and the Inca Empires and were able to claim their land; that if it was not for their technology, this would have not happened thus greatly changing how history has played out and America today would look a lot differently.
#8. Race and History (Ethnicity and History) ~ “them versus us” scenarios
One major historical event that has affected so many people was the slave trade. This was going on before the European ships arrived off the coast of West Africa, but the slave trade really increased after they showed up. The slaves were treated horribly and were striped away of all their freedom and dignity. It was said that they were “thoroughly examined, even to the smallest member, and that naked too, both men and women, without the least distinction or modesty”(Slavery in Africa: A Firsthand Report, Mindtap, 14-4c). They were held in a prison where they were barely fed and then forced onto ships where they were separated by sex into two sides. The were striped of their clothing when boarding the ship and were ordered to stand as close together as possible which caused for extreme overcrowding. The slave trade became so widely popular for European merchants because it was a major source of income for them. It became a huge trading system and the book states that, “Europeans obtained their slaves by traditional means, purchasing them from local African merchants at the infamous slave markets in exchange for gold, guns, or other European manufactured goods such as textiles, copper, or iron utensils (Duiker and Spielvogel, Mindtap 14-4c). The slave merchants and the Europeans treated the slaves like property and it was an extremely difficult time for those whose race and ethnicity qualified them as slaves.
14. Pivot Points in History ~ “when in the course of human events . . .” ~ the course abruptly changes
During t ...
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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6. Changes in Europe
Middle Ages & Feudalism ................ 400s - 1300s
Crusades ......................................... 1096 - 1300s
Renaissance .................................... 1300s - 1600
Friday, September 27, 13
7. Impact of the Crusades
• opened European
countries to travel
• introduced Asian goods
to European markets
• sparked competition
between emerging
European nations.
Friday, September 27, 13
9. Impact of Science
• advances made during the scientific
revolution enabled people to make longer,
safer sea voyages.
• explorers were in search of new trade
routes for spices.
• European rulers wanted to control the
spice trade.
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10. Portuguese Explorers
• Henry the Navigator
• Bartholomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama
• exploration of the
African coast.
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11. Voyages to America
• Political climate in
Europe
• Ferdinand & Isabella
• Christopher Columbus’
plan for exploration...
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12. Columbus
• Italian explorer,
navigator, and colonizer.
• sought fame and fortune
through exploration
• believed you could reach
India (the east), by sailing
west.
Friday, September 27, 13
13. Columbus cont.
• made four voyages across
the Atlantic Ocean to the
American continents.
• Initiated Spanish
colonization of the New
World.
• died in Italy, impoverished
and without the fame he
desired
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17. Columbus on the
Natives...
“They ... brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and
many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and
hawks' bells. They willingly traded everything they owned... . They
were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features.... They
do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a
sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of
ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane... .
They would make fine servants.... With fifty men we could
subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.”
Friday, September 27, 13
18. more from Columbus
“As soon as I arrived in the Indies, on the first Island which I found, I
took some of the natives by force in order that they might learn and
might give me information of whatever there is in these parts.”
What type of information do you think Columbus wanted?
Columbus reported the following about Cuba and Haiti:
“Hispaniola is a miracle. Mountains and hills, plains and pastures, are
both fertile and beautiful ... the harbors are unbelievably good and there
Friday, September 27, 13
19. Columbus’ Reports...
The Indians, Columbus reported, "are so naive and so free with
their possessions that no one who has not witnessed them would
believe it. When you ask for something they have, they never say
no. To the contrary, they offer to share with anyone...." He
concluded his report by asking for a little help from their Majesties,
and in return he would bring them from his next voyage "as much
gold as they need ... and as many slaves as they ask." He was full of
religious talk: "Thus the eternal God, our Lord, gives victory to
those who follow His way over apparent impossibilities."
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21. Mercantilism - Defined
• economic policy used from
1500-1700s
• acquire colonies to control raw
materials and markets
• create a favorable balance of
trade
• maintain a strong navy
• the strength/prosperity of a
nations depends on its supply of
capital
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25. English Explorers
• John Cabot - Italian explorer, sailed for
England Claimed North America for England
(1497).
• Henry Hudson - English/Dutch explorer
explored the area that is near NewYork
City today. Sailed up the river that is named
after him. Laid claim to this area for the
Dutch. Also explored Hudson Bay area of
Canada
• Walter Raleigh - English explorer,
established the first English colony in
America (unsuccessful), introduced tobacco
to Europe. (1584)
• Francis Drake - English “sea dog” first
Englishman to circumnavigate the earth.
Helped destroy the Spanish Armada (1580)
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26. Spanish Colonies
• divided into two provinces called
Viceroyalties. (New Spain and
Peru)
• colonies were ruled by aViceroy
(governor)
• only people of 100% Spanish
descent could hold governing
positions.
• Social Structure - Spanish,
Creole, Mestizos, Natives, Slaves
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27. Bartolome de Las
Casas
• Catholic Priest in the
Spanish colonies
• wrote extensively about
the destruction of the
native population in the
“Indies”
• advocated for an
increase in African
slavery in order to save
the native population
Friday, September 27, 13
29. Emergence of American
Slavery
• immune to European
diseases
• no friends of family to
help escape
• offered a permanent
source of labor
• experienced farm/
plantation workers in
their native lands.
Friday, September 27, 13
30. Slavery Statistics
• Between 1666 - 1776 approximately 3 million
slaves were imported to the English, French, and
Spanish colonies.
• Over 250,000 died on the middle passage
• By 1786 over 2 Million slaves were imported to
the English colonies.
• By the time the slave trade was outlawed, it is
estimated that over 12 million Africans had been
shipped to the Western Hemisphere.
Friday, September 27, 13