This document discusses formulas and functions in Excel. It defines formulas as equations that perform calculations using values or cell references. Common operators and types of formulas are described. The document also explains functions as predefined formulas that perform specific calculations. Key components of functions like syntax and arguments are outlined. Finally, examples of common statistical functions are provided like SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MIN, MAX, and more.
Emerging trends in employee and labour welfare in indiaAbhimanyu Singh
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Emerging trends in employee and labour welfare in indiaAbhimanyu Singh
Presented in a national seminar on Emerging trends in employee and labour welfare in india at Jyoti vidyapeeth womens university, Jaipur By ABHIMANYU SINGH, Research Scholar, Department of Law University of Rajasthan
To measure the employees job satisfaction level in C-ZON Hospital, Ajnala.
To study the employees perception towards organization.
To identify the factors that motivates the employees.
To studying the relationship between management and employees in C-ZON Hospital, Ajnala.
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The employees in the organization are under a great deal of stress and due to many antecedents of stress such as overload, role ambiguity, role conflict, responsibility for people, participation, lack of feedback, keeping up with rapid technological change. Outcomes of this among the employees are stress on job performance. The physical and psychology demands of workers in the organization make them more vulnerable to high level of stress. This study investigated and evaluated the job stress and its effect on job performance among the employees in the organization.
Reward is an incentive plan to reinforce the desirable behavior of workers or employers and in return for their service to the organization.
Compensation and Reward system plays vital role in a business organization.
Reward Management is concerned with the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies that aim to reward people fairly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the organization.
To measure the employees job satisfaction level in C-ZON Hospital, Ajnala.
To study the employees perception towards organization.
To identify the factors that motivates the employees.
To studying the relationship between management and employees in C-ZON Hospital, Ajnala.
A STUDY ON JOB STRESS AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCEIAEME Publication
The employees in the organization are under a great deal of stress and due to many antecedents of stress such as overload, role ambiguity, role conflict, responsibility for people, participation, lack of feedback, keeping up with rapid technological change. Outcomes of this among the employees are stress on job performance. The physical and psychology demands of workers in the organization make them more vulnerable to high level of stress. This study investigated and evaluated the job stress and its effect on job performance among the employees in the organization.
Reward is an incentive plan to reinforce the desirable behavior of workers or employers and in return for their service to the organization.
Compensation and Reward system plays vital role in a business organization.
Reward Management is concerned with the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies that aim to reward people fairly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the organization.
Continues with Excel basics giving information on cell addressing styles and worksheet functions and their nesting. Also gives an example of precision setting
Just some excel courses. Have fun and learn from basic to advance, to develope strong skills in operating Excel.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Excel (E-Module 2)
1. 1
Contents
1. ENTERING DATA............................................................................................2
2. FORMULA.........................................................................................................3
2.1. OPERATOR......................................................................................................3
2.2. FORMULAS WITH VALUES...............................................................................4
2.3. FORMULAS WITH CELL ADDRESS ...................................................................5
2.4. FILL HANDLE..................................................................................................7
2.5. TYPES OF FORMULA .......................................................................................8
2.6. RELATIVE REFERENCE....................................................................................9
2.7. ABSOLUTE REFERENCE...................................................................................9
3. FUNCTION......................................................................................................11
3.1. COMPONENTS OF A FUNCTION ......................................................................12
3.2. STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS..............................................................................13
2. 2
1. Entering Data
Data consisting of Text, Numbers and Formulas can be entered in the excel sheet
to calculate, analyze, and organize data.
On selecting the cell, its address is displayed in the Name Box.
Enter any value in the selected cell, it is displayed in the cell and formula bar.
3. 3
2. Formula
Excel is a spreadsheet application intended to perform calculations and analyze the
numerical information such as annual income and tax calculations, household
budgets, financial sheet, managing inventory, and much more. To perform
calculations and analyze numerical information, formulas can be constructed.
These tools help to maximize the potential of MS-Excel.
A formula is defined as an equation used to perform some calculation using
values specified in the worksheet.
A formula can be written to perform simple calculation like finding the average of
given set of numbers to more complex formulas like calculating income tax of the
employees of an organization.
A formula is written in a cell and it always begins with an equal to (=) symbol. It
can contain numbers, cell address, operators, text or a function.
2.1. Operator
An operator is a symbol used to perform a well-defined task. There are 2 categories
of operators used in MS-Excel.
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Purpose Example Value
+ Sum 7.5+1.5 9.0
- Difference 7-2.5 4.5
* Product 7*3.2 21.2
/ Division 7/2 3.5
^ Exponentiation 4^2 16
4. 4
Relational Operators
Operator Purpose Example Value
< Less than 7<2 False
<= Less than or equal to 7<=2 False
> Greater than 7>2 True
>= Greater than or equal to 7>=2 Tue
= Equal to 7=2 False
<> Not equal to 7<>2 True
2.2. Formulas with Values
Consider a cell A1 where the user types the formula =3+4. Here, 3 and 4 are the
constant values. + is the operator used to add these values. The formula entered is
shown in the formula bar fx. On pressing enter, the cell A1 has a value 7.
For example: Suppose on cell C5 user types the formula =1500+200
The formula entered is shown in the formula bar fx. On pressing enter, the cell C5
has a value 1700.
5. 5
2.3. Formulas with Cell Address
If a cell address is used in the formula, then it is referred as cell reference. Here,
rather than inputting the specific numbers/text (constant value) into the formula,
the address of the cell is written. In this case, if the values in the specified cell
address are modified, then the value of the formula also changes. Such formulas
when copied across rows and columns serve as a useful purpose. The user need not
write the same formula multiple times for different rows/columns. Instead, the
formula once written can be copied. As the formula is copied, the references of the
cells change correspondingly.
The cell A1 has a value 4, cell B1 has a value 2. To add these values, the formula
can be written to include the cell references instead of the cell values. The formula
written on cell C1 is as follows: =A1+B1
6. 6
On pressing enter, the cell C1 has a value 6. In case values at cell A1 or B1 are
modified, then the formula automatically recalculates the new value for cell C1.
There is no need to rewrite the formula. Moreover, the formula written on cell C1
can be copied down the rows 2, 3 , 4 and 5. The corresponding formula at cell C2,
C3, C4 and C5 are: =A2+B2, =A3+B3, =A4+B4, =A5+B5
Cell references is used in the formula in cell C30 as follows:
7. 7
2.4. Fill Handle
It is used to fill the cells. Place the cursor over the fill handle until a plus sign appears.
Using mouse select the cell to be copied and then drag in the direction in which cells
are to be filled.
On releasing the mouse, all the selected cells are filled with the information copied
from the original cell. It is not only used to copy information from one cell to another.
Rather, it can be used to fill the data in the cells in many different ways on the basis of
what data is entered in cell that is to be copied.
For example: In case C1 contains a formula =A1+B1, then the fill handle fills the
formula into cell C2. The formula filled in the cell C2 =A2+B2. This formula is
different from the formula in cell C1. Fill handle can be used to fill the cells
horizontally or vertically.
8. 8
2.5. Types of Formula
The formula with one operator are referred as Simple formula.
For example: =3+A1
The formula with more than one operator is termed as Complex formula.
For example: =A1*58+70
In case of complex formula, the order in which operations are to be solved by MS-
Excel is as follows:
Solve the parenthesis
Exponentiation
Multiply , Divide (the one which appears first)
Add , Subtract (the one which appears first)
A phrase used to recall this order is :
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (P.E.M.D.A.S).
The formula shown below is calculated as follows:
9. 9
2.6. Relative Reference
Consider a formula f with cell references. Suppose f is copied to new location. If the
cell references in the formula automatically change according to the new location
where the formula is pasted, then it is referred as relative reference.
But at times, when a formula is to be copied and pasted, the user does not want to
change one or more cell references. In this case, Absolute reference can be used.
2.7. Absolute Reference
Absolute cell references when used in a formula always refer to the same cell or cell
range in a formula. Even if the formula is copied to a different location, the absolute
reference still remains the same.
An absolute reference is designated in the formula by the addition of a dollar sign ($).
It can precede the column reference or the row reference, or both.
For example:
10. 10
How to use an Absolute Reference
Suppose the formula is to be written in the cell H2.
Start a formula with equal sign (=). This helps MS-Excel to identify that a
formula has been written on a cell and not some value.
After = sign, left-click on the first cell to be included in the formula (For
example: F2). Here, F2 is relative reference and it changes as the formula is
copied down to rows.
Now, enter the mathematical operator *.
Select the second cell to be used in the formula (For example: C2). If you do
not want to change the location of cell C2 as the formula is copied, so add a $
sign before C and a $ sign before 2 to create an absolute reference.
As the formula is copied to cell H3, it becomes =F3*$C$2. The F2 reference
changes to F3 since it is a relative reference, but C2 remains constant as it is
an absolute reference created by adding the dollar sign.
11. 11
3. Function
A function is a predefined formula that performs calculations using specific values
in a particular order.
For example:
=SUM(A1:A10)
=AVERAGE(A1:A10)
=AVERAGEIF(A1:A10,“>20”)
=COUNT(B1:B23)
=LARGE(B1:B23,2)
Building formulas can be difficult and time-consuming. Excel's functions save lot
of time. Using the functions save the time as there is no need to write the formula
to perform the specific task. The predefined functions can be used for the task.
For example:
SUM( ) function can be used to find the sum of a range of numbers.
Syntax: =SUM(range)
=SUM(A1:A10)
AVERAGEIF( ) function or the Sum function to find the sum of a cell range.
Syntax: =AVERAGEIF(range,criteria)
=AVERAGEIF(A1:A10)
12. 12
3.1.Components of a Function
Each function has a syntax or the order in which the parameters are specified in the
function. The syntax must be strictly followed for the function to work correctly.
Syntax
All functions begin with the = sign.
After the = sign specify the function name (For example: SUM).
After the name of the function use a left parenthesis (.
Then specify the argument(s).
Lastly end the function with the right parenthesis ).
An argument in the function can be:
Cell reference (A1)
Cell range (A1:A10)
Criteria (“>=10”)
These arguments are enclosed within the parentheses. If there is more than one
argument, separate each by a comma.
For example:
A function with one argument that adds a range of cells, A3 through A9 is:
A function with more than one argument that calculates the sum of two cell ranges
is:
13. 13
A function with more than one argument that calculates the sum of the numbers in
the range if the values in the cells between the range B2:B6 is greater than 0.
=SUMIF(B2:B6,“>0”)
MS-Excel has hundreds of different functions that assist the user in performing
calculations or making decisions.
3.2.Statistical Functions
=AVERAGE(F2:F7) - Finds the average value among the values in cells F2
to F7.
=AVERAGEIF (H5:H14,ʺ<>0%ʺ) - Returns the average of a range
depending on the criteria. It finds the average of the cells from H5 to H14
where percentage is not equal to 0%.
=CORREL(F4:F12,G4:G12) - Returns correlation coefficient between two
data sets.
=COUNT(D4:D12) - It finds the number of cells in the specified range that
contain numerals.
14. 14
=COUNTA(D4:D12) - It counts the non blank cells in the range.
=COUNTBLANK(D4:D12) - It counts the blank cells in the range.
=COUNTIF(K4:K11,">=60%") - It finds the number of cells in the range
that satisfy the criteria. Count the number of cells in the range that have
value >=60%.
=COUNTIFS(F4:F12,">50",G4:G12, ">=70") - Count the number of cells in
the range that satisfy more than one criteria.
It gives the number of cells in the range F4 to F12 that are >=50 and the
cells in the range G4 to G12 that are >=70.
=LARGE(G4:G12,3) - Returns the 3rd largest value in the range.
=MAX(G4:G12) - Returns the maximum value among the values in cells G4
to G12.
=MEDIAN(A1:A10) - Calculates the median of the numbers / range.
Median refers to the number in the middle of a set of numbers.
=MIN(G4:G12) - Returns the minimum value among the values stored in
cells G4 to G12.
15. 15
=MODE(A1:A10) - Returns the value that appears most often or is repeated
maximum number of times in an array or range of data.
=SMALL(G4:G12,2) - Returns the 2nd smallest value in the range.
=STDEV(G4:G12) - Calculates standard deviation of the values in the
specified range. It tells how widely the values are dispersed from the mean.
=SUM(A1:A5 ) - It adds a range of cells together.
=SUMIF(A1:A5,”>5” ) - It adds numbers in the cell range if the numbers in
the range satisfy the given criteria.
=VAR(A1:A6) Estimates variance of the values.