This document presents information on various methods of human excreta disposal. It discusses the importance of proper excreta disposal for community health and current statistics on sanitation in India. Various excreta disposal methods covered include pit latrines, septic tanks, sewerage systems. The presentation addresses advantages and constraints of different techniques for both unsewered and sewered areas. The objectives are to understand the significance of sanitation and evaluate suitable excreta management approaches.

1. Presentation on
Excreta Disposal
Avijit Mondal
2022-3-97-004
POP 613
Fall 2022
Master of Population, Reproductive Health, Gender and Development (MPRHGD)
East West University

2. Learning
Objectives
• Importance of human excreta disposal
• Various methods of human excreta disposal
• Advantages & constraints of various methods of human
• excreta disposal.

3. 3
Importance
Human excreta is a source of infection
Improper excreta has several health hazards
Soil Pollution
Water Pollution
Food Contamination
Propagation of Flies
Without proper disposal of human excreta, no improvement in the
state of community health
India’s Situation in 2021 as per UNICEF & WHO
Open
Defecation
Urban – 1%
Rural – 22%
Overall – 15%
Improved
Sanitation
Urban – 82%
Rural – 65%
Overall – 70%
Unimproved
Sanitation
Overall – 15%

4. Disease Transmission Channels & Barriers
3

5. Methods of Excreta Disposal
3
I. Unsewered Areas
1. Service type latrines (Conservancy System)
2. Non-service type (Sanitary Latrines)
a) Bore hole latrine
b) Dug well or Pit latrine
c) Water-seal type of latrines (PRAI, RCA, Sulabh
Shauchalaya)
d) Septic tank
e) Aqua privy
3. Latrine suitable for camps and temporary use
a) Shallow trench latrine
b) Deep trench latrine
c) Pit latrine
d) Bore hole latrine
I. Sewered Areas
1. Water carriage system and Sewage
treatment
a) Primary treatment
i. Screening
ii. Removal of grit
iii. Plain Sedimentation
b) Secondary treatment
i. Trickling filters
ii. Activated Sludge process
a) Other methods (Oxidation pond, sea
outfall, river outfall, sewage farming)

6. Advantages & Constraints of Excreta Disposal Methods
Service Type Latrines (Conservancy System)
3
The collection & removal of night soil from bucket or pail
latrines by human agency
The night soil is carried by Soil Cart’ to the place of final
Disposal where it is disposed by:
1. Composting
2. Burial in shallow trenches
Disadvantages
 Unacceptable (human dignity & hygiene point of view)
 Filthy & insanitary
 Emptying of buckets is not always satisfactory
 Night soil lying at home awaiting disposal stinks & attract flies
 The collection, transport & disposal of night soil, all perpetuate the infection cycle
 Absence of manpower for this job puts the system to a halt

7. Advantages & Constraints of Excreta Disposal Methods
Non-Service Type (Sanitary Latrines) & Temporary Use
3
A sanitary latrine is one which fulfils the following criteria:
Excreta should not -
 Contaminate the ground or surface water
 Pollute the soil
 Be accessible to flies, rodents, animals (pigs, dogs, cattle, etc) and
other vehicles of transmission
 Create a nuisance due to odor or unsightly appearance.
Advantages
 Reduce odor & flies
 Easy to clean
 Self-supporting latrine slab is not required
 Easy to maintain
 Ideal system for hygienic disposal of excreta
Constraints
 Cleaning & maintenance are often poorly done by users
 Unsuitable where water-table is high, soil is too unstable or ground is very rocky
 Expensive to construct properly

8. Advantages & Constraints of Excreta Disposal Methods
Sewered Areas
3
 Useful for large residential and commercial
 Carries away sewers to the ultimate disposal site
 Used for the first time in Calcutta in 1867
Advantages
 Infrastructure intensive
Constraints
 Dig up lanes and by lanes
 Capital intensive
 Skilled manpower is a must
 Piped water supply is mandatory
 On-going maintenance

9. 9
Area 4: Results
The below-mentioned results were found after an intensive analysis:

10. Thank You