Excel used in the retail Industry.

2. Excel is an application that helps to create intricate
and dynamic spreadsheets. We can use this robust
application to enter numerical values or data into the
rows or columns of a spreadsheet, and to use these
numerical entries for calculations, charts, formulas,
statistical analysis, etc.

3. The first screen that you will see a new blank worksheet
that contains grid of cells. This grid is the most
important part of the Excel window. It's where you'll
perform all your work, such as entering data, writing
formulas, and reviewing the results.

4. Microsoft Excel 2007 Workbook and Worksheet
A worksheet is the grid of cells where you can type the
data. The grid divides your worksheet into rows and
columns.
Columns are identified with letters (A, B, C … ), while rows
are identified with numbers (1, 2, 3 … ).
A cell is identified by column and row. For example, B8 is
the address of a cell in column B (the second column), and
row 8 (the eighth row).

5. A worksheet in Excel 2007 consists of 16,384 columns and
over 1 million rows. The worksheets in turn are grouped
together into a workbook.
By default each workbook in Excel 2007 contains 3
blank worksheets, which are identified by tabs displaying
along the bottom of your screen. By default the first
worksheet is called Sheet1, the next is Sheet2 and so on.

6. Excel 2007 screen elements
•Office button: When clicked, this button opens the
Office menu, from which you can open, save, print,
and exit as well as the Excel Options button that
enables you to change Excel's default settings.
•Quick Access Toolbar: A small toolbar next to the
Office button contains shortcuts for some of the most
common commands such as Save, Undo, and Redo
buttons.
•Ribbon: A combination of old versions menu bar
and toolbar, arranged into a series of tabs ranging
from Home through View. Each tab contains buttons,
lists, and commands.

7. •Name box: Displays the address of the current active
cell where you work in the worksheet.
•Formula bar: Displays the address of the active cell
on the left edge, and it also shows you the current
cell's contents.
•Worksheet area: This area contains all the cells of
the current worksheet identified by column headings,
using letters along the top, and row headings, using
numbers along the left edge with tabs for selecting
new worksheets.
•Zoom control: Use to zoom the Excel screen in or
out by dragging the slider.

8. Sheet tabs: Excel 2007 contains 3 blank worksheet tabs by
default. Click on the intended tab will go to the particular
worksheet.
•Status bar: Reports information about the worksheet and
provides shortcuts for changing the view and the zoom.

9. To enter text into a worksheet
•Select the cell in which you want to enter the text.
•Type in the text/data into the cell.
•Press the Enter key. Text entries are left aligned by default.
To enter numbers into a worksheet
•Select the cell in which you want to enter a number.
•Type in the number into the cell and press Enter.
•If you want to enter a negative number, type a minus sign in
front of it or enclose it in parentheses (bracket), e.g. -15 or (15).
•To indicate decimal places, you type a full stop such as 125.89.
•The numbers will be right aligned by default.

10. To enter dates and times into a worksheet
• Select the cell in which you want to enter the date or time.
• Type in the date or time. Separate the date with either
hyphens (-) or slashes (/).
• Press Enter.
• To enter the current date, press Ctrl+;
• To enter the current time, press Ctrl+:

11. To save a workbook
• From Office Button, click Save OR
Click the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar.
• From the Save As dialog box displayed, ensure that you browse to the
folder/disk drive that you would like to save the file.
• Enter the file name in the File name: text box. The file name can be up
to 255 characters in length.
• Click on the Save button.

12. To save a backup copy (subsequent times)
•From the Office Button, point to Save As and
click Excel Workbook.
•Enter a name in the File name: text box.
•Click on the Save button.
Note: By default, Excel saves a copy of your work
automatically every ten minutes. To adjust this setting
(or turn if off), use the Save tab of
the Excel Options dialog box (Office Button -
Excel Options).

13. To close a file
•From the Office Button, click Close.
•You will be asked if you wish to save any changes you have made to the file.
•Click Yes to save the workbook
OR click No to ignore (without saving) the changes
OR click Cancel to cancel the operation

14. To change the text color
• Highlight the text that you want to change color.
• From the Home tab, in the Font group, point to
the Font Color icon.
• Click the arrow just to the right of the Font Color icon.
You'll see some colors appear.
• Select a color to change the text color of the cell.

15. To align data between the left and right sides of a cell
•Select the cell, or cells, you wish to align.
•On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click the Align Text Left icon to align
data with the left edge of the cell.
•Click on the Center icon to center data in the cell.
•Click on the Align Text Right icon to align data with the right edge of the cell.

16. To align data between the top and bottom of a cell
•Select the cell, or cells, you wish to align.
•On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click the Top
Align icon to align data in the top position of the cell.
•Click on the Middle Align icon to centralized data vertically
in the cell.
•Click the Bottom Align icon to align data in the bottom
position of the cell.

17. To change the orientation of data cells
•Select the cell, or cells, you wish to change.
•On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click
the Orientation icon. You will see a drop down
menu allowing you to format the cell orientation.

18. To wrap multiple lines of data in a cell
• Type the text 'The Ultimate Guide to Excel 2007' into the
cell C5 and press Enter. The entry will appear as one long
line that does not 'fit' into the cell.
• Select the cell C5 and then on the Home tab, in
the Alignment group, click the Wrap Text icon. The text will
wrap as follow

19. To merge several cells
Select the cells that you wish to merge to become one cell.
On the Home tab, in the Alignment group, click
the Merge & Center icon.

20. To shrink the text into one cell
•Type the data you require into the cell and press Enter.
•Right-click on the selected cells, click Format Cells.
•From the Format Cells dialog box displayed, click on
the Alignment tab.
•Under the Text control section, tick the Shrink to fit check
box and click on OK.

21. Hide Column or Row
To hide a column, execute the following steps.
• Open the Excel file.
• To hide the Income column, click on the column D header.
• Right click, and then click on Hide

22. Unhide Column or Row
To unhide a column, execute the following steps.
• Select the hidden column and the columns on either side
of the hidden column
• Right click on the selected columns and then click on
Unhide.

23. Conditional formatting in Excel enables you to highlight cells with a certain color,
depending on the cell’s value / or conditions/ or criteria.
Click on Home, Conditional Formatting, Highlight Cells Rules, Greater Than...
Enter the value 80 and select any formatting style
Conditional Formatting

24.  Sorting data is an integral part of data analysis. You
might want to put a list of names in alphabetical
order, compile a list of product inventory levels
from highest to lowest, or order rows by colors or
icons. Sorting data helps you quickly visualize and
understand your data better, organize and find the
data that you want, and ultimately make more
effective decisions.
 You can sort data by text (A to Z or Z to A),
numbers (smallest to largest or largest to smallest),
and dates and times (oldest to newest and newest to
oldest) in one or more columns.

25. You can sort your data in descending and ascending order. You can sort
on one column and sort on several criteria at once. To sort in ascending
order, click on the Data tab and then click AZ
Sort in Excel
If you want to sort on several criteria at once, execute the following steps.
Click on the Data tab and then click Sort.

26. Formulas & Functions
A formula is an expression which calculates the value of a
cell. Functions are predefined formulas and are already available in Excel.
For example, cell A3 below contains a formula which adds the value of cell
A2 to the value of cell A1.
For example, cell A3 below contains the SUM function which calculates
the sum of the range with address A1:A2.

27. Enter a Formula
To enter a formula, execute the following steps.
1. Select the cell that you want to contain the formula.
2. To let Excel know that you want to enter a formula, type
an equal sign (=).
Note: instead of typing A1 and A2, while typing, simply select cell A1 and cell A2.

28. Edit a Formula
When you select a cell, Excel shows the value or formula of
the cell in the formula bar.
To edit a formula, click the formula bar and change the formula.
Press enter

29. Operator Precedence
Excel uses a default order in which calculations occur. If a
part of the formula is in parentheses, that part will be
calculated first. It then performs multiplication or division
calculations. Once this is complete, Excel will add and
subtract the remainder of your formula.

30. Sum Function
To calculate the sum of a range of cells, execute the following
steps.
1. Select the cell where you want to place the sum /Result
2. Click on the Home tab and then click on
2. Click on the Home tab and then click on
3. Press enter.

31. Count Function
To count the number of cells of a range, execute the
following steps.
1. Select the cell where you want to place the result.
2. Click on Formulas  Insert Function Select Count
Function  Select the range of cells
3.Press enter.

32. If Function
The IF function checks whether a condition is met, and
returns one value if TRUE and another value if FALSE.
1. Select cell D2, type in, =IF(A2>2,"That's Correct", "Not
Correct")

33. The IF function returns one value if a condition you
specify evaluates to TRUE, and another value if that
condition evaluates to FALSE.
For example, the formula =IF(A1>10,"Over 10","10 or
less") returns "Over 10" if A1 is greater than 10, and "10
or less" if A1 is less than or equal to 10.
Syntax
IF(logical_test, value_if_true, [value_if_false])

34. The IF function syntax has the following arguments :
logical_test . Any value or expression that can be evaluated
to TRUE or FALSE. For example, A10=100 is a logical
expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the
expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the expression
evaluates to FALSE. This argument can use any comparison
calculation operator.
value_if_true The value that you want to be returned if the
logical_test argument evaluates to TRUE. For example, if
the value of this argument is the text string "Within
budget" and the logical_test argument evaluates to TRUE,
the IF function returns the text "Within budget."
value_if_false The value that you want to be returned if the
logical_test argument evaluates to FALSE. For example, if
the value of this argument is the text string "Over budget"
and the logical_test argument evaluates to FALSE, the IF
function returns the text "Over budget."

35. Cell References in Excel
In Excel and other spreadsheets, reference identifies the location a cell or
group of cells.
Cell references are used in formulas, functions, charts , and other Excel
commands.
Cell references in Excel are very important.
Relative Reference
By default, a spreadsheet cell reference is relative. What this means is that
as a formula or function is copied and pasted to other cells, the cell
references in the formula or function change to reflect the function's new
location.
The reference in the formula is relative to the position of the cell containing
the formula. In other words: each cell references its two neighbors on the left.

36. Absolute Reference
An absolute cell reference does not change when it a formula is copied
and pasted to other cells.
Absolute cell referencing involves nothing more than placing a dollar
symbol ( $ ) before each letter and number.

37.  The COUNTIF function counts the number of cells
within a range that meet a single criterion that you
specify. For example, you can count all the cells that
start with a certain letter, or you can count all the cells
that contain a number that is larger or smaller than a
number you specify. For example, suppose you have a
worksheet that contains a list of tasks in column A,
and the first name of the person assigned to each task
in column B. You can use the COUNTIF function to
count how many times a person's name appears in
column B and, in that way, determine how many tasks
are assigned to that person.

38. For example:
=COUNTIF(B2:B25,"Nancy")
Syntax
COUNTIF(range, criteria)
The COUNTIF function syntax has the following
arguments
Range: One or more cells to count, including numbers or
names, arrays, or references that contain numbers.
Criteria: A number, expression, cell reference, or text
string that defines which cells will be counted. For
example, criteria can be expressed as 32, ">32", B4,
"apples", or "32".

39. Excel Charts
A chart is a visual representation of data,
in which the data are represented by
symbols such as bars in a bar chart or
lines in a line chart. A chart can represent
tabular numeric data, functions or some
kinds of qualitative structures.
Excel allows to create charts in a variety
of types: Bar Charts, Column Charts, Line
Charts, Area Charts, Scatter Charts, Pie
Charts, Stock Charts.

40. Excel Charts
A simple chart can say more than a sheet full of numbers. As you'll see,
creating Excel charts is very easy. Here we discuss how to create a chart,
how to switch rows to columns, how to add a chart title, how to change the
legend position, how to change to a different type of chart, and how to
create a pie chart.
To create a chart, open the Excel file.
1. Select the data range you want to include in the chart.
Note: include the headers when selecting the data range!
2. Click on Insert, choose Column under the Charts group, and select one
of the subtypes.

41. Switch Row/Column
If you want the quarters, displayed on the horizontal
(category) axis, to be displayed on the vertical (value) axis
instead, you can switch rows to columns.
1. Select the chart. The Chart Tools contextual tab activates.
2. Click on the Design tab and click on Switch Row/Column
under the Data group.

42. Add Chart Title
Our Chart needs a title because at the moment it is unclear
what the numbers represent.
1. Select the chart. The Chart Tools contextual tab activates.
2. On the Layout tab, click on Chart Title, and select Above
Chart.

43. Change Legend Position
By default, the legend
appears to the right of the
chart. To move the legend to
the bottom of the chart:
1. Select the chart. The
Chart Tools contextual tab
activates.
2. On the Layout tab, click
on Legend and select Show
Legend at Bottom.

44. Change Chart Type
You can easily change to a different type of chart at any
time.
1. Select the chart. The Chart Tools contextual tab activates.
2. On the Design tab, click on Change Chart Type under the
Type group.

45. Pie Chart
Pie charts are very useful when you want to display the
contribution of each value (slice) to a total (pie). Use pie
charts when you have only one data series.
1. Select the data range.
2. Click on Insert, choose Pie
under the Charts group,
and select one of the subtypes.

46.  Using AutoFilter to filter data is a quick and easy way to
find and work with a subset of data in a range of cells or
table. Once you have filtered data in a range of cells or
table, you can either reapply a filter to get up-to-date
results, or clear a filter to redisplay all of the data.
 Filtered data displays only the rows that meet criteria that
you specify and hides rows that you do not want displayed.
After you filter data, you can copy, find, edit, format, chart,
and print the subset of filtered data without rearranging or
moving it.
 You can also filter by more than one column. Filters are
additive, which means that each additional filter is based on
the current filter and further reduces the subset of data

47. Filter in Excel
You can filter your data If you only want to display records that meet
certain criteria. Click any single cell inside the data set.
Click on the Data tab and then click Filter.
Arrows in the column headers appear.
Now for example, click on the arrow next to Country.
Click on Select All, to clear all the checkboxes.
Next, click the checkbox next to USA.
Click on OK.
To remove the arrows (which will remove the filter as
well), click on Filter from the Data tab again.