Active transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient using transport proteins. It often occurs across cell membranes using energy from respiration in mitochondria. Active transport is used to absorb minerals in plant roots and move molecules like glucose in the small intestine. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from high to low water concentration. Exchange surfaces like alveoli, villi and gills provide a large surface area with blood vessels to aid diffusion and transport of gases and nutrients.
BIO - Chapter 10-13 - Respiration, Excretion, Homeostasis, The Nervous SystemSofian Muhd
The document discusses respiration and the nervous system. It defines respiration as the oxidation of food substances with energy release in cells. It also describes the pathways of nerve impulses from stimulus to response, including sensory neurons, relay neurons in the spinal cord and brain, and motor neurons. Reflexes are defined as immediate responses to stimuli without conscious control, facilitated by reflex arcs from receptor to effector.
The document discusses gas exchange and respiration in the human body. It describes the five basic events of respiration: 1) pulmonary ventilation, 2) external respiration, 3) respiratory gas transport, 4) internal respiration, and 5) cellular respiration. It provides details on the structures involved in gas exchange, including the conducting zone (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi) and respiration zone (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli). Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.
Chapter 7 gas exchange Senior 1 Biology 独中高一生物Yee Sing Ong
The document summarizes gas exchange in mammals. It describes the key structures involved in mammalian respiration including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. It explains how air moves through these structures into the alveoli where gas exchange occurs via diffusion across the alveolar surface. The alveoli have a thin moist surface and extensive blood capillaries to facilitate efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Chapter 17 breathing & exchange of gases (repaired) (2)Kailash Vilegave
UNIT – V : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYCHAPTER 17 : BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathingand its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
1) Cells need oxygen for cellular respiration and must remove carbon dioxide as it is a waste product.
2) Gases diffuse across the plasma membrane along concentration gradients. Efficient gas exchange requires a moist, thin membrane with a large surface area.
3) Multi-cellular organisms have specialized structures like lungs and gills to increase surface area and link to transport systems to supply all cells.
The document describes the different types of human tissues, including epithelial tissues (simple squamous, stratified squamous, etc.), connective tissues (blood, cartilage, bone), muscular tissues (skeletal, smooth, cardiac), nervous tissues, and their characteristics such as location and function. A total of 17 different tissue types are defined along with their distinguishing features.
The document describes the different types of human tissues, including epithelial tissues (simple squamous, stratified squamous, etc.), connective tissues (blood, cartilage, bone), muscular tissues (skeletal, smooth, cardiac), nervous tissues, and their locations and functions in the human body. A total of 17 different tissue types are defined along with their characteristic structures, locations within the body, and physiological roles.
External respiration involves oxygen being taken up by capillaries in lung alveoli while carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to cells, and transports metabolic carbon dioxide from tissue cells into the blood and to the lungs to ensure the exchange of gases.
BIO - Chapter 10-13 - Respiration, Excretion, Homeostasis, The Nervous SystemSofian Muhd
The document discusses respiration and the nervous system. It defines respiration as the oxidation of food substances with energy release in cells. It also describes the pathways of nerve impulses from stimulus to response, including sensory neurons, relay neurons in the spinal cord and brain, and motor neurons. Reflexes are defined as immediate responses to stimuli without conscious control, facilitated by reflex arcs from receptor to effector.
The document discusses gas exchange and respiration in the human body. It describes the five basic events of respiration: 1) pulmonary ventilation, 2) external respiration, 3) respiratory gas transport, 4) internal respiration, and 5) cellular respiration. It provides details on the structures involved in gas exchange, including the conducting zone (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi) and respiration zone (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli). Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.
Chapter 7 gas exchange Senior 1 Biology 独中高一生物Yee Sing Ong
The document summarizes gas exchange in mammals. It describes the key structures involved in mammalian respiration including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. It explains how air moves through these structures into the alveoli where gas exchange occurs via diffusion across the alveolar surface. The alveoli have a thin moist surface and extensive blood capillaries to facilitate efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Chapter 17 breathing & exchange of gases (repaired) (2)Kailash Vilegave
UNIT – V : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYCHAPTER 17 : BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathingand its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
1) Cells need oxygen for cellular respiration and must remove carbon dioxide as it is a waste product.
2) Gases diffuse across the plasma membrane along concentration gradients. Efficient gas exchange requires a moist, thin membrane with a large surface area.
3) Multi-cellular organisms have specialized structures like lungs and gills to increase surface area and link to transport systems to supply all cells.
The document describes the different types of human tissues, including epithelial tissues (simple squamous, stratified squamous, etc.), connective tissues (blood, cartilage, bone), muscular tissues (skeletal, smooth, cardiac), nervous tissues, and their characteristics such as location and function. A total of 17 different tissue types are defined along with their distinguishing features.
The document describes the different types of human tissues, including epithelial tissues (simple squamous, stratified squamous, etc.), connective tissues (blood, cartilage, bone), muscular tissues (skeletal, smooth, cardiac), nervous tissues, and their locations and functions in the human body. A total of 17 different tissue types are defined along with their characteristic structures, locations within the body, and physiological roles.
External respiration involves oxygen being taken up by capillaries in lung alveoli while carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Internal respiration transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to cells, and transports metabolic carbon dioxide from tissue cells into the blood and to the lungs to ensure the exchange of gases.
The document discusses cell membranes and their structure and function. It explains that cell membranes are semi-permeable bilayers that allow some substances to pass through via passive or active transport. Passive transport includes diffusion of substances down their concentration gradient and osmosis of water. Active transport uses energy and carrier proteins to move substances against their concentration gradient. The membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and allows it to receive and respond to signals from its environment.
The document describes the key structures and functions of the respiratory system. It discusses how respiration works by explaining that glucose and oxygen react to release energy. It then outlines the main parts of the respiratory system including the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. It notes important characteristics of the alveoli that enable efficient gas exchange. Finally, it briefly discusses some respiratory disorders and the effects of aging on the lungs and breathing.
The document discusses transport across cell membranes. It begins by describing the structure and function of cell membranes, including their semipermeable nature. It then explains various transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis that allow materials to move across membranes. Specific examples are given of how these transport mechanisms function in cells, lungs, and other organisms and systems to maintain homeostasis.
Regeneration is the natural process of replacing damaged or missing cells and tissues to restore full function. It involves proliferation of remaining cells and interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix. Scar formation occurs when damaged tissues are replaced by connective tissue instead of being regenerated. Scar formation provides a resilient permanent patch but does not fully restore tissues. The process involves angiogenesis, formation of granulation tissue from fibroblasts and deposition of loose connective tissue, and remodeling of the connective tissue into a stable fibrous scar.
This document discusses cell membrane transport mechanisms. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the importance of cell membranes, types of transport mechanisms, and details on active and primary/secondary active transport. It then provides information on the structure of the cell membrane, including the lipid bilayer and membrane proteins. Various types of membrane transport mechanisms are defined, such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and vesicular transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. Factors influencing diffusion rates and osmotic concepts like tonicity are also examined.
This document discusses cells and tissues. It begins by outlining the cell theory and describing the different types of human cells. It then discusses the structure and function of generalized cells, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles. Different types of epithelial, muscle, and connective tissues are described. The focus is on epithelial tissues, outlining the classification and features of simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia. Their functions and locations in the body are provided.
The document describes the different types of tissues in the human body, including epithelial tissues (simple squamous, stratified squamous, etc.), connective tissues (blood, cartilage, bone), muscular tissues (skeletal, smooth, cardiac), nervous tissues, and special tissues. It provides the location and function of each tissue type. The various tissue types each have a specific microscopic structure and play an important role in the structure and functioning of the human body.
Sharks are able to quickly find injured prey through diffusion. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration down a concentration gradient. Injured animals release chemicals into the water that sharks can detect with their highly sensitive smell. These chemicals diffuse through the water, creating a scent trail that sharks follow to find weak or injured animals.
This document summarizes gaseous exchange and respiration. It discusses how gases are exchanged through diffusion at respiratory surfaces in organisms. These surfaces include skin, lungs, gills and trachea. It then focuses on the specific respiratory system in mammals like humans. It describes the pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into and out of blood. Key features that enhance gas exchange efficiency are also outlined, like cilia and mucus in the nasal cavity and thin alveolar walls with many capillaries for diffusion.
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration due to random particle motion. It is a passive process that does not require energy. The rate of diffusion increases with larger concentration gradients and higher temperatures. Diffusion allows for the exchange of gases and other substances across membranes in cells, organs, and between a mother and unborn child.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide through specialized organs and surfaces. Large multicellular animals developed respiratory surfaces like gills and lungs that increase surface area for gas exchange. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which allow for diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood for transport to the lungs.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Various animal groups have evolved different respiratory surfaces and structures to efficiently carry out this gas exchange, such as lungs, gills, and tracheal systems. In humans, air enters through the nose and mouth and moves through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide through specialized organs and surfaces. Large multicellular animals developed respiratory surfaces like gills and lungs that increase surface area for gas exchange. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which allow for diffusion of gases between inhaled air and blood in the lungs.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Large animals developed respiratory surfaces like lungs and gills to efficiently exchange gases through diffusion. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which deliver air to the lungs for gas exchange via diffusion between alveoli and capillaries before exhalation. Diseases can impact the respiratory system by affecting airway condition or gas exchange.
Respiration involves the diffusion of gases through membranes to facilitate metabolic processes in organisms. Simple organisms rely on direct diffusion through their integument, while more complex animals have respiratory systems. Aquatic animals use gills and many land animals use lungs. Amphibians are unique in that they can respire through their skin, mouth, and lungs. Their respiratory system includes glottis, larynx, bronchi and lungs, with gas exchange aided by a moist, permeable membrane.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration as a result of random molecular motion. For cells, diffusion occurs across the selectively permeable cell membrane, allowing some molecules to pass through more easily than others based on size. Diffusion helps organisms obtain requirements and remove waste through processes like gas exchange and absorption. It is favored by short distances, large concentration gradients, small molecular size, large surface area, and high temperatures. Water is also important as it allows for diffusion of dissolved substances and acts as a solvent for important cellular reactions.
Energy is needed for all organisms to carry out essential functions like movement, transport, growth, and cell division. It is released through the chemical process of respiration, which takes place in cells. There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose and release energy, while anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose without oxygen, releasing less energy. The rate of respiration can be measured and is affected by temperature, doubling as it rises 10 degrees Celsius up to 40 degrees, above which the rate quickly decreases. Respiration and breathing are essential life processes.
This document summarizes breathing and the exchange of gases in various organisms. It discusses cellular respiration and how oxygen is used to produce energy in cells. It then describes the mechanisms of gas exchange in invertebrates like sponges, hydras, flatworms, earthworms, horseshoe crabs, and insects. In vertebrates, it discusses gas exchange through gills in fish and lungs in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It provides details on the human respiratory system, including the pathways of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It also outlines the process of gas exchange that occurs between the lungs, blood,
The respiratory system begins with the nose, where inhaled air is warmed and moistened before passing through the nasal chambers and pharynx. The pharynx contains tonsils and adenoids that trap microorganisms. Air then travels down the trachea, which divides into the two main bronchi that lead to the lungs. In the lungs, the bronchi continue branching into smaller bronchioles and terminating in alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the bloodstream and the lungs through thin alveolar membranes. This document outlines the key structures and functions of the respiratory system from the nose to the alveoli.
1. The respiratory system carries oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood through gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
2. The circulatory system transports dissolved gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as nutrients, through the body via blood pumped by the heart.
3. The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste to provide the body with energy and materials for cellular functions and growth. Together these organ systems work interdependently to perform vital life functions.
This document describes the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system. It details the structures involved in breathing including the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains that the main function of the alveoli is gas exchange, removing carbon dioxide from the blood and exchanging it for oxygen to be delivered to the body. Finally, it outlines the major functions of the respiratory system as pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration.
The document discusses cell membranes and their structure and function. It explains that cell membranes are semi-permeable bilayers that allow some substances to pass through via passive or active transport. Passive transport includes diffusion of substances down their concentration gradient and osmosis of water. Active transport uses energy and carrier proteins to move substances against their concentration gradient. The membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and allows it to receive and respond to signals from its environment.
The document describes the key structures and functions of the respiratory system. It discusses how respiration works by explaining that glucose and oxygen react to release energy. It then outlines the main parts of the respiratory system including the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. It notes important characteristics of the alveoli that enable efficient gas exchange. Finally, it briefly discusses some respiratory disorders and the effects of aging on the lungs and breathing.
The document discusses transport across cell membranes. It begins by describing the structure and function of cell membranes, including their semipermeable nature. It then explains various transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis that allow materials to move across membranes. Specific examples are given of how these transport mechanisms function in cells, lungs, and other organisms and systems to maintain homeostasis.
Regeneration is the natural process of replacing damaged or missing cells and tissues to restore full function. It involves proliferation of remaining cells and interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix. Scar formation occurs when damaged tissues are replaced by connective tissue instead of being regenerated. Scar formation provides a resilient permanent patch but does not fully restore tissues. The process involves angiogenesis, formation of granulation tissue from fibroblasts and deposition of loose connective tissue, and remodeling of the connective tissue into a stable fibrous scar.
This document discusses cell membrane transport mechanisms. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the importance of cell membranes, types of transport mechanisms, and details on active and primary/secondary active transport. It then provides information on the structure of the cell membrane, including the lipid bilayer and membrane proteins. Various types of membrane transport mechanisms are defined, such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and vesicular transport processes like endocytosis and exocytosis. Factors influencing diffusion rates and osmotic concepts like tonicity are also examined.
This document discusses cells and tissues. It begins by outlining the cell theory and describing the different types of human cells. It then discusses the structure and function of generalized cells, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelles. Different types of epithelial, muscle, and connective tissues are described. The focus is on epithelial tissues, outlining the classification and features of simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia. Their functions and locations in the body are provided.
The document describes the different types of tissues in the human body, including epithelial tissues (simple squamous, stratified squamous, etc.), connective tissues (blood, cartilage, bone), muscular tissues (skeletal, smooth, cardiac), nervous tissues, and special tissues. It provides the location and function of each tissue type. The various tissue types each have a specific microscopic structure and play an important role in the structure and functioning of the human body.
Sharks are able to quickly find injured prey through diffusion. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration down a concentration gradient. Injured animals release chemicals into the water that sharks can detect with their highly sensitive smell. These chemicals diffuse through the water, creating a scent trail that sharks follow to find weak or injured animals.
This document summarizes gaseous exchange and respiration. It discusses how gases are exchanged through diffusion at respiratory surfaces in organisms. These surfaces include skin, lungs, gills and trachea. It then focuses on the specific respiratory system in mammals like humans. It describes the pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into and out of blood. Key features that enhance gas exchange efficiency are also outlined, like cilia and mucus in the nasal cavity and thin alveolar walls with many capillaries for diffusion.
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration due to random particle motion. It is a passive process that does not require energy. The rate of diffusion increases with larger concentration gradients and higher temperatures. Diffusion allows for the exchange of gases and other substances across membranes in cells, organs, and between a mother and unborn child.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide through specialized organs and surfaces. Large multicellular animals developed respiratory surfaces like gills and lungs that increase surface area for gas exchange. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which allow for diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood for transport to the lungs.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Various animal groups have evolved different respiratory surfaces and structures to efficiently carry out this gas exchange, such as lungs, gills, and tracheal systems. In humans, air enters through the nose and mouth and moves through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood in the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide through specialized organs and surfaces. Large multicellular animals developed respiratory surfaces like gills and lungs that increase surface area for gas exchange. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which allow for diffusion of gases between inhaled air and blood in the lungs.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange between the body and environment. It involves the intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Large animals developed respiratory surfaces like lungs and gills to efficiently exchange gases through diffusion. The human respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which deliver air to the lungs for gas exchange via diffusion between alveoli and capillaries before exhalation. Diseases can impact the respiratory system by affecting airway condition or gas exchange.
Respiration involves the diffusion of gases through membranes to facilitate metabolic processes in organisms. Simple organisms rely on direct diffusion through their integument, while more complex animals have respiratory systems. Aquatic animals use gills and many land animals use lungs. Amphibians are unique in that they can respire through their skin, mouth, and lungs. Their respiratory system includes glottis, larynx, bronchi and lungs, with gas exchange aided by a moist, permeable membrane.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration as a result of random molecular motion. For cells, diffusion occurs across the selectively permeable cell membrane, allowing some molecules to pass through more easily than others based on size. Diffusion helps organisms obtain requirements and remove waste through processes like gas exchange and absorption. It is favored by short distances, large concentration gradients, small molecular size, large surface area, and high temperatures. Water is also important as it allows for diffusion of dissolved substances and acts as a solvent for important cellular reactions.
Energy is needed for all organisms to carry out essential functions like movement, transport, growth, and cell division. It is released through the chemical process of respiration, which takes place in cells. There are two types of respiration - aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose and release energy, while anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose without oxygen, releasing less energy. The rate of respiration can be measured and is affected by temperature, doubling as it rises 10 degrees Celsius up to 40 degrees, above which the rate quickly decreases. Respiration and breathing are essential life processes.
This document summarizes breathing and the exchange of gases in various organisms. It discusses cellular respiration and how oxygen is used to produce energy in cells. It then describes the mechanisms of gas exchange in invertebrates like sponges, hydras, flatworms, earthworms, horseshoe crabs, and insects. In vertebrates, it discusses gas exchange through gills in fish and lungs in amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It provides details on the human respiratory system, including the pathways of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It also outlines the process of gas exchange that occurs between the lungs, blood,
The respiratory system begins with the nose, where inhaled air is warmed and moistened before passing through the nasal chambers and pharynx. The pharynx contains tonsils and adenoids that trap microorganisms. Air then travels down the trachea, which divides into the two main bronchi that lead to the lungs. In the lungs, the bronchi continue branching into smaller bronchioles and terminating in alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the bloodstream and the lungs through thin alveolar membranes. This document outlines the key structures and functions of the respiratory system from the nose to the alveoli.
1. The respiratory system carries oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood through gas exchange that occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
2. The circulatory system transports dissolved gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as nutrients, through the body via blood pumped by the heart.
3. The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste to provide the body with energy and materials for cellular functions and growth. Together these organ systems work interdependently to perform vital life functions.
This document describes the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system. It details the structures involved in breathing including the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. It explains that the main function of the alveoli is gas exchange, removing carbon dioxide from the blood and exchanging it for oxygen to be delivered to the body. Finally, it outlines the major functions of the respiratory system as pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration.
The document discusses gaseous exchange and the organs involved. Gaseous exchange is the diffusion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment during respiration. It occurs through various organs like the trachea, epiglottis, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The lungs contain alveoli which provide a large surface area for efficient gas exchange between inhaled air and blood. Disruptions to this process can cause respiratory diseases like pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis and asthma.
1) The document discusses gaseous exchange in plants and humans. In plants, gaseous exchange occurs through stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems. In humans, gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs through the process of breathing which involves the air passageways and respiration.
2) Breathing involves the mechanical processes of inhalation and exhalation where the lungs take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. During inhalation, the diaphragm and ribs expand the chest cavity lowering pressure and drawing air in. During exhalation, they relax raising pressure and pushing air out.
3) The lungs contain alveoli which are surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen
The tracheal system in insects and gills in fishes are both helps th.pdfarccreation001
The surprising revelation the quiz gave about races was that races are have not been around in
the world since ever. They are a result of ideas developed in different cultures through-out
modern history. Basically there are no scientific rules defining a race. For eg. if people
differentiate in races based on skin colour and practice racism, it is absolutely wrong because
skin colour is not sufficient to determine a person\'s race, culture or susceptibility to disease. it
might be just an indication of the geographical origin of that person.
If we observe the genetic composition of africans, asians and europeans, most of their DNA is
the same but africans have several other novel genes. There is no set of genes that specify a race.
Genetic diversity between people is much more detailed than how people definne races.
An idea which cannot be proved with logic and science and which does not follow any specified
rules should not be considered as real. Racism is a result of mentality of people considering one
skin colour or one culture better than the other. It has always been and is still a huge cause of
discrimination in the world leading to mental stress in a large number of people. Racism is no
measure of a person\'s capabilities and awareness should be spread through the world to diminish
this form of discrimination.
You can add your own ideas and let me know how much this helped! :)
Solution
The surprising revelation the quiz gave about races was that races are have not been around in
the world since ever. They are a result of ideas developed in different cultures through-out
modern history. Basically there are no scientific rules defining a race. For eg. if people
differentiate in races based on skin colour and practice racism, it is absolutely wrong because
skin colour is not sufficient to determine a person\'s race, culture or susceptibility to disease. it
might be just an indication of the geographical origin of that person.
If we observe the genetic composition of africans, asians and europeans, most of their DNA is
the same but africans have several other novel genes. There is no set of genes that specify a race.
Genetic diversity between people is much more detailed than how people definne races.
An idea which cannot be proved with logic and science and which does not follow any specified
rules should not be considered as real. Racism is a result of mentality of people considering one
skin colour or one culture better than the other. It has always been and is still a huge cause of
discrimination in the world leading to mental stress in a large number of people. Racism is no
measure of a person\'s capabilities and awareness should be spread through the world to diminish
this form of discrimination.
You can add your own ideas and let me know how much this helped! :).
Oxygen enters through the nose and nasal/oral cavity, then travels down the pharynx, between the epiglottis and into the larynx/voice box. It then goes through the trachea/windpipe into the bronchi and bronchioles until reaching the alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs - oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream and into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide then travels back through the bronchioles and bronchi, up the trachea/windpipe, through the larynx and pharynx, and out through the nose and mouth.
Unit 3 respiratory system and gas exchangemaswazi10
1. Gas exchange involves ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
2. Ventilation involves inspiration and expiration moving air in and out of the lungs.
3. External respiration is the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood.
4. Internal respiration is the diffusion of gases between blood and tissue cells.
The document summarizes key concepts about the human respiratory system including:
1. It describes the process of breathing including inhalation through contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm, and exhalation through relaxation of these muscles.
2. It explains how oxygen is transported through the body, carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells from the lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs.
3. Maintaining a healthy respiratory system is important to avoid diseases caused by pollutants, with examples given of common pollutants and respiratory illnesses.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Exchange
1. Unit B3 Exchange of Materials
Active transport
This is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient (from an area of low concentration to an
area of high concentration. This process requires energy. This is provided by aerobic respiration which is carried
out in mitochondria. Active transport often occurs across cell membranes and is carried out by transport
proteins. Mitochondria are often located very close to the region of the cell where active transport takes place.
Low concentration Substance to be
outside cell transported (solute
molecule)
Transport protein
in cell membrane
Cell membrane
High concentration
inside cell
2. Solute molecule in lower concentration Solute molecule binds to transport protein.
outside cell than inside.
Transport protein rotates in cell membrane. Solute molecule is released into cytoplasm.
This requires energy from aerobic respiration.
3. Where does active transport occur?
Plant root hair cells
Plant root hair cells move mineral ions from the soil (low concentration) into
plant cells (higher concentration).
In the small intestine
Glucose and other dissolved food molecules can be moved from the small intestine
into the blood by active transport.
In salt glands
Marine birds and reptiles take in a lot of salt in the water they drink. They have
special salt glands found near the nostrils to remove this excess salt. Marine
iguanas in the Galapagos Islands have white patches on their heads due to the
large amount of salt that is ‘sneezed’ out through these glands.
CTFR protein
Defects in the CTFR protein cause cystic fibrosis. This is a transport protein
located in the cell membrane in lung, gut and reproductive system cells. People
who have cystic fibrosis produce thick, sticky mucus.
4. Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of particles of a gas or a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration (along a concentration gradient)
Before diffusion – particles are After diffusion – particles are
in an area of high concentration. mixed evenly.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low
water concentration through a partially permeable membrane
Partially permeable membrane
water molecule
Area of high water Area of low water Water molecules move from left hand side to
concentration concentration right hand side causing the level to rise.
5. Exchange of materials
Many organ systems are specialised for exchanging materials.
In humans these include:
• the surface area of the lungs is increased by the alveoli
• the surface area of the small intestine is increased by villi.
In plants:
• gases diffuse in an out of leaves through small holes called stomata.
• water and mineral ions are absorbed by root hair cells.
Fish exchange gases through their gills.
The following slides will describe how each of these processes occurs.
6. Exchange of gases in the lungs
Trachea
Ribs
Bronchi Muscles between
ribs (intercostal
muscles).
Lung
Diaphragm
Modified from a diagram by Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator
The lungs are in the upper part of the body (thorax) and are protected by the ribcage. They are separated from
the lower part of the body – the abdomen – by the diaphragm. This is a strong sheet of muscle that moves up and
down as you breath in and out. The breathing system takes air into and out of the body so that oxygen from the
air (where it is in a higher concentration) can diffuse into the bloodstream (where it is in a lower concentration).
Similarly carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs, from where it is rapidly removed.
7. Alveoli (singular alveolus)
The alveoli provide a very large, moist surface, richly supplied with
blood capillaries so that gases can readily diffuse into and out of
the blood. They have very thin walls to make diffusion as effective
Bronchiole as possible. The concentration gradient is maintained by the flow
of blood (bringing CO2 to the lungs and O2 away) and by you
Alveoli inhaling and exhaling air. The air you breathe in contains more O2
and less CO2 than the air you breathe out.
Air moves in
and out of
alveoli
Blood vessels
(capillaries)
The alveoli are spherical sacs that have
a large surface area. They are completely
surrounded by a network of blood vessels
(capillaries) to aid diffusion. CO2 moves out
of blood
O2 moves into Moist surface makes
Very thin walls blood diffusion easy as gases
make diffusion easy can dissolve.
(walls are a single cell
thick)
Blood supply helps to
maintain concentration gradient
by removing oxygen as it diffuses into
the blood and bringing CO2 to the lung
8. Villi
Villi (singulular = villus) provide a large surface area with an extensive network of capillaries to absorb the
products of digestion by diffusion and active transport. The photographs on the left show villi in the small
intestine. The diagram on the right, shows how villi are adapted to allow the products of digestion to diffuse into
the blood.
Blood supply helps to
provide a steep
concentration gradient
for diffusion to occur
(products of digestion
are moved away as
soon as they enter the
Villus blood)
Has a large
surface area
for diffusion. Thin, moist, wall. Diffusion
takes place over a short
distance.
9. Gas Exchange in Fish
Fish exchange materials using their gills. Similarly to the cases we have discussed previously:
• They are moist and have a large surface area
• Oxygen diffusing into the blood is rapidly transported away (by the flow of blood) to maintain a high concentration
gradient
• The constant flow of water transports carbon dioxide away and a fresh supply of oxygen to the gills
• The membranes which the gases diffuse across are very thin.
Constant flow
of water across gills
Gill stacks
Blood vessels carry O2 away
from gills and CO2 to gills.
Tuna gills – source Wikipedia.
10. Gas Exchange in Plants
In plants, carbon enters the leaf by diffusion. Plant leaves contain pores called stomata
to obtain carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These are normally open during the
daytime (when the plant is photosynthesising) and closed at night time. Plants also
need oxygen to carry out respiration, in addition to carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
Plant leaves are flat and thin so gases do not need to diffuse very far.
Stoma (plural =
stomata)
The top surface of the plant
leaf is covered with a a waxy
Photograph of guard Guard Cells layer and shaped to allow
cells and stoma rainwater to run off. The
bottom surface is covered with
lots of pores (stomata).
Top Surface of Leaf Bottom Surface of Leaf
Image source: https://eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/Erika+Transpiration+Pre-Lab?f=print; diagrams H
11. Transpiration
Plants lose water vapour from the surface of their leaves. This loss of water vapour is called transpiration.
Transpiration is more rapid in hot, dry and windy conditions. Most of the transpiration is through stomata. The size
of stomata is controlled by guard cells which surround them. If plants lose water faster than it is replaced by the
roots, the stomata can close to prevent wilting
Water evaporates from the leaf
through the stomata.
leaf
The evaporation of water ‘pulls’ the
thread of water in a xylem vessel
upwards
Water enters xylem vessels from
root tissue to replace water which
stem has moved upwards. Xylem
vessels transport water upwards
in a plant.
Water enters root hair cells by
roots osmosis to replace water which has
entered the xylem. The surface
area of the roots is increased by root
hairs.