The document discusses symmetric key cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and encryption techniques like substitution ciphers. It then covers symmetric encryption in more detail, explaining block ciphers like DES and AES, as well as modes of operation like ECB, CBC, and OFB. It provides an example Java implementation of AES encryption and decryption. It also briefly covers stream ciphers like RC4 and the concept of steganography.
This document contains information about TCP/IP sockets and network programming in C, including:
1) It defines the sockaddr_in structure for IPv4 socket addressing with fields for the address family, port number, and 32-bit IPv4 address.
2) It describes the basic socket calls like socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), read(), write(), and close() used for network programming.
3) It provides code examples for a simple TCP echo client and server to illustrate how these socket calls are used for communication between networked applications.
Principles of public key cryptography and its UsesMohsin Ali
This document discusses the principles of public key cryptography. It begins by defining asymmetric encryption and how it uses a public key and private key instead of a single shared key. It then discusses key concepts like digital certificates and public key infrastructure. The document also provides examples of how public key cryptography can be used, including the RSA algorithm and key distribution methods like public key directories and certificates. It explains how public key cryptography solves the key distribution problem present in symmetric encryption.
The document discusses various topics related to public key cryptography including:
1) Public key cryptography uses key pairs (public/private keys) to encrypt and decrypt messages securely. Private keys are kept secret while public keys can be openly distributed.
2) RSA is a commonly used public key cryptosystem that uses large prime numbers to encrypt data. It is considered secure if a large enough key is used.
3) Digital signatures authenticate messages by encrypting a hash of the message with the sender's private key, allowing verification with their public key.
https://mloey.github.io/courses/security2017.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=td_8AM80DUA&list=PLKYmvyjH53q13_6aS4VwgXU0Nb_4sjwuf&index=2&t=37s
We will discuss the following: Symmetric Encryption, Substitution Techniques, Caesar Cipher, Monoalphabetic Cipher, Playfair Cipher, Hill Cipher
The comparative study of apriori and FP-growth algorithmdeepti92pawar
This document summarizes a seminar presentation comparing the Apriori and FP-Growth algorithms for association rule mining. The document introduces association rule mining and frequent itemset mining. It then describes the Apriori algorithm, including its generate-and-test approach and bottlenecks. Next, it explains the FP-Growth algorithm, including how it builds an FP-tree to efficiently extract frequent itemsets without candidate generation. Finally, it provides results comparing the performance of the two algorithms and concludes that FP-Growth is more efficient for mining long patterns.
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on ... Systems as a means to effectively improve security by combining simple operations such as .... Finally, the cipher should be easily cryptanalyzable, such that it can be ...
Clustering: Large Databases in data miningZHAO Sam
The document discusses different approaches for clustering large databases, including divide-and-conquer, incremental, and parallel clustering. It describes three major scalable clustering algorithms: BIRCH, which incrementally clusters incoming records and organizes clusters in a tree structure; CURE, which uses a divide-and-conquer approach to partition data and cluster subsets independently; and DBSCAN, a density-based algorithm that groups together densely populated areas of points.
The document discusses symmetric key cryptography. It begins with an introduction to cryptography and encryption techniques like substitution ciphers. It then covers symmetric encryption in more detail, explaining block ciphers like DES and AES, as well as modes of operation like ECB, CBC, and OFB. It provides an example Java implementation of AES encryption and decryption. It also briefly covers stream ciphers like RC4 and the concept of steganography.
This document contains information about TCP/IP sockets and network programming in C, including:
1) It defines the sockaddr_in structure for IPv4 socket addressing with fields for the address family, port number, and 32-bit IPv4 address.
2) It describes the basic socket calls like socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), read(), write(), and close() used for network programming.
3) It provides code examples for a simple TCP echo client and server to illustrate how these socket calls are used for communication between networked applications.
Principles of public key cryptography and its UsesMohsin Ali
This document discusses the principles of public key cryptography. It begins by defining asymmetric encryption and how it uses a public key and private key instead of a single shared key. It then discusses key concepts like digital certificates and public key infrastructure. The document also provides examples of how public key cryptography can be used, including the RSA algorithm and key distribution methods like public key directories and certificates. It explains how public key cryptography solves the key distribution problem present in symmetric encryption.
The document discusses various topics related to public key cryptography including:
1) Public key cryptography uses key pairs (public/private keys) to encrypt and decrypt messages securely. Private keys are kept secret while public keys can be openly distributed.
2) RSA is a commonly used public key cryptosystem that uses large prime numbers to encrypt data. It is considered secure if a large enough key is used.
3) Digital signatures authenticate messages by encrypting a hash of the message with the sender's private key, allowing verification with their public key.
https://mloey.github.io/courses/security2017.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=td_8AM80DUA&list=PLKYmvyjH53q13_6aS4VwgXU0Nb_4sjwuf&index=2&t=37s
We will discuss the following: Symmetric Encryption, Substitution Techniques, Caesar Cipher, Monoalphabetic Cipher, Playfair Cipher, Hill Cipher
The comparative study of apriori and FP-growth algorithmdeepti92pawar
This document summarizes a seminar presentation comparing the Apriori and FP-Growth algorithms for association rule mining. The document introduces association rule mining and frequent itemset mining. It then describes the Apriori algorithm, including its generate-and-test approach and bottlenecks. Next, it explains the FP-Growth algorithm, including how it builds an FP-tree to efficiently extract frequent itemsets without candidate generation. Finally, it provides results comparing the performance of the two algorithms and concludes that FP-Growth is more efficient for mining long patterns.
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on ... Systems as a means to effectively improve security by combining simple operations such as .... Finally, the cipher should be easily cryptanalyzable, such that it can be ...
Clustering: Large Databases in data miningZHAO Sam
The document discusses different approaches for clustering large databases, including divide-and-conquer, incremental, and parallel clustering. It describes three major scalable clustering algorithms: BIRCH, which incrementally clusters incoming records and organizes clusters in a tree structure; CURE, which uses a divide-and-conquer approach to partition data and cluster subsets independently; and DBSCAN, a density-based algorithm that groups together densely populated areas of points.
This document discusses web filtering techniques. It describes content filtering as analyzing email and web content to block malware, spam, and sensitive intellectual property. Basic filtering models include simple networks that forward traffic or proxied networks that alter traffic through an application. Common filtering techniques are firewalls, URL filtering, and content analysis using keyword and image scanning. Email filtering also uses heuristic and Bayesian filters. The document notes issues with over-blocking allowed content and under-blocking prohibited content, and lists popular free content filtering tools like DansGuardian, K9, OpenDNS, and editing hosts files.
X.509 certificates are used to authenticate users in distributed systems. They contain a user's public key that is signed by a Certification Authority. Certificates are organized in hierarchies where each CA can validate certificates from other CAs. Version 3 certificates include extensions that provide additional information like usage constraints and policies.
The document discusses nearest neighbor search (NNS), which is an optimization problem to find the closest point in a given set to a query point. Closeness is typically expressed in terms of a dissimilarity function like distance. The document outlines different approaches to solving NNS like linear search, which directly compares all points and has complexity of O(dN), and space partitioning methods like k-d trees and R-trees, which partition the space and have faster query times of O(log N) on average.
The document discusses Diffie-Hellman key exchange, which is the first public key algorithm published in 1976. It allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure communications channel. This key can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric key cipher. The security of the algorithm relies on the difficulty of solving the discrete logarithm problem in finite fields.
The document summarizes the Vigenere cipher, a method of encrypting alphabetic text using polyalphabetic substitution. The cipher uses a table or formula with a repeating keyword to encrypt the plaintext by adding or subtracting letter values. To decrypt, the reverse process is applied using the same keyword to recover the original plaintext from the ciphertext.
The document provides a history of cryptography from ancient times to modern day. It describes early manual encryption techniques used by ancient Greeks and Romans. In the Middle Ages, Arabic scholar Al-Kindi developed frequency analysis to break ciphers. During the Renaissance period, the polyalphabetic cipher was introduced. In World War 1 and 2, mechanical encryption machines like the Enigma and SIGABA were widely used. Modern cryptography began with Claude Shannon's mathematical foundations and the introduction of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) in the 1970s. Public key cryptography was then introduced in the 1970s through Diffie-Hellman key exchange.
This document provides an overview of cryptography. It defines cryptography as the science of securing messages from attacks. It discusses basic cryptography terms like plain text, cipher text, encryption, decryption, and keys. It describes symmetric key cryptography, where the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric key cryptography, which uses different public and private keys. It also covers traditional cipher techniques like substitution and transposition ciphers. The document concludes by listing some applications of cryptography like e-commerce, secure data, and access control.
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed.)- Chapter 3 preprocessingSalah Amean
the chapter contains :
Data Preprocessing: An Overview,
Data Quality,
Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing,
Data Cleaning,
Data Integration,
Data Reduction,
Data Transformation and Data Discretization,
Summary.
Cryptography is the practice of securing communication and information by converting plaintext into ciphertext. The document provides an introduction to cryptography including its history from ancient times to the present. It discusses terminology like plaintext, encryption, ciphertext, decryption, and keys. Symmetric key cryptography uses a single key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric key cryptography uses two different keys. Examples of symmetric methods are DES, 3DES, AES, and RC4, while RSA is a common asymmetric method. Applications of cryptography include ATMs, email passwords, e-payments, e-commerce, electronic voting, defense services, securing data, and access control.
1) The document discusses symmetric encryption techniques including the symmetric cipher model, substitution techniques like the Caesar cipher and transposition techniques like the rail fence cipher.
2) It also covers the one-time pad cipher and its requirements for security as well as steganography techniques for hiding messages.
3) Cryptanalysis methods like brute force attacks and cryptanalytic attacks are explained for analyzing encryption algorithms.
A brief discussion of network security and an introduction to cryptography. We end the presentation with a discussion of the RSA algorithm, and show how it works with a basic example.
Cryptography is the art and science of securing communication and information by encoding messages so that they are unintelligible to unauthorized parties. It involves techniques for encrypting and decrypting messages to ensure confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. The document defines key terminology related to cryptography such as encryption, decryption, plaintext, ciphertext, and cryptanalysis. It also discusses different types of cryptographic techniques including symmetric and asymmetric encryption as well as cryptographic applications and characteristics.
Symmetric Key Encryption Algorithms can be categorized as stream ciphers or block ciphers. Block ciphers like the Data Encryption Standard (DES) operate on fixed-length blocks of bits, while stream ciphers process messages bit-by-bit. DES is an example of a block cipher that encrypts 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key. International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is another block cipher that uses a 128-bit key and 64-bit blocks, employing addition and multiplication instead of XOR like DES. IDEA consists of 8 encryption rounds followed by an output transformation to generate the ciphertext from the plaintext and key.
Substitution cipher and Its CryptanalysisSunil Meena
Substitution Cipher
classical cipher and monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic cipher and its cryptanalysis . Correctness and security and learning analysis
The document provides an overview of digital signatures, including their history, theory, workings, and importance. Digital signatures were first proposed in 1976 and use public key cryptography to validate the authenticity and integrity of electronic documents and messages. They work by encrypting a hash of the message with the sender's private key, which can later be decrypted and verified by the recipient using the sender's public key. This allows the recipient to confirm the message has not been tampered with and was signed by the proper sender. Digital signatures provide security benefits like non-repudiation and are legally recognized in many countries and applications.
This document presents an overview of computer network congestion and congestion control techniques. It defines congestion as occurring when too many packets are present in a network link, causing queues to overflow and packets to drop. It then discusses factors that can cause congestion as well as the costs. It outlines open-loop and closed-loop congestion control approaches. Specific algorithms covered include leaky bucket, token bucket, choke packets, hop-by-hop choke packets, and load shedding. The document concludes by noting the importance of efficient congestion control techniques with room for improvement.
Stream ciphers and block ciphers, Block Cipher structure, Data Encryption standard (DES) with example, strength of DES, Design principles of block cipher, AES with structure, its transformation functions, key expansion, example and implementation
The document discusses data mining and data preprocessing. It notes that vast amounts of data are collected daily and analyzing this data is important. One emerging data repository is the data warehouse, which contains multiple heterogeneous data sources. Data mining transforms large collections of data into useful knowledge. Effective data preprocessing is important for improving data quality and mining accuracy. Techniques like data cleaning, integration, reduction, and transformation are used to handle issues like missing values, noise, inconsistencies and improve the overall quality of the data.
Block ciphers like DES encrypt data in blocks and are based on the Feistel cipher structure. DES encrypts 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key and 16 rounds of encryption. Modern cryptanalysis techniques like differential and linear cryptanalysis use statistical analysis to reveal weaknesses in block ciphers, though DES remains relatively secure against these attacks. Careful design of block ciphers, including aspects like non-linear substitution boxes and complex key scheduling, aims to provide security against cryptanalysis.
This document discusses web filtering techniques. It describes content filtering as analyzing email and web content to block malware, spam, and sensitive intellectual property. Basic filtering models include simple networks that forward traffic or proxied networks that alter traffic through an application. Common filtering techniques are firewalls, URL filtering, and content analysis using keyword and image scanning. Email filtering also uses heuristic and Bayesian filters. The document notes issues with over-blocking allowed content and under-blocking prohibited content, and lists popular free content filtering tools like DansGuardian, K9, OpenDNS, and editing hosts files.
X.509 certificates are used to authenticate users in distributed systems. They contain a user's public key that is signed by a Certification Authority. Certificates are organized in hierarchies where each CA can validate certificates from other CAs. Version 3 certificates include extensions that provide additional information like usage constraints and policies.
The document discusses nearest neighbor search (NNS), which is an optimization problem to find the closest point in a given set to a query point. Closeness is typically expressed in terms of a dissimilarity function like distance. The document outlines different approaches to solving NNS like linear search, which directly compares all points and has complexity of O(dN), and space partitioning methods like k-d trees and R-trees, which partition the space and have faster query times of O(log N) on average.
The document discusses Diffie-Hellman key exchange, which is the first public key algorithm published in 1976. It allows two parties that have no prior knowledge of each other to jointly establish a shared secret key over an insecure communications channel. This key can then be used to encrypt subsequent communications using a symmetric key cipher. The security of the algorithm relies on the difficulty of solving the discrete logarithm problem in finite fields.
The document summarizes the Vigenere cipher, a method of encrypting alphabetic text using polyalphabetic substitution. The cipher uses a table or formula with a repeating keyword to encrypt the plaintext by adding or subtracting letter values. To decrypt, the reverse process is applied using the same keyword to recover the original plaintext from the ciphertext.
The document provides a history of cryptography from ancient times to modern day. It describes early manual encryption techniques used by ancient Greeks and Romans. In the Middle Ages, Arabic scholar Al-Kindi developed frequency analysis to break ciphers. During the Renaissance period, the polyalphabetic cipher was introduced. In World War 1 and 2, mechanical encryption machines like the Enigma and SIGABA were widely used. Modern cryptography began with Claude Shannon's mathematical foundations and the introduction of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) in the 1970s. Public key cryptography was then introduced in the 1970s through Diffie-Hellman key exchange.
This document provides an overview of cryptography. It defines cryptography as the science of securing messages from attacks. It discusses basic cryptography terms like plain text, cipher text, encryption, decryption, and keys. It describes symmetric key cryptography, where the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric key cryptography, which uses different public and private keys. It also covers traditional cipher techniques like substitution and transposition ciphers. The document concludes by listing some applications of cryptography like e-commerce, secure data, and access control.
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques (3rd ed.)- Chapter 3 preprocessingSalah Amean
the chapter contains :
Data Preprocessing: An Overview,
Data Quality,
Major Tasks in Data Preprocessing,
Data Cleaning,
Data Integration,
Data Reduction,
Data Transformation and Data Discretization,
Summary.
Cryptography is the practice of securing communication and information by converting plaintext into ciphertext. The document provides an introduction to cryptography including its history from ancient times to the present. It discusses terminology like plaintext, encryption, ciphertext, decryption, and keys. Symmetric key cryptography uses a single key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric key cryptography uses two different keys. Examples of symmetric methods are DES, 3DES, AES, and RC4, while RSA is a common asymmetric method. Applications of cryptography include ATMs, email passwords, e-payments, e-commerce, electronic voting, defense services, securing data, and access control.
1) The document discusses symmetric encryption techniques including the symmetric cipher model, substitution techniques like the Caesar cipher and transposition techniques like the rail fence cipher.
2) It also covers the one-time pad cipher and its requirements for security as well as steganography techniques for hiding messages.
3) Cryptanalysis methods like brute force attacks and cryptanalytic attacks are explained for analyzing encryption algorithms.
A brief discussion of network security and an introduction to cryptography. We end the presentation with a discussion of the RSA algorithm, and show how it works with a basic example.
Cryptography is the art and science of securing communication and information by encoding messages so that they are unintelligible to unauthorized parties. It involves techniques for encrypting and decrypting messages to ensure confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. The document defines key terminology related to cryptography such as encryption, decryption, plaintext, ciphertext, and cryptanalysis. It also discusses different types of cryptographic techniques including symmetric and asymmetric encryption as well as cryptographic applications and characteristics.
Symmetric Key Encryption Algorithms can be categorized as stream ciphers or block ciphers. Block ciphers like the Data Encryption Standard (DES) operate on fixed-length blocks of bits, while stream ciphers process messages bit-by-bit. DES is an example of a block cipher that encrypts 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key. International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) is another block cipher that uses a 128-bit key and 64-bit blocks, employing addition and multiplication instead of XOR like DES. IDEA consists of 8 encryption rounds followed by an output transformation to generate the ciphertext from the plaintext and key.
Substitution cipher and Its CryptanalysisSunil Meena
Substitution Cipher
classical cipher and monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic cipher and its cryptanalysis . Correctness and security and learning analysis
The document provides an overview of digital signatures, including their history, theory, workings, and importance. Digital signatures were first proposed in 1976 and use public key cryptography to validate the authenticity and integrity of electronic documents and messages. They work by encrypting a hash of the message with the sender's private key, which can later be decrypted and verified by the recipient using the sender's public key. This allows the recipient to confirm the message has not been tampered with and was signed by the proper sender. Digital signatures provide security benefits like non-repudiation and are legally recognized in many countries and applications.
This document presents an overview of computer network congestion and congestion control techniques. It defines congestion as occurring when too many packets are present in a network link, causing queues to overflow and packets to drop. It then discusses factors that can cause congestion as well as the costs. It outlines open-loop and closed-loop congestion control approaches. Specific algorithms covered include leaky bucket, token bucket, choke packets, hop-by-hop choke packets, and load shedding. The document concludes by noting the importance of efficient congestion control techniques with room for improvement.
Stream ciphers and block ciphers, Block Cipher structure, Data Encryption standard (DES) with example, strength of DES, Design principles of block cipher, AES with structure, its transformation functions, key expansion, example and implementation
The document discusses data mining and data preprocessing. It notes that vast amounts of data are collected daily and analyzing this data is important. One emerging data repository is the data warehouse, which contains multiple heterogeneous data sources. Data mining transforms large collections of data into useful knowledge. Effective data preprocessing is important for improving data quality and mining accuracy. Techniques like data cleaning, integration, reduction, and transformation are used to handle issues like missing values, noise, inconsistencies and improve the overall quality of the data.
Block ciphers like DES encrypt data in blocks and are based on the Feistel cipher structure. DES encrypts 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key and 16 rounds of encryption. Modern cryptanalysis techniques like differential and linear cryptanalysis use statistical analysis to reveal weaknesses in block ciphers, though DES remains relatively secure against these attacks. Careful design of block ciphers, including aspects like non-linear substitution boxes and complex key scheduling, aims to provide security against cryptanalysis.
Steganography is the practice of hiding private information in plain sight within ordinary files like images, videos, or audio. Common steganography methods embed data in the least significant bits of files or use algorithms to conceal information. Steganalysis aims to detect hidden data within files. Popular tools use different techniques for hiding data in various file types like text, images, audio, and video. While steganography can protect information, large payloads may be detectable and proper encryption of hidden data is important for security.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.