The document outlines the history and advancements in astronomy, focusing on the discovery of exoplanets and the tools used for their observation. It emphasizes the significant milestones from ancient timelines to the present day, highlighting key discoveries and technological developments. The narrative indicates a transformative phase in astronomy with the Kepler mission, which greatly increased the understanding of planets beyond our solar system and hints at the future potential of discovering Earth-like planets.

1. THE NEXT CHAPTER
FOR MANKIND 1:
THE EXOPLANET REVOLUTION
NIC WEISSMAN
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2. TIMELINE
~3,000 B.C. The main stones of Stonehenge are put into place.
~280 B.C. Aristarchus suggests the Earth revolves around the Sun
~240 B.C. Eratosthenes measures the circumference of the earth
~130 B.C. Hipparchus develops the first accurate star map with over 850 of
the brightest stars.
140 A.D. Ptolemy suggests geocentric theory (Mathematike Syntaxis).
813 A.D. Al Mamon founds the Baghdad school of astronomy.
1054 A.D. Chinese astronomers observe supernova in Taurus.
1543 A.D. Copernicus publishes his heliocentric theory of the Universe.
1609 A.D. Galileo uses telescope for astronomical purposes. He discovers 4
Jovian moons, the Moon's craters and the Milky Way galaxy.
1609 A.D. Kepler's First and Second Laws of Planetary Motions
1656 A.D. Christian Huygens discovers Saturn's rings and Titan
1668 A.D. The first reflecting telescope was built by Newton.

3. TIMELINE
1687 A.D. Newton’s theory of universal gravitation (Principia Mathematica).
1781 A.D. Messier discovers galaxies, nebula and star clusters while looking for comets.
1916 A.D. Albert Einstein introduces his general Theory of Relativity.
1923 A.D. Hubble shows that galaxies exist outside the Milky Way galaxy.
1927 A.D. Oort shows the center of the Milky Way galaxy is in Sagittarius.
1957 A.D. Sputnik, first object to orbit the Earth, launched by the Soviet Union.
1961 A.D. Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space!
1969 A.D. Armstrong walks on the Moon (Apollo 11).
1972 A.D. Pioneer 10, the first satellite destined for Jupiter.
1980 A.D. U.S. Voyager 1 sends back first images of Saturn
1990 A.D. Hubble Space Telescope put into orbit from space shuttle Discovery.
1997 A.D. Mars Pathfinder lands on Mars
1998 A.D. Construction begins on the International Space Station.

4. HUMANS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN FASCINATED BY STARS
•Go to an unpopulated area in the middle of a clear night and look at the sky. A
breath taking view. That is the sky our ancestors were watching every night
THE MORE WE LEARN THE MORE WE ARE AMAZED
•Universe has never stopped surprising us. It is full of amazing phenomena:
pulsars, black holes, supernovas, galaxies, nebulas...
•Many crazy examples: We make ourselves a question (What is the rate of the
slowdown of universe expansion?) only to discover that actually expansion is
accelerating.
AND WE STILL KNOW SO LITTLE
•We now estimate that “normal” matter (the only thing we knew till a few
decades ago) only represents 4% of the universe.

5. WHAT IS A PLANET?
Pick the items that define a planet out of the following list:
1. Large enough that its gravity will make it spherical
2. It is orbiting a star
3. Its gravity dominates its surroundings.
4. Large enough that its gravity will allow it to keep an atmosphere
5. Small enough that it will not generate thermonuclear fusions

6. WHAT IS A PLANET?
Pick the items that define a planet out of the following list:
1. Large enough that its gravity will make it spherical
2. It is orbiting a star
3. Its gravity dominates its surroundings.
4. Large enough that its gravity will allow it to keep an atmosphere
5. Small enough that it will not generate thermonuclear fusions

7. THE EXOPLANET REVOLUTION
Exoplanet: Any planet that is not orbiting our SUN.
It took millennia to discover the 7th planet Uranus (1781).
Only in 1846 we (maybe) concluded the planet discovery in our own system (J. Galle
discovers Neptune).
Pluto is discovered in 1930 but it is not consider a planet by current definition.
By 1994 all our knowledge about planets is extraordinary limited as it is based on a
incredible small sample.
1995: The revolution starts. Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz (University of
Geneva) discover the first exoplanet orbiting the G-type star 51 Pegasi.
In the following 14 years additional 400+ planets are discovered

8. 2009 NASA launches Kepler
Revolution accelerates
Source: NASA

9. KEPLER IMPACT
Confirmed
About 50% of the current confirmed discoveries achieved by Kepler
Candidates
On top of the confirmed discoveries, there are another 3300+ “Kepler
candidates”. This makes a total of possible planets close to 5000.
Current statistics show that only about 11% of the candidates are “false
positives”. This means that almost 90% of the candidates are expected to be
confirmed sooner or later!

10. PLANETS PER DETECTION METHOD
Row Labels Astrometry Imaging Microlensing Primary Transit Pulsar Radial Velocity TTV Grand Total
1989 1 1
1992 3 3
1995 1 1
1996 6 6
1998 7 7
1999 1 10 11
2000 19 19
2001 1 12 13
2002 1 29 30
2003 1 26 27
2004 1 1 7 22 31
2005 3 3 2 25 33
2006 1 7 21 29
2007 3 18 1 38 60
2008 7 5 17 1 31 61
2009 3 1 10 2 67 83
2010 1 8 2 49 1 54 115
2011 9 1 80 5 96 191
2012 2 6 107 1 37 1 154
2013 1 13 8 125 35 182
2014 3 7 744 3 51 2 810
2015 35 9 44
Grand Total 2 53 34 1204 18 597 3 1911
94% of the discoveries achieved with Primary Transit or Radial velocity methods.
Source: Exoplanets Catalog EU

11. PLANETOLOGY STARTS DEVELOPING
Source: NASA
Question :
Are majority of planets out there, gas giants like Jupiter or rocky planets like
Earth?
•Before Kepler we thought that gas giants were much more abundant
•However, we soon had to recalibrate this assumption

12. February 26, 2014
Historical day for Exoplanets:
•NASA announces 715 new confirmed planets.
•Vast majority of them smaller than Jupiter
•Earth and SuperEarth sizes are the fastest growing in the catalog

13. MORE PLANET QUESTIONS
Current list of records
How big and how small a planet can be?
•PSR 1257 12 b - 0.31 EU radio
•PZ Tel b - 27.10 EU radio
How cold or how hot?
• GJ 317 c - 72 K
•Kepler-70 b – 7,143 K
How heavy or how light?
•PSR 1257 12 b - 0.02 Mass EU
•USco1602-2401 b – 14,943 EU
How dense?
•Kepler-51 c - 0.01 EU
•Kepler-57 c - 573 EU
AU - astronomical units - distance earth to sun
EU - Earth Units
ly – light years
Highest and lowest gravity?
• Kepler-57 c - 899 g
• Kepler-51 b - 0.04 g
Farthest or closest to its star?
•HIP 77900 b - 3200 AU
•PSR 1719-14 b - 0.00 AU
Longest or shortest period?
•PSR 1719-14 b - 0.1 days
•Oph 11 b - 730,000 days
Closest and furthest?
•alf Cen B b - 4.2 ly
•SWEEPS-04b - 27,710 ly

14. Habitable Planets
As of March 2015, there are a total of 30 potentially habitable planets in the catalog:
•10 Terrans
•20 SuperTerrans
terran = 0.5 — 5 ME or 0.8 — 1.5 RE, superterran = 5 — 10 ME or 1.5 — 2.5 RE. ME = Earth masses, and RE = Earth radii.

15. The Holy Grial
The Holy Grail
•Every day we are closer to discover a new Earth.
•ESI (Earth Similarity Index) measures difference in conditions for a planet
compared to Earth.
•Current leader is Kepler-438 b with ESI = 0.88. It was confirmed in January 2015
Kepler issue
•As we were not expecting planets to be so abundant, Kepler was designed to
explore space area beyond 500 ly to be able to attack a larger section of space.
•For that reason, majority of confirmed and candidate planets are far away.
•New missions under preparation like Cheops (2017), TESS (2017) and Plato
(2024) will target Earth nearby area.

16. CONCLUSION
Over next 15 years we will likely:
•Discover multiple new earths
•Exponentially grow Planets knowledge
WATCH OUT !!
OUR NEXT HOME COULD BE DISCOVER ANY TIME

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