This study analyzed the performance of DVB-T2 digital television broadcasting in Bangkok, Thailand through field measurements of signal strength, quality, and error rates at 20 locations. The results found that received power levels closely matched theoretical calculations for line of sight signals. However, some locations experienced lower power due to obstructions. Higher frequencies experienced greater attenuation over distance. Bit error rates decreased with increasing received power and quality metrics. The analysis provides insight into DVB-T2 channel characteristics and performance in Bangkok's urban environment.
Performance evaluation of path loss parameters for broadcasting applicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance evaluation of path loss parameters for broadcasting applicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
There are many types of wireless channel impairments such as noise, path loss, shadowing, and fading and impairment Mitigation techniques should be adopted according to system requirements and channel environments.
A microwave active filter for nanosatellite’s receiver front-ends at s-bandsIJECEIAES
In satellite technology, the communication between space segment and ground segment plays a vital role in the success of the mission. This paper is targeted at study, design and fabrication of a microwave active filter for the receiver front-ends using coupled line filter structure, which can be applied to the nanosatellite’s communication subsystem. The whole active filter module is a combination of a microstrip bandpass filter and a preceding two-stage wideband low noise amplifier using FET devices. The proposed module operates in the frequency range of 2 - 2.4 GHz, which can be divided to 10 frequency slots of about 40 MHz for each. These frequency slots will be used for the S-band multi-frequency receiving function of the ground station, as well as the nanosatellite. The simulated and measured results of this active filter configuration are presented.
Design and optimization of microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new compact microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped slots to improve the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip filtering antenna consists of three parts; the monopole radiating patch antenna, the SIR filter, and the feeding microstrip line. The design structure is achieved on one sided glass epoxy FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant ε_r = 4.4 and thickness of h = 1.6 mm. The design procedures of the proposed filtering antenna starts from the second order Chebyshev low pass filter prototype. The simulation results throughout this article are done by a computer simulation technology (CST) software. The simulated results have been achieved show good performance of S11-parameter and broad side antenna gain on +z-direction. This design has two transmission zeros at 5.4 GHz and 7.7 GHz, and bandwidth (B.W) of about 1.66 GHz so; it is suitable for high speed data communication. This design has good skirt selectivity.
Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Optimum biasing of LaserCSCJournals
Abstract----A novel high spectral efficiency all-optical sampling orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing scheme is proposed using space frequency Block coding (SFBC) techniques and nonlinear behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes is exploited by relative intensity to noise (RIN).We show that in long-haul fiber optics communications, SFBC-coded OFDM increases spectral efficiency and reduces the influence of chromatic dispersion in optical-OFDM system if RIN is adjusted to -155 dB/Hz
Improved Vivaldi Antenna with Radiation Pattern Control FeaturesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vivaldi antenna has been considered as a mitigation to the scattering effect of an antenna.
However, the current performance of Vivaldi antenna suffers from multipath effect, interfering signals and
radiation pattern control. This paper proposed an improved Vivaldi antenna which combined triple radiating
slot to enable control of radiation pattern features. This is accomplished by controlling the position of the
radiating element through the asymmetric arrangement of ideal switches to steer the beam in three
desired-directions. The Using operating frequency lied between 900 MHz and 2.5GHz, the proposed
design was fabricated and tested. Depending on the radiating element, the proposed anten na covered
about ±90º with an almost equal gain at the three different focal in contrast to ±45º coverage of traditional
rectangular microstrip antenna beam. The results satisfied pattern reconfigurability and the proposed
design can be very useful for wireless communications where multipath fading problems are frequently
encountered.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Exposición fotográfica 'Mujeres que cambian el mundo'Madrid Xanadú
“Esta muestra fotográfica pone nombre y apellidos a historias de mujeres que luchan por transformar positivamente la compleja realidad de nuestro mundo. Mujeres pujantes, emprendedoras, creativas, infatigables líderes en su compromiso social. Mujeres que con apenas recursos logran extraordinarios resultados en materia de desarrollo humano. Las protagonistas de esta exposición son un reflejo de otras muchas historias. Un homenaje a esos centenares de millones de mujeres que desde el silencio y el anonimato constituyen la espina dorsal de sus comunidades. La fuerza imparable y revolucionaria que está cambiando el mundo”.
There are many types of wireless channel impairments such as noise, path loss, shadowing, and fading and impairment Mitigation techniques should be adopted according to system requirements and channel environments.
A microwave active filter for nanosatellite’s receiver front-ends at s-bandsIJECEIAES
In satellite technology, the communication between space segment and ground segment plays a vital role in the success of the mission. This paper is targeted at study, design and fabrication of a microwave active filter for the receiver front-ends using coupled line filter structure, which can be applied to the nanosatellite’s communication subsystem. The whole active filter module is a combination of a microstrip bandpass filter and a preceding two-stage wideband low noise amplifier using FET devices. The proposed module operates in the frequency range of 2 - 2.4 GHz, which can be divided to 10 frequency slots of about 40 MHz for each. These frequency slots will be used for the S-band multi-frequency receiving function of the ground station, as well as the nanosatellite. The simulated and measured results of this active filter configuration are presented.
Design and optimization of microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new compact microstrip filtering antenna with modified shaped slots to improve the impedance bandwidth. The proposed microstrip filtering antenna consists of three parts; the monopole radiating patch antenna, the SIR filter, and the feeding microstrip line. The design structure is achieved on one sided glass epoxy FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant ε_r = 4.4 and thickness of h = 1.6 mm. The design procedures of the proposed filtering antenna starts from the second order Chebyshev low pass filter prototype. The simulation results throughout this article are done by a computer simulation technology (CST) software. The simulated results have been achieved show good performance of S11-parameter and broad side antenna gain on +z-direction. This design has two transmission zeros at 5.4 GHz and 7.7 GHz, and bandwidth (B.W) of about 1.66 GHz so; it is suitable for high speed data communication. This design has good skirt selectivity.
Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Optimum biasing of LaserCSCJournals
Abstract----A novel high spectral efficiency all-optical sampling orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing scheme is proposed using space frequency Block coding (SFBC) techniques and nonlinear behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes is exploited by relative intensity to noise (RIN).We show that in long-haul fiber optics communications, SFBC-coded OFDM increases spectral efficiency and reduces the influence of chromatic dispersion in optical-OFDM system if RIN is adjusted to -155 dB/Hz
Improved Vivaldi Antenna with Radiation Pattern Control FeaturesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vivaldi antenna has been considered as a mitigation to the scattering effect of an antenna.
However, the current performance of Vivaldi antenna suffers from multipath effect, interfering signals and
radiation pattern control. This paper proposed an improved Vivaldi antenna which combined triple radiating
slot to enable control of radiation pattern features. This is accomplished by controlling the position of the
radiating element through the asymmetric arrangement of ideal switches to steer the beam in three
desired-directions. The Using operating frequency lied between 900 MHz and 2.5GHz, the proposed
design was fabricated and tested. Depending on the radiating element, the proposed anten na covered
about ±90º with an almost equal gain at the three different focal in contrast to ±45º coverage of traditional
rectangular microstrip antenna beam. The results satisfied pattern reconfigurability and the proposed
design can be very useful for wireless communications where multipath fading problems are frequently
encountered.
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract: In this work, the path loss and the received signal strength of a 3G network at 2.1GHz was evaluated to determine its performance within the Owerri metropolis. Various measuring equipment such as Transmission Evaluation and Monitoring System (TEMS 11), Global positioning system (BU353 GPS) and laptop were deployed for the drive test within the selected urban and sub-urban regions. From the data collected, Owerri sub-urban region showed poor received signal power level compared to the Owerri urban region. The path loss exponents computed for the Owerri urban and sub-urban regions are 3.24 and 4.34 respectively, the mean square error was evaluated as 1.96 and 1.68. The result obtained showed deviations between the compared existing models (Hata and Cost 231) and the proposed models. However, the slope of the Hata plot was relatively close in comparison to the proposed model than that of Cost 231; hence, the proposed model was best suited for the environment followed by the Hata model.
Exposición fotográfica 'Mujeres que cambian el mundo'Madrid Xanadú
“Esta muestra fotográfica pone nombre y apellidos a historias de mujeres que luchan por transformar positivamente la compleja realidad de nuestro mundo. Mujeres pujantes, emprendedoras, creativas, infatigables líderes en su compromiso social. Mujeres que con apenas recursos logran extraordinarios resultados en materia de desarrollo humano. Las protagonistas de esta exposición son un reflejo de otras muchas historias. Un homenaje a esos centenares de millones de mujeres que desde el silencio y el anonimato constituyen la espina dorsal de sus comunidades. La fuerza imparable y revolucionaria que está cambiando el mundo”.
A filosofia penal dos espíritas (fernando ortiz)Ricardo Akerman
Espiritismo, Doutrina espírita, Kardecismo ou Espiritismo kardecista é uma doutrina religiosa e filosófica mediúnica ou moderno espiritualista. Foi "codificada" (ou seja, tomou corpo de doutrina - pela universalidade dos ensinos dos espíritos) pelo pedagogo francês Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail, usando o pseudônimo Allan Kardec.
Apesar de ser uma religião completa e autônoma apenas no Brasil, o espiritismo tem se expandido e, segundo dados do ano 2005, conta com cerca de 15 milhões de adeptos espalhados entre diversos países, como Portugal, Espanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica Estados Unidos, Japão, Alemanha, Argentina, Canadá, e, principalmente, Cuba, Jamaica e Brasil, sendo que este último tem a maior quantidade de adeptos no mundo. No entanto, vale frisar que é difícil estipular a quantidade existente de espíritas, pois as principais estipulações sobre isso são baseadas em censos demográficos em que se é perguntado qual a religião dos cidadãos, porém nem todos os espíritas interpretam o Espiritismo como religião.
A low cost fractal CPW fed antenna for UWB applications with a circular radia...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study a validated antenna into simulation and through measurement has been described and analyzed. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) technique has been chosen to feed the radiating patch while the two ground planes have been partially designed in the top side of the substrate. The fractal geometry, applied to the circular radiator, has been obtained by merging the circular and rectangular shapes. The fiberglass FR-4, with a single side of 35μm copper thickness, has been used to achieve the antenna material with a permittivity of 4.4, a thickness of 1.6 mm, a loss tangent of 0.025 and an overall dimension of 34x43 mm2. The proposed CPW fractal antenna has been configured to operate in the frequency range 3.1-10.6 GHz published by the federal communications commission (FCC) as an ultra-wide band (UWB). To calculate the return loss, the gain, the current density and the radiation pattern of the simulated antenna, two electromagnetic solvers have been involved which are the CST microwave studio and ADS. The series of measurement have been performed by using the network analyzer and the anechoic chamber in order to confirm the computed antenna.
System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point To Point Microwave L...ijtsrd
Microwave technology is extremely used for point to point communications because it is more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency use, it is available higher data transmission rates and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies. The main aim of this system is to provide internet access for rural area using ePMP Force 180 5GHz subscriber module. The two sites are 1.45 km away from each other. GPS is used to determine the latitude and longitude of two sites location. Google Earth Pro software is used to check for line of sight in choosing potential terminal site locations. In this system, system consideration, design and analysis of line of sight microwave link and hardware implementations are to be carried out. In the analysis, path profile, Fresnel zone, link budget and other parameters are implemented using the link planner software Lay Nandar Soe | Kyaw Thet Zaw | Wai Phyo Aung "System Consideration, Design and Implementation of Point-To-Point Microwave Link for Internet Access" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26769.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26769/system-consideration-design-and-implementation-of-point-to-point-microwave-link-for-internet-access/lay-nandar-soe
Performance evaluation of 1 tbps qpsk dwdm system over isowceSAT Journals
Abstract Optical wireless communications has been in latest trends of high speed communications. They enable the use of optical wireless channel in applications like inter satellite links and underwater communications etc. In this paper, we communicate an ultra high bit rate i.e. 1 Tbps (10 x 100 Gbps) QPSK WDM System over optical Wireless communication Link. The system is a Line of Sight optical wireless link incorporating Coherent QPSK modulation Scheme for10 channels each at 100 Gbps The performance is evaluated in terms of Q-Factor and Minimum Bit Error Rate which are noticed to be in acceptable standards. The Link is analyzed under various parameters such as Power, Distance etc and maximum achievable distance is noticed to be 50,000 km at power values ranging from 0 dBm to 40 dBm
Spectrum sensing is an essential concept in cognitive radio. It exploits the inefficient utilization
of radio frequency spectrum without causing destructive interference to the licensed users. In
this paper we considered spectrum sensing of Digital Video Broadcast Terrestrial (DVB-T)
signal in different scenario. We compared various spectrum sensing algorithms that make use of
the second order statistics; the energy detector was also included for comparison. The results
show that it is possible to obtain good detection performance by exploiting the correlation
method.
Bit error rate analysis of miso system in rayleigh fading channeleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Compact Multiple Band-Notched Planer Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth Using ...Radita Apriana
UWB antenna with dual notched characteristics fed by microstrip transmission line is presented in
this paper. The tapered connection between the rectangular patch and the feed line is used to produce a
good impedance matching from 2.3 to 11.5 GHz. A dual band frequency notches are achieved using UDGS
loaded with lumped capacitors. The first notch frequency band is achieved using DGS to reduce the
interference with WIMAX from 3.3 to 3.7 Ghz. The second notch frequency band is also achieved using Uparasitic
strip placed in the ground plan to eliminate the interference with WLAN from 5.2 to 5.9 GHz.
Lumped capacitors are combined with the slot due to miniaturize the slot size. The size of the resonator is
reduced by more than 40% when lumped capacitors are used. The proposed antenna hasVSWR < 2
except the notched bands. The simulated results confirm that the antenna is suitable for UWB applications.
Semi-circular compact CPW-fed antenna for ultra-wideband applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a simple structure and small size antenna design with dimensions of 43×47 mm2 to perform an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range using a semicircular co-planar waveguide (CPW). This antenna has been designed and simulated by the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio suit. In this work, we design an ultra-wideband antenna (about 2 GHz to 10 GHz) by feeding a semi-circular compact antenna via a co-planar waveguide for input impedance of 50 Ω. The CST simulation results show that our designed antenna has a very good impedance and radiation characteristic within the intended ultra-wideband. Because of the small size and the suitable shape, this antenna can be used in many wireless communication applications, such as a radio frequency identifier (RFID), indoor wireless local area network or wireless fidelity (WiFi), internet of things (IoT), millimeter waves communications (mmWave), global positioning system (GPS), and many applications of 6G systems.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Circularly polarized antenna array based on hybrid couplers for 5G devicesjournalBEEI
This paper depicts a wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna for 5G devices. The antenna array has a 3D structure including four simple printed dipole elements with directional radiations, high gain, and high efficiency. It achieves a CP by using the sequential rotation (SR) feeding based on 90°-3dB hybrid couplers in the proposed feeding network. The antenna array bandwidth is wide, 26.7%, with an operating frequency band from 3.35 GHz to 4.35 GHz. The antenna achieves a high peak gain of 10.73 dBi and high efficiency of 93.75%. Besides, the antenna gain is stable over the operating bandwidth (BW). At the centre operating frequency of 3.75 GHz, the angle of circular polarization is 51°. The antenna is designed and fabricated on the Rogers 4003 C substrate. The measured S11 is well matching with the simulation results. With the above characteristics, the proposed antenna can be a suitable candidate for 5G devices.
Design of Compact Monopole Antenna using Double U-DMS Resonators for WLAN, LT...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this research, a novel wide-band microstrip antenna for wideband applications is proposed.
The proposed antenna consists of a square radiating patch and a partial ground plane with a smal
rectangular notch-shape. Two symmetrical U-slots are etched in radiating patch. The defected microstrip
U-shapes and the small notch improve the antenna characterestics such impedance wideband and the
gain along the transmission area. The proposed antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate of a dielectric
constant of 4.3, thickness 1.6 mm, permittivity 4.4, and loss tangent 0.018. The simulation and optimization
results are carried out using CST software.The antenna topology occupies an area of 30 × 40 × 0.8 mm3
or about 0.629λg × 0.839λg × 0.017λg at 3 GHz (the centerresonance frequency). The antenna covers the
range of 2.1711 to 4.0531 GHz, which meet the requirements of the wireless local area network (WLAN),
worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) band
applications. Good VSWR, return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency
band of interest. The obtained Simulation results for this antenna depict that it exhibits good radiation
behavior within the transmission frequency range.
Communication Theory-1 Project || Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering...rameshreddybattini
Communication Theory-1 Project || Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering Method and Synchronous Demodulation in the Presence of Noise || Using Matlab Code
2. output is 4.3 kW, MCOT channel 40 at frequency 626 MHz
transmitted power output is 4.0 kW, TPBS channel 44 at
frequency 658 MHz transmitted output is 3.91 kW, Army2
channel 52 at frequency 722 MHz transmitted output is 4.3 kW
III. FIELD MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS
A. Measurement setup
The measure is importance for checking and analysis the
quality of service DVB-T2 in Thailand because the DVB-
T2 is new broadcasting technology that has been selected
for replace the existing system (analog) in Thailand. [5]
For this measurement carried out within the DVB-T2
network focused on fixed reception for 20 measurement
location. The equipment and procedure was defined as
follows.
• Antenna dose not move when receiving the signal and
not to close with the big object.
• Antenna is 11 dBd.
• Antenna high is 6 meter above the ground.
• Line of Sight direction between transmitted antenna
and received antenna dose not have any obstruction in
the direction to transmitted antenna.
• The portable measurement is Rover Pro HD.
Fig.2 Measurement setup
The 20 measurement location, which have been defined by
working group member at NBTC conference, in Bangkok
Thailand, where are several environment area consists of dense
urban areas, open space in the suburban environments is
showed in Fig 3.
Due to Bangkok is capital city of Thailand which consists
of many tall building. The resolution from working member are
defined 20 measurement location with line of sight
measurement method with the receiver antenna high 6 meter
above the ground and direction to transmitter at Baiyoke
tower2.
Fig.3 The 20 Measurement location in Bangkok, Thailand
B. General propagation case
There are three propagation scenario [10] between
transmitter and receiver sites is presented in Fig.4
• Line of Sight (LOS) propagation. The transmitter and
receiver are direct visibility between 2 side and
Fresnel area is clear.
• Non Line of Sight (NLOS) propagation. The
transmitter and receiver aren’t visible between 2 side.
The signal from the transmitter pass through several
effect such as diffraction, diffusion before reach to the
receiver. The Fresnel area is fully obstructed.
• Near Line of Sight (nLOS) propagation. This case
represents intermediate situation between the LOS and
NLOS. The transmitter and receiver are visible
between 2 side. Nevertheless, some part of Fresnel
area is obstructed. In this case the signal from
transmitter propagate via diffraction or multi-path
reflection on many building sides.
In this measurement the Line of Sight (LOS) has been
selected for measurement.
Fig.4 Propagation scenarios
3. C. Fading Channel
The objective of this measurement is to compare and
analysis the difference between fading result from
measurement and fading from calculation as Friis transmission
formula, [7]-[9] that has been widely used and can be applied
to calculation of these Line of Sight channels between
transmitted antenna and received antenna. dose not have any
obstruction in the direction to transmitted antenna.
The receiving antenna pointed in direction of radiate power.
The received power extracted by the antenna can be expressed
as
!" =
!$%$&"
4()2
(1)
!" is the effective area of the antenna. From
electromagnetic field theory, we obtain the basic relationship
between the gain !" of antenna and its effective area as
!" =
$"%2
4(
*2
(2)
! =
#
$
is wavelength, ! is the velocity of the light, ! is the
operating frequency,
!"#$$% & =
()(&)
(,(&)
(3)
!"#$$% & = ()!)!*
+2
4./ 2 (4)
where !", !" are TX and RX antenna gain respectively ! is
distance between transmitter and receiver.
The product !"#" is usually called the effective radiated
power (ERP/EIRP)
!" = (
%
4'(
)
2
(5)
The factor !" is called the free-space path loss.[9]
Convert (4) to dB as (6)
!"#$$% & (()) =
,-(&)
,.(&)
= 10 log ,.!.!-
42
47( 2
(6)
! is the separation between transmitter and receiver
antennas, !" is transmitted power, !" is transmitted antenna
gain, !" is received antenna gain.
D. bBER
Fig.5 Blog diagram of bBER, LBER field measurement.
DVB-T2 used LDPC (low-density parity-checked) coding,
combined with BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquengham) coding
used as protection against interference and noise, which offer
excellent performance resulting in a very robust signal
reception in various signal transmission condition. Another
benefit is improved forward error correction (FEC) which gives
a major capacity increase. In this measurement include analyze
the bBER, that is BER before LDPC or BER before sent to
LDPC block. The performance quality of received signal are
indicated to the measurement of bBER. [1][2]
IV. RESULT OF THE FIELD MEASUREMENT
In this section the results of the measurement are presented
organized in different studies according to the parameter that
have been tested.
A. The result of received power between measurement and
calculation
All the field measurements are used SFN (Single frequency
network). That mean each of measurement point was measure
by the one signal source for each location.
Fig.6 The comparison of received power between measurement and calculation
for 5 MUX
The comparison of received power between measurement and
calculation is presented in Fig.6 illustrate that 5 MUX consists
of NBT, ARMY1, MCOT, TPBS, ARMY2 illustrate that the
distance between transmitter and receiver are increase
therefore the received power level will decrease. The range of
this measurement approximately 45 km from transmitter the
trend lines are presented in dash line. As the field
4. measurement direction between transmitter and receiver is line
of sight therefore the trend line is closely with the calculation
lines. Although in some case for example in Fig.7 at distance
approximately 20 km the received power is too closely to the
calculation line approximately 55 !"#$ nevertheless at
distance approximately 18 km the received is 43 !"#$.
Because at the measurement location at distance 18 km have
some obstruction and interference by environment more than
the measurement location at distance 20 km. This is the
obstruction and interference caused by some location have tall
building. That was making difficult for signal reception.
Fig.7 The comparison of received power between measurement and calculation
for NBT frequency 514 MHz
The comparison of received power from calculation and
measurement of ARMY1 MUX, frequency 594 MHz
broadcasted with power output 4.3 kW, is presented in Fig.8
illustrate that the both from calculation and field measurement
result are rather close together. Trend line of received power
calculation is presented in dash line. From first measurement
location approximately 5 km from transmitter the result from
calculation is 64.4 !"#$ and result from field measurement is
62.1 !"#$.
Fig.8 The comparison of received power between measurement and calculation
for ARMY1 frequency 594 MHz
The comparison of received power from calculation and
measurement for the other MUX NBT, MCOT, TPBS,
AMRY2 at frequency 514 MHz, 626 MHz, 658 MHz, 722
MHz respectively are illustrated that both results from
calculation and field measurement result are rather close
together. The calculation result is present in trend line with
dash line.
Fig.9 The comparison of received power between measurement and calculation
for MCOT frequency 626 MHz
From the measurement result of MCOT MUX at channel
40 frequency 626 MHz transmitted power out is 4.0 kW
presents in Fig.9 at distance approximately 31 km. Received
power calculation from Friis formula equation is 48.52 !"#$
and received power from field measurement is approximately
48.6 !"#$ rather closely to each other due to this measurement
location is open area have no any obstruction near the received
antenna therefore the result from field measurement is closely
with the result from calculation.
Fig.10 The comparison of received power between measurement and
calculation for TPBS frequency 658 MHz
5. Fig.11 The comparison of received power between measurement and
calculation for ARMY2 frequency 722 MHz
Fig.12 The comparison of bBER and distance of 5 MUX
Fig.13 The comparison of bBER and power of 5 MUX
The result of bBER comparison with distance, received
power, MER, C/N, SNR are presents in Fig.12-16 that are
consists of 5 MUX. The Trend lines are presents as dash line
Fig.14 The comparison of bBER and MER of 5 MUX
Fig.15 The comparison of bBER and C/N of 5 MUX
Fig.16 The comparison of bBER and SNR of 5 MUX
From the results of bBER field measurements are presents.
The comparison between bBER with distance is present in
Fig.12 have a bit effect to distance nevertheless the comparison
between bBER with received power in Fig.13 as illustrate that
if the received powers are increase therefore the bBER are
decrease.
6. V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the comparison the difference between
received power from measurement with field measure in line of
sight direction form transmitter to receiver via Friis
transmission formula, that has been widely used and can be
applied to calculation for this measurement. From the results
that illustrate the results of calculation and field measurement
are closely. However, some location the results of power
measurement are lower than calculation due to the obstruction
and interference by environment are effect to the received
power level. The difference of the transmitter’s frequency has
difference effect and attenuation result. From the calculation
and field measurement represent performance signal of high
frequency will be reducing by any attenuation more than low
frequency at the same distance. The all of location
measurement area are located in Bangkok, the capital of
Thailand, which consists of many tall building and dense urban
area. This paper provides channel characteristic of DVB-T2 in
Bangkok Thailand include the information for fix outdoor
reception in line of sight direction and analysis of bBER that
have been compared with distance, received power. For this
reason, the results of this paper cloud not cover the non-line of
sight analysis that effect to the received signal power. The
future research will analyze the non-line of sight. However, this
research, DVB-T2 characteristic channel in Thailand cloud
useful for improvement of DVB-T2 broadcast such as power
adjustment at the transmitter, network planning.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Ingun, DVB-T2 field trial and optimized parameters in Thailand, in
Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON), 2014 International, pp. 1-4,
19-21 March 2014
[2] B. Ruckveratham,S. Promwong, Performance evaluation of DVB-T2 for
outdoor reception, 2016 13th
International Conference on Electrical
Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and
Information Technology (ECTI-CON), 2016 pp.1-5
[3] Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation Guidelines for a
Second Generation Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting System
(DVB-T2), ETSI Technical Specification TS 102 831 V1.1.1, Oct.
2010.
[4] Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guildline for a
Second Generation Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting System
(DVB-T2), ETSI Standard EN 102 831 V1.2.1, Aug.2012.
[5] Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Frame Structure Channel Coding
and Modulation for a Second Generation Digital Terrestrial Television
Broadcasting System (DVB-T2), ETSI Standard EN 302 755 V1.3.1,
Apr.2012.
[6] TR 101 290 V1.2.1 (2001-05). Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);
Measurement guidelines for DVB systems, Tech. Report ETSI, 2001.
[7] W.Fischer, Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology A
Practical Engineering Guide Third Edition.
[8] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Stanford University.
[9] J. G. Proakis, Masoud Salehi, Digital Communications Fifth Edition.
[10] Krešimir Ruščić, Andrej Skenderović, Measurements and Propagation
Model Tuning in DVB-T2 Network, ELMAR (ELMAR), 2014 56th
International Symposium