In recent years, we have witnessed rapid growth of tertiary institutions in Africa and this expansion has led to the massification and privatization of higher education. “Massification has been defined as the mass adaptation of a phenomenon by the suppression of its distinguishing featuresâ€. Scott 1995 “used the term massification in the context of higher education HE systems to describe the rapid increase in student enrolment in the latter part of the twentieth centuryâ€. Lesotho has not been spared from this system and there has been growth of various higher institutions in the country mainly privately owned. Students have been enrolled in huge numbers in these institutions and this has resulted in large numbers of students and shrinking number of lecturers leading to disproportional ratios of lecturers to students. Students joining these institutions are faced with various challenges emanating from lack of resources, congestion, alienation and subsequent workload for academic staff. Demands and challenges of massification in higher education have also seen academics with added responsibilities of diversifying to improve the quality of delivery with scant resources. This paper explores the experiences and challenges faced by academics as well as students in higher institutions during this expansion era. Massification has been an issue of debate by both higher education researchers and policy makers globally hence the research intends to investigate how these policies have been addressed in other countries and how they can best be adopted to higher education in Lesotho. The study also attempts to learn about existing policies which are intended to revamp the quality of higher education, and or make considerable suggestions to higher education or how best quality can be maintained in the wake of massification. The study further hinges on the number of local higher learning centres institutions and the students enrolling in these establishments and how institutions ensure quality and proper assessment on learning, teaching and assessment. Neo Tlali | Tawanda Mukurunge | Takura Bhila ""Examining the Implications of Massification of Education on Quality Assurance and Assessment in Higher Institutions in Lesotho"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23493.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/23493/examining-the-implications-of-massification-of-education-on-quality-assurance-and-assessment-in-higher-institutions-in-lesotho/neo-tlali
Education is now widely recognized as a scarce commodity but whose investment leads to future pecuniary and non pecuniary returns. Individuals invest in human capital (HC) with hope for future returns, while family investments expect social returns. Indeed governments in the East African Community (EAC) are motivated by the perceived social rate of returns. An emerging school of thought holds that Higher Education (HE) is a big business whose investment must be carefully planned. In EAC, cross border movement in search for HE has been to say the least, the most unequal. In her own admission, Kenya’s Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that the country loses over ksh 2 billion annually in students’ mobility to Uganda in search for HE. While this has gone on for years unabated, this study interrogates the central question: why is cross border HE students’ mobility in EAC unequal? The study generates a four tier typology of integration that includes (i) stagnant integration (LL), (ii)moribund integration (LH), (iii)synergistic integration (HL) and (iv) inequitable integration (HH) based on the relationship between students’ HE mobility and levels of inequality. Overall, the study advocates for the synergistic type of integration that encourages higher students’ mobility with lower inequalities. The study was done as a spatial variation based on the concept of extreme case selection and the most likely condition. Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda were seen as influential cases to be included in the study. Uganda was seen as the destination point for cross border students movement, while Kenya and Rwanda were the exit points. An extensive but selective review of existing literature was also done as well as modest collection of primary data which was done prior to the research visit.
Effects of Alternative Sources of Financing Education on Provision of Teachin...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to examine the effects of alternative sources of financing education provision of teaching and learning resourcesin public secondary schools, guided by four objectives. To find out the contributions of alternative sources of income in financing education on provision of teaching and learning resources in public secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia East Sub County, to assess the extent to which the various alternative income sources of financing education are reliable and adequate to purchase quality teaching and learning resources in public secondary school, to find out to what extent alternatives sources of financing education are utilized to acquire quality teaching and learning resource in public secondary schools , to find out which strategies can be devised to improve alterative income sources of funding to enhance the financing of public secondary schools. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 62 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. The major finding was that the alternative sources of financing education in public secondary schools are grossly inadequate and irregular and fraught with myriad of challenges.
Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Edu...ijtsrd
This paper explored Cameroon’s decentralization policy in the context of educational reforms which entails the adoption of universal legal framework which aims at universalizing free primary education such as that from the1990 Jomtien Conference on Education for All EFA by 2015 and the Dakar 2002 Action Framework. Basically, the government strives to provide free education to pupils, so as to support the underprivileged and enable them read and write in a bid to reduce illiteracy and to bring education to the people. This paper is also anchored on the observation that every major decentralized education throughout the world has to involve some legislative changes to the law. In the case of Cameroon, decentralization constitutes a legal, institutional and financial means through which regional and local authorities operate to foster development with the active involvement of the population. Assessing the legal framework and implementation by various stakeholders shows that the decentralization laws passed over the years in Cameroon have local development and governance as their main thrust. But this review posits that the process for the adoption and implementation of the decentralization policies is slow, partial and seemingly unserious thus barricading the smooth functioning of Basic Education in Cameroon. Unfortunately too, empirical science has narrowly escaped the decentralization process as it pertains to Education primary in Cameroon. As such, this paper acts as a clarion call for more studies to understand how the process unfolds in Cameroon and how it affects the primary education sector. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Education in Cameroon, an Overview of the History and Challenges of the Process" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30620.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30620/tracing-the-evolution-of-decentralization-policy-in-the-ministry-of-basic-education-in-cameroon-an-overview-of-the-history-and-challenges-of-the-process/ngong-gaius-mufua
Education is now widely recognized as a scarce commodity but whose investment leads to future pecuniary and non pecuniary returns. Individuals invest in human capital (HC) with hope for future returns, while family investments expect social returns. Indeed governments in the East African Community (EAC) are motivated by the perceived social rate of returns. An emerging school of thought holds that Higher Education (HE) is a big business whose investment must be carefully planned. In EAC, cross border movement in search for HE has been to say the least, the most unequal. In her own admission, Kenya’s Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that the country loses over ksh 2 billion annually in students’ mobility to Uganda in search for HE. While this has gone on for years unabated, this study interrogates the central question: why is cross border HE students’ mobility in EAC unequal? The study generates a four tier typology of integration that includes (i) stagnant integration (LL), (ii)moribund integration (LH), (iii)synergistic integration (HL) and (iv) inequitable integration (HH) based on the relationship between students’ HE mobility and levels of inequality. Overall, the study advocates for the synergistic type of integration that encourages higher students’ mobility with lower inequalities. The study was done as a spatial variation based on the concept of extreme case selection and the most likely condition. Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda were seen as influential cases to be included in the study. Uganda was seen as the destination point for cross border students movement, while Kenya and Rwanda were the exit points. An extensive but selective review of existing literature was also done as well as modest collection of primary data which was done prior to the research visit.
Effects of Alternative Sources of Financing Education on Provision of Teachin...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to examine the effects of alternative sources of financing education provision of teaching and learning resourcesin public secondary schools, guided by four objectives. To find out the contributions of alternative sources of income in financing education on provision of teaching and learning resources in public secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia East Sub County, to assess the extent to which the various alternative income sources of financing education are reliable and adequate to purchase quality teaching and learning resources in public secondary school, to find out to what extent alternatives sources of financing education are utilized to acquire quality teaching and learning resource in public secondary schools , to find out which strategies can be devised to improve alterative income sources of funding to enhance the financing of public secondary schools. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 62 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. The major finding was that the alternative sources of financing education in public secondary schools are grossly inadequate and irregular and fraught with myriad of challenges.
Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Edu...ijtsrd
This paper explored Cameroon’s decentralization policy in the context of educational reforms which entails the adoption of universal legal framework which aims at universalizing free primary education such as that from the1990 Jomtien Conference on Education for All EFA by 2015 and the Dakar 2002 Action Framework. Basically, the government strives to provide free education to pupils, so as to support the underprivileged and enable them read and write in a bid to reduce illiteracy and to bring education to the people. This paper is also anchored on the observation that every major decentralized education throughout the world has to involve some legislative changes to the law. In the case of Cameroon, decentralization constitutes a legal, institutional and financial means through which regional and local authorities operate to foster development with the active involvement of the population. Assessing the legal framework and implementation by various stakeholders shows that the decentralization laws passed over the years in Cameroon have local development and governance as their main thrust. But this review posits that the process for the adoption and implementation of the decentralization policies is slow, partial and seemingly unserious thus barricading the smooth functioning of Basic Education in Cameroon. Unfortunately too, empirical science has narrowly escaped the decentralization process as it pertains to Education primary in Cameroon. As such, this paper acts as a clarion call for more studies to understand how the process unfolds in Cameroon and how it affects the primary education sector. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Education in Cameroon, an Overview of the History and Challenges of the Process" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30620.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30620/tracing-the-evolution-of-decentralization-policy-in-the-ministry-of-basic-education-in-cameroon-an-overview-of-the-history-and-challenges-of-the-process/ngong-gaius-mufua
The work investigated private sectors participation and educational development of Secondary school in Abia State.
The work investigated private sectors participation and educational development of Secondary school in Abia State.
The term private connotes personal and that which belongs to an individual, group of people and not by the government
- Private sectors therefore are those parts of the economy which are owned by individuals.
Examples are wealthy individuals, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Alumni associations, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) etc.
This study was designed to examine the contribution of placement school experiences to prospective teachers’ multicultural competence development in Ethiopia. The major sources of data were prospective teachers of the three randomly selected Teacher Education Institutes who took their placement school experiences at the respective secondary schools. Two hundred and forty prospective teachers were selected from five hundred and seventy three prospective teachers of the 2011/2012 academic year cohort using a proportional random sampling technique to fill in the questionnaire. Fifteen prospective teachers were also selected for interview using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaire and interview. The data collected through the questionnaire were analyzed using percentage and one sample t-test. Interview data were reported in words following themes made vis-à-vis the research questions of this study. The findings of the study pointed out that collaboration among prospective teachers, staffs of placement schools, and students’ parents have brought the required multicultural knowledge, attitude, and skill to prospective teachers. However, the findings noted that learner-centered knowledge construction philosophy is at its infant stage at the placement schools. In light of these findings, relevant recommendations have been made in the paper.
Education for All in India: Financing India's Elementary EducationJonathon Flegg
India's Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Education for All) Scheme is the biggest education financing programme of its kind in the world. This presentation addresses the major problems currently facing the financing of the system's, and proposes a new "grand bargain" to make the system work better for all Indians.
Education is necessity for both human and societal development, the more sophisticated it is the more
quality products it provides. One of the major problems facing higher education in Nigeria is under-funding.
Recently, the government investment in higher education was little bit increased as result of the total shutdown
of higher education institutions by the joint higher education academic union (ASUU,ASUP AND COASU)
strike action. In response to the report of the needs assessment of Nigerian Universities conducted in 2012, the
federal government earmarked N1.3trtillion for special intervention in the Nigerian public universities over the
next Six(6)years, of which N200billion out of the amount has been released. This paper attempts to examine the
trend in funding of higher education in Nigeria and the attendant effect between 2009 and 2013. The paper
observed some gaps in the funding and in the expenditure of available funds. The paper was concluded by
making appropriate recommendations to addressing the identified challenges.
An investigation into the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada...SubmissionResearchpa
The study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Nigeria. Questionnaire was adopted for the study. The sample of the study comprised 80 private schools administrators. The researcher used purposive sampling technique to select the sample from the population for the study. To ensure the validity of the instrument, test retest was employed to validate the reliability of the instrument. Simple percentage and chi-square was used to analyze the data collected for the study. The result collected revealed that COVID-19 Pandemic has impact on private school finances; COVID-19 Pandemic influences retrenchment of staff in private school; COVID-19 government intervention funds did not get to private schools proprietors and majorities of proprietress of private schools in Gwagwalada area council have not been able to pay their staff for the past two months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on this findings, the researcher hereby recommends that the government should provide specially intervention funds for the private schools with low interest rate. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was recommended that government at the federal and states levels should make provision for the private schools to access special intervention loans with low interest rate so that the private schools owners should be able to pay salaries to their staff by Ogunode Niyi Jacob 2020. An investigation into the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 6 (Jun. 2020), 35-44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.399. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/399/376 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/399
Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.”
- Swami Vivekananda
Indigenous Education.
Our goal should be making education for all free of cost.
Commercialization of Education.
Government Funding.
Corporate Funding.
Funding from Society.
Good Governance and Transparency in Education.
Education Loan.
Technology Enabled Learning (TEL).
Bridging Social Gaps.
Learning with earning.
WE want the Education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, an by which one can stand on one's own feet.
Free Education in the Philippines: The Continuing SagaIJAEMSJORNAL
One of the most notable milestones in the Philippine education is when the government actively seeks to expand access and participation in higher education through the ratification of RA 10931 or the “Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act”. Thus, this study aims to examine and assess the effects of the law in our educational system. Providing sufficient funds is not enough; the government must give meaning to the title of the new law, which is the provision of “quality” tertiary education. This program is an investment in the nation’s most precious resource. Quality education empowers people and levels the playing field; it is one of the best tools for poverty alleviation, social equity and inclusive growth. There should be no compromise on the quality of the services provided under RA 10931. Free must not mean substandard. In this study, the researcher used qualitative research method. Qualitative research method was developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena: observe feelings, thoughts, behaviors and the belief of the mass society.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
An Investigation into the Robustness of the Assessment of Learners with Speci...ijtsrd
Education for learners with special needs remains a challenge for developing countries like Lesotho where development of infrastructure and appropriate training for personnel is still at its infancy. With the number of learners with special needs on the rise, lack of basic necessities has compelled such learners to be absorbed in the main stream education system, leaving educators frustrated. Although having all inclusive education as professed by the government may be an ideal situation for learners with special needs, what remains a barrier is the mode of assessment for such learners. The study sought to establish the depth and breadth of the assessment of learners with special needs in Lesotho. The study was conducted using the qualitative methodology. The in depth interviews were conducted in order to get a thorough and informed insight that reveals how learners with special needs are evaluated. Documents such as Education Act 2010, The National Constitution and Children's Protection and Welfare Act 2011 were analysed to assess whether they respond to the needs of such learners. The informant selection techniques employed were convenience and purposive sampling. respondents were selected based on their availability and willingness to respond. The findings were analysed using thematic method of analysis. The study revealed that the government has not done enough to ensure inclusive education. This is evidenced by lack of clear policies for learners with special needs, as well as facilities and trained personnel for such learners. Tsepiso Mncina | Tawanda Mukurunge, | Takura Bhila "An Investigation into the Robustness of the Assessment of Learners with Special Needs: Case of Leseli Community School" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29183.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/29183/an-investigation-into-the-robustness-of-the-assessment-of-learners-with-special-needs-case-of-leseli-community-school/tsepiso-mncina
An Exploration of Programmes Offered by Universities in Lesotho and how they ...ijtsrd
Lesotho is an under developed economy and faces challenges of the HIV AIDS pandemic, political instability, high poverty levels, high unemployment rate, high public expenditure, declining revenues and inequalities. The country has got three universities. This study sought to analyse the programmes offered by the universities and how they contribute to the development of the national fiscal and establish gaps that need to be filled. The study is explorative and investigative and uses qualitative analysis of the data. Tawanda Mukurunge | Takura Bhila "An Exploration of Programmes Offered by Universities in Lesotho and how they Align with the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP), Agenda 2063 and Strategic Development Goals (SDGs)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20243.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/20243/an-exploration-of-programmes-offered-by-universities-in-lesotho-and-how-they-align-with-the-national-strategic-development-plan-nsdp-agenda-2063-and-strategic-development-goals-sdgs/tawanda-mukurunge
The work investigated private sectors participation and educational development of Secondary school in Abia State.
The work investigated private sectors participation and educational development of Secondary school in Abia State.
The term private connotes personal and that which belongs to an individual, group of people and not by the government
- Private sectors therefore are those parts of the economy which are owned by individuals.
Examples are wealthy individuals, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Alumni associations, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) etc.
This study was designed to examine the contribution of placement school experiences to prospective teachers’ multicultural competence development in Ethiopia. The major sources of data were prospective teachers of the three randomly selected Teacher Education Institutes who took their placement school experiences at the respective secondary schools. Two hundred and forty prospective teachers were selected from five hundred and seventy three prospective teachers of the 2011/2012 academic year cohort using a proportional random sampling technique to fill in the questionnaire. Fifteen prospective teachers were also selected for interview using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaire and interview. The data collected through the questionnaire were analyzed using percentage and one sample t-test. Interview data were reported in words following themes made vis-à-vis the research questions of this study. The findings of the study pointed out that collaboration among prospective teachers, staffs of placement schools, and students’ parents have brought the required multicultural knowledge, attitude, and skill to prospective teachers. However, the findings noted that learner-centered knowledge construction philosophy is at its infant stage at the placement schools. In light of these findings, relevant recommendations have been made in the paper.
Education for All in India: Financing India's Elementary EducationJonathon Flegg
India's Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Education for All) Scheme is the biggest education financing programme of its kind in the world. This presentation addresses the major problems currently facing the financing of the system's, and proposes a new "grand bargain" to make the system work better for all Indians.
Education is necessity for both human and societal development, the more sophisticated it is the more
quality products it provides. One of the major problems facing higher education in Nigeria is under-funding.
Recently, the government investment in higher education was little bit increased as result of the total shutdown
of higher education institutions by the joint higher education academic union (ASUU,ASUP AND COASU)
strike action. In response to the report of the needs assessment of Nigerian Universities conducted in 2012, the
federal government earmarked N1.3trtillion for special intervention in the Nigerian public universities over the
next Six(6)years, of which N200billion out of the amount has been released. This paper attempts to examine the
trend in funding of higher education in Nigeria and the attendant effect between 2009 and 2013. The paper
observed some gaps in the funding and in the expenditure of available funds. The paper was concluded by
making appropriate recommendations to addressing the identified challenges.
An investigation into the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada...SubmissionResearchpa
The study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Nigeria. Questionnaire was adopted for the study. The sample of the study comprised 80 private schools administrators. The researcher used purposive sampling technique to select the sample from the population for the study. To ensure the validity of the instrument, test retest was employed to validate the reliability of the instrument. Simple percentage and chi-square was used to analyze the data collected for the study. The result collected revealed that COVID-19 Pandemic has impact on private school finances; COVID-19 Pandemic influences retrenchment of staff in private school; COVID-19 government intervention funds did not get to private schools proprietors and majorities of proprietress of private schools in Gwagwalada area council have not been able to pay their staff for the past two months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on this findings, the researcher hereby recommends that the government should provide specially intervention funds for the private schools with low interest rate. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was recommended that government at the federal and states levels should make provision for the private schools to access special intervention loans with low interest rate so that the private schools owners should be able to pay salaries to their staff by Ogunode Niyi Jacob 2020. An investigation into the impact of COVID-19 on private schools in Gwagwalada area council of FCT, Nigeria. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 6 (Jun. 2020), 35-44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.399. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/399/376 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/399
Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.”
- Swami Vivekananda
Indigenous Education.
Our goal should be making education for all free of cost.
Commercialization of Education.
Government Funding.
Corporate Funding.
Funding from Society.
Good Governance and Transparency in Education.
Education Loan.
Technology Enabled Learning (TEL).
Bridging Social Gaps.
Learning with earning.
WE want the Education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, an by which one can stand on one's own feet.
Free Education in the Philippines: The Continuing SagaIJAEMSJORNAL
One of the most notable milestones in the Philippine education is when the government actively seeks to expand access and participation in higher education through the ratification of RA 10931 or the “Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act”. Thus, this study aims to examine and assess the effects of the law in our educational system. Providing sufficient funds is not enough; the government must give meaning to the title of the new law, which is the provision of “quality” tertiary education. This program is an investment in the nation’s most precious resource. Quality education empowers people and levels the playing field; it is one of the best tools for poverty alleviation, social equity and inclusive growth. There should be no compromise on the quality of the services provided under RA 10931. Free must not mean substandard. In this study, the researcher used qualitative research method. Qualitative research method was developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena: observe feelings, thoughts, behaviors and the belief of the mass society.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
An Investigation into the Robustness of the Assessment of Learners with Speci...ijtsrd
Education for learners with special needs remains a challenge for developing countries like Lesotho where development of infrastructure and appropriate training for personnel is still at its infancy. With the number of learners with special needs on the rise, lack of basic necessities has compelled such learners to be absorbed in the main stream education system, leaving educators frustrated. Although having all inclusive education as professed by the government may be an ideal situation for learners with special needs, what remains a barrier is the mode of assessment for such learners. The study sought to establish the depth and breadth of the assessment of learners with special needs in Lesotho. The study was conducted using the qualitative methodology. The in depth interviews were conducted in order to get a thorough and informed insight that reveals how learners with special needs are evaluated. Documents such as Education Act 2010, The National Constitution and Children's Protection and Welfare Act 2011 were analysed to assess whether they respond to the needs of such learners. The informant selection techniques employed were convenience and purposive sampling. respondents were selected based on their availability and willingness to respond. The findings were analysed using thematic method of analysis. The study revealed that the government has not done enough to ensure inclusive education. This is evidenced by lack of clear policies for learners with special needs, as well as facilities and trained personnel for such learners. Tsepiso Mncina | Tawanda Mukurunge, | Takura Bhila "An Investigation into the Robustness of the Assessment of Learners with Special Needs: Case of Leseli Community School" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29183.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/29183/an-investigation-into-the-robustness-of-the-assessment-of-learners-with-special-needs-case-of-leseli-community-school/tsepiso-mncina
An Exploration of Programmes Offered by Universities in Lesotho and how they ...ijtsrd
Lesotho is an under developed economy and faces challenges of the HIV AIDS pandemic, political instability, high poverty levels, high unemployment rate, high public expenditure, declining revenues and inequalities. The country has got three universities. This study sought to analyse the programmes offered by the universities and how they contribute to the development of the national fiscal and establish gaps that need to be filled. The study is explorative and investigative and uses qualitative analysis of the data. Tawanda Mukurunge | Takura Bhila "An Exploration of Programmes Offered by Universities in Lesotho and how they Align with the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP), Agenda 2063 and Strategic Development Goals (SDGs)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20243.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/20243/an-exploration-of-programmes-offered-by-universities-in-lesotho-and-how-they-align-with-the-national-strategic-development-plan-nsdp-agenda-2063-and-strategic-development-goals-sdgs/tawanda-mukurunge
Children’s Participation in Schooling and Education in Pastoralist Woredas of...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Pastoralists are among the marginalized groups of society who live in a marginalized environment and whose livelihood is exposed to the vagaries of climate and harsh environmental conditions. This study explores into impediments of pastoral children’s participation into schooling and education with particular emphasis on the primary school of selected Woreda, Afar Zone. To achieve this purpose, a qualitative research method was employed. Participants of the study were selected by employing purposive sampling mainly on the basis of their roles related to schooling. Seven members of parent teacher associations, 20 teachers, 4 school principals, 14 education experts and officials, a total of 45 respondents took part in the study. Data were collected through the use of different instruments: Strutted interview, focus group discussion, and document review and observation checklist. The data obtained through these data collection instruments were analysed thematically. The steps involved were organizing and preparing data for analysis, reading through all data, coding, generating a description of the settings and people and identifying categories or themes for analysis, representing descriptions and themes in the qualitative narrative and interpretation. The study identified several cultural and economic barriers such as early marriage, lack of interest for modern education, parental level of education, mobility, child labor, poverty and finance. The results also showed that existence of both supply and demand side constraints. Problem of funding, inability to attract and retain qualified teaching staff, poorly equipped schools and community perception of modern education as a threat to pastoralist way of life were the major supply related shortcomings. The demand side limitations were identified as dispersed settlement patterns, demand for child labour, bride-price and peer pressure. Mandatory seasonal mobility, frequent conflicts and conflict induced displacement were cited as the most pronounced disenabling features.Drought and harsh weather were the driving forces of mobility. Competition over water sources and pastureland coupled with border dispute and cattle raid were identified as the long standing causes of armed conflict which in turn result in school activity disruption. Thus, based on the findings, recommendation is made to planners and policymakers so as to alleviate the observed shortcomings. Improving quality of school facilities, sensitization campaign on the benefits of education, blended mode of delivery, peace dialogue to arrest recurring conflicts, self-proof of schools about their worthiness to the local community and rethinking of teacher incentive mechanisms are some of the important propositions made in view to avert the long standing legacy of educational under representation of the Afar pastoralist communities in Ethiopia.
Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbato...ijtsrd
Equitable Education System was proposed in the state of Tamil Nadu. It was felt that by following this education system we could afford impartial education to all school children irrespective of region such as rural and urban, upper and lower caste, and religion etc. This new system of education came into existence after a lot of oppositions, obstacles and confusions. Determining attitude and efforts to advance a new system of education is very much essential. Attitude of teachers, students and parents about a new educational system influences the choices and national development. Teachers and parents have a supreme responsibility in the mental and physical growth of the students. Their attitude is one of the most important variables in the education of children. Successful and effective implementation of a new system of education depends upon the knowledge of teachers and their positive attitudes towards it. Thus, the study of teachers' attitude towards Equitable Education becomes indispensable to the implementation plans. These observations initiated the investigator to undertake the present study, “Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District†G. Jayanthi | Dr. K. Eagavalli ""Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25133/attitude-of-secondary-school-teachers-towards-equitable-education-in-coimbatore-district/g-jayanthi
Implications of Free Primary Education on KCPE Examinations Performance In Pu...paperpublications3
Abstract: The introduction of Free Primary Education in Kenya in 2003 increased enrolment from 5.9 million pupils to 7.6. By 2011, enrolment stood at 9.2 million pupils representing a 63% increase rate in nine years. It increased pupil to teacher ratio and pupil to textbook ratio. The Kenya certificate of primary education (KCPE) is crucial since it is the indicator of a child’s basic education. The objectives of the study were to: determine the effects of enrolment of pupils on KCPE examinations performance, determine the effects of pupil to teacher ratio on KCPE examinations performance, find out the effects of pupil to textbook ratio on KCPE examinations performance, determine whether there is any significant improvement of KCPE in public primary schools of Kemera Division after the introduction of FPE using a chi square analysis and find out the effects of physical facilities on KCPE examinations performance in public primary schools. The literature was reviewed using the sub themes from the objectives. The study used stratified random sampling and descriptive design. The instruments used were questionnaires, interview schedules, focused group discussions and observations checklist. The total target population was 18 primary schools, 8326 pupils, 204 teachers 18 Head teachers, 180 school committee members and 2 education officers. The total population sampled was 372.The target groups from whom data was collected were pupils of class 4-8, teachers, Head teachers, school committee members and educational officers in the Division. The sample size constituted of 250 pupils, 80 teachers, 30 committee members, 10 Head teachers and 2 education officers in the Division .The study found out that enrolment was high, schools had uneven distribution of teachers, pupil to textbook ratio was inadequate and physical facilities were not enough. Chi square analysis showed no significant improvement in KCPE performance in the schools of the Division after the introduction of FPE. The study recommended that disbursement of funds to be sent in time to cater for high enrolment, Teacher to pupil ratio to be improved, Pupil to textbook ratio to be at 1:1, physical facilities to be improved and these would bring quality education and good KCPE results. The results obtained would be useful in informing policy on the improvement of the KCPE performance in the Division.
The purpose of this paper was to know the sustainable development goal 4 and find out the quality of education in Zambia. The quality of education was measured by the number of primary and secondary schools, enrolment of students, dropout rate, the equity indicators – gender parity index and student-teacher ratio and quality indicators like exam pass rate and infrastructure. The study concluded that the growth rate of schools under private/church/community was higher than the Government run schools during the study period. There prevails inequality between different provinces with regard to the availability of schools. The average annual growth rate in enrolment for grade 1-12 for female students was higher than the male students, whereas, in public universities the percentage of enrolment for male students was higher than female. The dropout rate was higher for female than male students, due to early pregnancy. The gender parity index increased due to the policy of the Government towards girls. To achieve the sustainable development goal for education, the study suggested that the teachers in rural areas should be provided better service conditions, education should be enhanced according to the needs of the economy and student loan scheme should be initiated by the banks and financial institutions.
Senior Secondary Students' inability to draw a significant difference between
these school subjects, which lead to their ceaseless absence in the class is a
critical issue that calls for an investigation. This research examined teachers'
and student’s assessment of the level of relatedness of Civic education and
Government as a school subject in Kwara State. A correlational form of a
survey was adopted, civic education and government teachers and students in
the senior schools in the three Senatorial districts were the populations. A
multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in the selection of 63
Government and Civic education teachers and 606 students. A questionnaire
with content validity and a reliability index of 0.87 and 0.76 respectively was
used for eliciting the data. The analyses were done using descriptive and
inferential statistics. Findings revealed that the two-school subject was very
related in all ramifications, with a pass in one leading to a pass in the other. It
was recommended that the curriculum planner should collapse the
curriculum and contents of the two subjects into one rather than overburden
the school timetable.
The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Prim...ijtsrd
The focus of this paper was to examine the influence of pedagogic supervision on school effectiveness in public nursery and primary schools in Fako division, South West Region of Cameroon. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Data was collected from 406 teachers and 62 head teachers from both nursery and primary schools and the number of accessible nursery and primary schools were twenty three. Questionnaire and semi structured interview guide were the instruments used for the study. The instruments consisted of both close and open ended questions. For the reliability statistics, the internal consistency of the head teachers' responses ranged from 0.782 to 0.893. The overall reliability coefficient was 0.989 which was above the recommended threshold of 0.7, while the internal consistency of the teachers' responses ranged from 0.734 to 0.876. Findings showed that while some inspectors could not rate the effectiveness of their schools, others said the effectiveness of their schools were above 12 , 50 and 80 respectively. Findings Comparing teachers' opinion on the carrying out of pedagogic supervision by head teachers showed that head teachers do not significantly differ in their opinion on the practice of pedagogic supervision in school P 0.05 . Furthermore, head teachers teaching in the nursery school, 77.8 and 96.2 of those teaching in primary schools disagreed that their head teachers are carrying out pedagogic supervision. On the same note, as findings showed that pedagogic supervision has a positive and significant effect on the effectiveness of public nursery and primary schools. From the findings, recommendations were made. Lingondo Joseph Mwambo "The Influence of Pedagogic Supervision on School Effectiveness in Public Primary Schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31085.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/31085/the-influence-of-pedagogic-supervision-on-school-effectiveness-in-public-primary-schools-in-fako-division-south-west-region-of-cameroon/lingondo-joseph-mwambo
The Journey of Education Service Contracting ESC Grantees A Phenomenological ...ijtsrd
This phenomenological study was initiated to explore and understand the journey of ESC grantees of the Cluster C Schools in the Diocese of Butuan Educational System. Subsequently, this qualitative exploration hoped to draw out insights on the relevance of ESC program to the sustenance of the grantees. Qualitative Phenomenological approach was used with the 2 respondents 15 participants for FGD and 5 for IDI. DepEd Orders were utilized as one of the references. Results showed that the most common lived experiences of the grantees are feeling happy and grateful, financial instability, being pressured and motivated, and learned to pray. Meanwhile, their coping mechanisms are being innovative, optimistic, and practical and listened to advices. On the other hand, aspirations and insights of them are as follows the school shall set teacher hiring standards and implement relevant programs and activities, have moral and emotional supports from parents, and when success comes, remunerate parents’ effort. The study concludes that the recipients of grant have relied to the sustenance of the public private program through the ESC. Celso G. Casamayor Jr. "The Journey of Education Service Contracting (ESC) Grantees: A Phenomenological Inquiry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52680.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/52680/the-journey-of-education-service-contracting-esc-grantees-a-phenomenological-inquiry/celso-g-casamayor-jr
Students Related Factors Influencing Their Performance in Ordinary Level Biol...ijtsrd
Poor performance in O L Biology at the CGCE examination can be attributed to reasons from varied sources. However, this study sought to investigate how students related factors influence their performance in Ordinary Level O L Biology at the Cameroon General Certificate of Education CGCE Examination.The instruments used to collect data were a questionnaire for teachers and students and the analysis of Biology GCE O L subject reports. The instruments were made up of few close and more open ended questions Triangulated study .The data obtained from student questionnaires were analyzed separately from that of teachers using frequencies and percentages. Thematic analysis was also employed to open ended items of the questionnaires. The results showed that Students were blamed for their poor performance in Biology O L at the CGCE examination for the following cluster of reasons Laziness, poor time management, misinterpretation of questions, do not follow instructions on question papers, speculation, phobia in drawing, poor communication skills, peer pressure, drug addiction, etc. Theophilus Koti Tamambang "Students Related Factors Influencing Their Performance in Ordinary Level Biology at the Cameroon General Certificate of Education (CGCE)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30850.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30850/students-related-factors-influencing-their-performance-in-ordinary-level-biology-at-the-cameroon-general-certificate-of-education-cgce/theophilus-koti-tamambang
The Influence of Regional Location of Kasese District on Access to University...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This paper examined the influence of regional location of Kasese District on access to university education. The research used a descriptive study design on a sample of 98 respondents. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides and analysed using frequencies and percentages. The findings revealed that regional location factors affected access to university education such as distance to universities. The results from this research showed that distance to the university is one of the major factors affecting accessibility to university education. This paper recommends that the government should endeavour to improve the education standards in rural schools by improving teachers’ motivation through accommodation and other social amenities.
Keywords: Influence, regional location, education, university and Kasese.
________________________________________
The Influence of Regional Location of Kasese District on Access to University...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT
This paper examined the influence of regional location of Kasese District on access to university education. The research used a descriptive study design on a sample of 98 respondents. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides and analysed using frequencies and percentages. The findings revealed that regional location factors affected access to university education such as distance to universities. The results from this research showed that distance to the university is one of the major factors affecting accessibility to university education. This paper recommends that the government should endeavour to improve the education standards in rural schools by improving teachers’ motivation through accommodation and other social amenities.
Keywords: Influence, regional location, education, university and Kasese.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23493 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1562
Face to face interviews will be adopted as data collection
methods for this research. These interviews will be carried
out with educationists in higher education institutions
(HEI’s). The data for this study will be analysed qualitatively
through themes that will be created by the researcher from
the data.
Background of study
“Lesotho is a small, mountainous country completely
surrounded by the Republic of South Africa”. Lekhetho
(2013) writes that Lesotho has got a population of about 2.2
million people, it is ranked 158th out of 186 countries in the
category of low human developed countries when looking at
the Human Development Index. The introduction of “Free
Primary Education” (FPE) was therefore a timeous
intervention as this afforded, “free and compulsory
education to all children of school going age irrespective of
the socio- economic status of their parents”, (Lekhetho,
2013).
The country implemented the FPE policy in its primary
schools in the year 2000. Morojele (2012) says that Lesotho
implemented this policy as part and parcel of the United
Nations drive to avail “Education for All (EFA)” through the
“Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” to which Lesotho
is a signatory. The actual sanction of compulsory free
primary education took place in the year 2010 as the
government made efforts to ensure “that all girlsandboysof
the age between 6 and 13 years attend school”, (Morojele,
2012). The implementation of this policy saw many young
children and those adults in their prime go to school. These
massive enrolments in primary school led to many pupils
being able to acquire secondary education. When the
excitement of free education was still new and the education
system adjusting to this new policy, another new policy was
implemented by the Ministry of Education which abolished
grade 7 examinations and subsequently the grading of High
School leaving certificate. Thismeansthattheoverwhelming
majority of students from secondary schools are exerting
pressure on higher education to expand.
Introduction
Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Lesotho have
recently experienced, “rapid increase in student enrolment
as a result of the free primary education programme”. This
has led to a large number of new students enrolling for
learning at higher education institutions. The challenge has
been that not all institutions can enrol all the students
wishing to study due to lack of infrastructure, human
resources and equipment required to address the learning
and teaching needs of the students.
Free education provision at primary school and the low fees
of M1200 per annum has made education affordable and
accessible to any pupil willing to learn in primary and post
primary school level. However, this supposedly positive
development put a strain on tertiary institutions that are
overwhelmed by the number of students willing to advance
with their studies.
Lesotho has got only fourteen tertiary institutions of note
and of those only three are universities. Of the three
universities, only one, the National University of Lesotho,
gets government subsidies and the other two Limkokwing
University of Creative Technology and Botho University are
private institutions. These tertiary institutions do not have
the capacity to service all aspiring graduates’ needs.
The problem of massification in education is not peculiar to
Lesotho alone as, Altbach, Reisberg and Rumbley (2009)
write, “that participation in post compulsory education has
expanded exponentiallythroughoutthe world duringthelast
several decades”. Altbach et al (2009) go on to document
that, “globally, the percentage of the age cohort enrolled in
tertiary education has grown from 19 percent in 2000 to 26
percent in 2007”.
The paper’s focal point is to critically study, “the impact of
the massification of higher education on higher education
institutions”, and how this affects students as well as
institutional concerns of quality and assessment. It also set
out to examine whether massification affects institutions by
creating more challenges for them or adds value to
education.
Statement of problem
HEI’s anywhere in the world are established to ensure that
certain objectives are met. Mostly, these are ensuring that
the country’s economy is developed andthatthe country can
compete with counterparts on every sector of national
development. Thus these institutions’ mandate is to make
sure that they train human capital and provideskills thatare
relevant for the country to meet its set objectives. The
government of Lesotho made strides in meeting the United
Nations initiated National Strategic Development Goals of
free provision of primary education as a human right but
without making contingency plans for adequateprovision of
tertiary education to the same pupils. This has created
constraints on tertiary institutions after beingoverwhelmed
by masses of scholars seeking higher education. Higher
institutions have not been capacitated to meet the massive
enrolment of students from high school and this is
compromising their higher education. While the numbers of
students who enrol into higher institutions have risen, the
infrastructure at higher institutions has remained under
resourced. There are huge numbers of students in the
classrooms and thus resulting in lecturers being
overwhelmed with assignments to be assessed, contactwith
students reduced and overall quality assurance being
compromised. As a result, this research undertakes to
investigate challenges of massification and its impact on
assessment and quality assurance.
Aims of study
This study sought to establish the challenges faced by
institutions of higher learning in Lesotho emanating from
massification of education and to find out what the
stakeholders in the education sector are doing to address
these challenges.
Objectives of the study
To establish the impact of massification of education at
higher learning institutional level and the impact on quality
assurance at institutions of higher learning.
To find out whether institutions of higher learning are
sufficiently capacitatedtoaccommodateincreasingnumbers
of students applying for entry into these institutions.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23493 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1563
Research questions
1. How are tertiary institutions in Lesotho handling the
influx of students seeking higher level education?
2. How can the imbalance of great numbers of students
seeking entry into tertiary institutions in the face of
inadequate human and materialresourcesbeaddressed
to the benefit of all?
3. How are institutions coping with the challenges of
massive student enrolment and quality assurance in
education in Lesotho?
Justification
The study strives to trigger consultations with various
stakeholders in education and business to deliberate on
possible solutions that can assist in addressingmassification
of education and its implications on higher institutions. This
is a new study in Lesotho and hopefully it will contribute to
existing literature on studies carried out elsewhere and find
a way of how this can be meaningful to higher institutions in
Lesotho in order to come up with explanations on the issues
of quality assurance and assessment. It is the intention of
this study to highlight challengesbroughtbymassification in
order to encourage higher learning institutions to continue
playing their role of maintaining excellence and qualitywith
whatever means of facilities, material and human resources
available to them. The outcome of this study will further
draw attention to “the implementation of free primary
education” and check whether this has had an impactwithin
the context of massification of education in higher learning
institutions and effective ways that can be adopted torelook
into the matter. It is the hope of the researchers thatfindings
and possible recommendations of this study will lead to
further engagements and consultations with various
stakeholders in order to address massification. The paper
recognises the need for institutions to expand in the wake of
changing government policies to allow for qualifying
students to be enrolled and be able to further their
education.
Theoretical Framework
This study is supported by “Martin Trow’s theory of
Massification of higher education of 1971. The theory
postulates that educationalqualityinhigherinstitutionsoflearning
isacompoundconcept of different factors. Its criterion is the
unity of development, standardization, adaptation,serving,and
variety.Duringtheperiodofhighereducationmassification morepeople
receivehighereducation therefore;thereisa closerrelationship
between university components and the wider society. The
theory further asserts that, with massification in higher
education, the managements of universities no longer exist
in isolation. This is because students, their parents and the
society are involved in theevaluation of university education
quality directly or indirectly. This in turn affects the day-to-
day operations of the university. Therefore, thistheoryopinesthe
need for continuous monitoring and evaluation of university
education to ensure quality. According to this theory, the views,
purposes, contents, structures, academic standards,
functions, forms of establishing education, and management
systems change tremendously with over-enrolment in
universities. Although the postulations of this theory are
mainly applicable to developed economies, it can, to a large extent,
reflect the concept of massification in institutions of higher
learning in developing economiesaswell”.
Literature Review
Hornsby and Osman (2014) postulate that much as
massification is viewed as advancing the course of
“democratization of education and the social justice agenda
in many countries”, this however is hampered by the large
quantities of students in class. Large populations in classare
detrimental in many ways to student learning such as the
inevitable compromise in quality as large classes correlate
with low student performance (Hornsby and Osman, 2014).
Mohamedbhai (2008) identifies positive political economic
implications of massification on African politics.
Mohamedbhai (2008) cites the UNESCO 1999 writing that,
“Significant increases in enrolment are a positive sign of
democratization of access. Access to higher education is not
only open to those with the class definition of student, that
is, a person of 18- 24 years who has entered higher
education directly from secondaryschoolorsoonthereafter,
but is also available to older students who wish to further
their education in this era of lifelong learning”,
(Mohamedbhai, 2008). This means that, “there are many
more students of all ages, social class and caliber therefore
massification is seen in appositive light because it is a proof
of the democratization of access and is no longer elitist”,
(Mohamedbhai, 2008).
According to Kinyanjui, “for the last few decades, Kenya has
experienced remarkable expansion of higher education”,
(Kinyanjui, 2007). “This has seen a major contribution to the
development of human resources in Kenya. The current
demand for expansion of higher education in Kenya is
believed to result from the government policy which
introduced free primary education in the year 2003. This
consequently led to increase in the number of studentsjoining
secondary schools”, (Kinyajui, 2007). “Records from the Commission of
HigherEducation(CHE)alsoindicatethatthenumberofstudentsobtaining
theminimumqualificationforentrytouniversity(C+and above) has
increased”.
Abagi & Olweya (1999), on the other hand, argue that public
universities have not been able to cope with these large
numbers of students. Instructional materials haveremained
inadequate; lecture halls havebeencrowded, whilethequality of
academicstaff and pedagogical approaches at the institutions
of higher learning has relatively declined. Thedoubleintakethat
waseffectedintheacademicyear2011/2012 has raised a genuine
debate as to the preparedness of the public universities”,
(Gudo, Olel &Oanda,2011).
“Oneofthemajorchallengesthateducationpolicyformulators face is
the creation of higher education systemthatcombinesmassaccess
with quality”. Obanya (2004), “contends that massification of higher
education resulting from having the academic gates widely
openhasbroughtaboutamyriadofchallenges. These challenges
range from quality, to judicious use of resources, the size of
which has not matched the rate of increase in student
numbers. Massification has led to lecturers handling large
numbers of students. They have to expend much of their
time marking scripts and carrying out regular assessments”,
as a result lecturer’s will devote less time to research and
upgrading themselves.
Goolam (2008) “contends that massification hasseriouseffecton
teaching and learning in higher education, but the situation in
Africa is particularly grave.Thisisbecauseofmismatchofincreased
enrolments and available academic facilities. There is an
increase in student/teacher ratio leading to reduced
individual attention to students. Africa is currentlyexperiencing
low levels of participation in research and also recording low
research output”.
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Mok and Jiang (2016), looking at the Chinese scenario,
observe that, “the Chinese government has actively
increased higher education opportunities in order to
transform the country and prepare its people to cope with
the growing challenges of the globalizing market. The
massification of higher education has provided more and
more access to junior colleges and universities, and
subsequently produced a growing number of college
graduates looking for jobs in the labour market”, (Mok and
Jiang, 2016). “College students have begun to doubt the
effect of higher education massification on bringing more
equality in admission and on improving their
competitiveness in the job market and therefore, in turn,
leads to widespread dissatisfaction with higher education
development in China”, (Mok and Jiang, 2016).
Underdal (2010) explores the issue of massification in
education with the justification that the, “transition from
‘elite’ to ‘mass’ institutions has a wide range of implications
and consequences for the universitiesinvolved, as wellas for
the societies they serve”. Underdal (2010) defines ‘elite’
education as the, “proportion of cohorts (at most 15%) for
exclusive occupational roles involving membership of an
informal ‘ruling class’. ‘mass’ education is defined as the
transmission of skills for a fairly broad range of technical or
professional roles to a larger proportion of cohorts(between
16 and 50%)”, Underdal, (2010).
Ntim (2015) writes that the academic changes of the latter
20th century as well as that of the early part 21st century
have precipitated a critical redesigning of the character of
institutions of higher learning, especially the university
across the globe. Citing the example of Ghana, Ntim (2015)
says that massification has got quality assurance
implications as setting standards and ensuring quality
control becomes “especially problematic in the context of
significant expansion and internationalization”.Ntim(2015)
continues to write that contemporary global ethics, regional
integration and economic blocks in many continents,
increasing awareness of partnership betweeninstitutionsof
higher learning and versatility due to increasing mobility of
academics and students, etc. continuetoprecipitatetheneed
for recognized international “benchmarks to guide
comparison and evaluation of academic and professional
qualifications”.
Machingambi (2011) analyzing the South African higher
education system, observes, “that access tohighereducation
in that country is imperative after the demise of apartheid in
a bid to redress the inequalities of the past”. Machingambi
(2011) goes on to say that “this is equal to saying that
students of all races and social classes who participate in
higher education should have equal chances of success in
higher education so as to bring about social equityandequal
educational opportunity in society”. However,Machingambi
(2011), “argues that while the issue of access to higher
education is a necessary step towards social equity in South
Africa, it is however not sufficient on its own to bring about
this noble idea”.
Akoojee and Nkomo (2007) writing about transformation
and access of education in South Africa, say that “whilethere
is clearly a need to enable access by improving student
access (access with success), as opposed to simply ensuring
their participation (access as participation), the adequacyof
the initiatives needs to be evaluated in the context of
institutional transformation. By introducing a quality
assurance framework, institutions can ensure access
initiatives are institutionalized”, (Akoojee and Nkomo,
2007). Akoojee and Nkomo (2007) propose, “That a
comprehensive quality assurance framework with
embedded commitment to access is likely to respond
appropriately to national development prerogatives of
higher education access”.
A pandemic “of enrolment explosion has akenplacein recent
years without commensurate growth in faculty members”
(Secretary-General of AAU cited in Walshe, 2008).
Methodology
In this study exploratory and descriptive research were
used. The “criteria for selecting a research design depended
upon the appropriateness of the techniques for the
objectives of the study”, (Cohen, Manion & Keith, 2000). The
researcher intended to find out from the respondents how
possible it is to maintain quality in the midstof massification
of education in higher institutions in Lesotho. Thus the
population’s perceptions and opinions on this matter were
relevant as the researcher hoped that it would help address
the questions under study. The populationfor thisstudy was
three higher learning institutions. The sample for this
population was comprised of institutions’ administrators,
lecturers, and experts in the field of Quality Assurance. This
population was targeted because it was considered as key
informed participants relevant to topic under study.
Purposive and snowball sampling were employed in this
study to select this population. Face to face interviews were
conducted as well as telephonicinterviewswherenecessary.
The researcher employed interviews because they yielded
in-depth data that was needed to address the questions
under study. Researchers used face to face as well as
telephonic interviews for data collection. Researcherschose
this method basing themselves on Bryman (2004), “who
states that, if one wants to understand peoples’ world and
their life she/he should talk with them”. Moreover this
method “allowed the researchers to enter into the other
person’s world, to understand the respondents’ inner
perspective and the meanings they make from those
perspectives”, (Mushi, 2002).
The study was analyzed qualitatively in textual
demonstration. Researchers identified frequent subject
matter and classifications that emerged from the data and
these were grouped together. This assisted the researchers
with identifying key concepts. Issues and ideas that
appeared from this data were then summarized, analyzed
and presented in text.
Limitations
This study would have been more detailed and elaborate if
the researcher did not encounter resistance from fellow
peers to provide information.Someinstitutionsrefused tobe
interviewed and give out information on the questions the
researcher had provided and this led to this study falling
short of crucial information. The researcher felt it was
essential that information be provided so that challenges
could be shared and discussed in order to allow for proper
engagement and consultations between institutionsin order
to confront massification of educationchallenges collectively
through shared knowledge. It is therefore demotivating
when peers and relevant institutions withhold information
for the purpose of research.
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Results
In the wake of massification of education in higher
institutions resulting from large numbers of students from
post secondary schools especially public schools running a
free education, they have found it difficult to adjust and
reform to afford everyone who qualifies entry into these
institutions. Findings revealed that institutions have
experienced a massive turnout of students applying to be
enrolled for higher learning and thus have not been able to
accommodate everyone. This has been caused by a number
of factors, which generally are lack of facilities, insufficient
manpower and lack of funding to run a number of coursesto
large cohorts.
Research findings indicate, amongst other factors, the
increase in student numbers had compromised the
education quality at higher institutions as lecturers struggle
to deal with large numbers in terms of consultations,
assessment and overall teaching and learning process.
Lecturers were of the view that they cannot dictate to
institutions management how many students should be
enrolled as that is a process determined solely by
management. With all HEI’s aligning themselves with the
quotas dictated by National Manpower Development
Secretariat (Government Secretariat for Provision of
Scholarships and Bursaries to Lesotho nationals studying
locally and abroad) HEI’s can also enroll students who are
willing to pay for their education from personal funding.
According to respondents massification of education has
resulted in lecturers having more added responsibilities in
order to improve student learning in the face of lack of
resources to make the teaching and learning process better.
Although higher institutions have tried to accommodate
many students in various courses, it has been a challenge to
accommodate everyone due to scarcity of resources and
establishments especially in Information Technology,
Engineering, Agriculturalstudies,FashionandApparel,Food
and Nutrition, Nursing Science, Broadcasting and Film
Studies etc, as these are the courses which demand a lot of
specialized equipment. Institutions offering these courses
have been experiencing paucity of resources prior to free
education policy and not much have been achieved in recent
years due to lack of funding. Some of theseinstitutionsfind it
difficult to admit any more students as their quality of
education will be compromised as the expansion grows
further. Higher institutions inthecountry arenotadequately
resourced for the current population of enrolled students
and evidence is often clear in the extent to which lecturers
struggle to meet deadlines for marks and attend to the
curricular requirements of an increasingly diverse student
population.
Institutions further showed that massification has also
resulted with increasing workload for the academics and
there seem to be no remedy for this. In some of these
institutions academics have had to teach more courses due
to lack of human resource and this has led to deteriorating
attention to other areas of teaching and learning as well as
support for students. Interviews revealed thatthistransition
from free primary to abolition of High School leaving
certificate has affected higher learning institutions
negatively as they were not ready for massive applications
for enrolment and thus could not develop their
establishments for larger numbers of students timeously.
Respondents were of the view that massification has a
negative impact not only on increasing workload but on the
capacity of lecturers needing more skills to handle large
classrooms.
A local Quality Assurance Specialist indicated that there are
massive challenges regarding engaging students in the kind
of competencies required for the knowledge economy and
supporting themindevelopingindependent learningskills in
the context of University’s inability to provide resources for
such engagement and assessing them in these extremely
demanding assessment requirements.
The country, the findings revealed is not ready to develop
education systems to addresschallenges of high applications
turn out and enrolment. This is characterized by lack/less
funding by the government, institutions inability to access
grants and lack of human capital in academia. Interviews
also showed that there is need for further research on how
the country can address challenges of massification of
education and these have to be critiqued constructively.
They showed that policies have to be put in place by
institutions of higher learning and this should be
implemented after rigorous consultations with the
government, private sector, business sector, academics,
support at higher institutions, parents and students to find
the lasting solutions to address these challenges.
Interviewees highlighted the fact that massification of
education remains a great concern to academia especially in
quality of education. It wasshownthatlecturersareteaching
huge classes which are becoming difficult to manage and
teach thus resulting in quality compromise. Most lecturers
indicated that they are not managing to provide students’
feedback on time and thus students complain of late
feedback that result in them not making necessary
improvements on their work.
Libraries have also been affected by massification of
education at institutions of higher learning. Increasingly
large numbers of students are struggling to access required
material to deal with assignments and tests due to
insufficient books and other materials. Library
representatives showed that due to expansion theyhavenot
been able to match increasing numbers of students with the
required materials required by students and thismeansthat
other students wait for longer periods before accessing
books that would have been borrowed by their peers. The
introduction of e-library in some of these institutions has
been solutions to certain extend to address lack of access in
the traditional library; however facilities available are not
enough to accommodate every student who may want to
access information at a time convenient to them. They still
have to wait for their peers to use computerswhilethey wait
for their turn.
Findings showed that there is uneven distribution of
resources at higher institutions duetolackoffunding. Allthe
institutions depend on governments bursaries provided to
students as well as subvention from the government for
others. However, this is not enough to address the
institutions’ requirements. Interviews maintained that if
higher institutions need to enroll more students, there is a
need for partnership with the private sector or diversify
their activities to include other money-making initiatives
within teaching and learning in order to be able to survive
with increasing numbers of students’ year on year. It was
also found out that there is a mismatch in numbers of
students enrolling for higher learning institutions and
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available opportunities for employment in Lesotho.
Interviews revealed that the mainemployer in Lesothoisthe
government, followed by the private sector which is also
very stagnant in terms of growth in the country and thus
increasing large numbers of students will not afford
graduates to be absorbed by these limited employment
sectors.
It was clear from the interviews that higher learning
institutions in Lesotho are incapacitated to establish
facilities to accommodate everyone and as the numbers of
students enrolling in theseinstitutionscontinueto rise, there
will be further repercussions on quality assurance.
Interviews also highlighted decline of relevantqualifications
which has exacerbated the academic profession and it is
under siege. Findings also indicated that highly qualified
academic professionals continue to leave the country to
other countries especially South Africa to look for better
opportunities and this move is adding to already dwindling
higher education academics.
Discussion of findings
From the findings, it emerged that there is tremendous
pressure facing higher learning institutions in Lesotho and
this needs urgent intervention from all stakeholders. The
demand for H.E in Lesotho is increasing bringing an
overwhelming mismatch with the higher institutions’
readiness for this expansion. Higher education institutions
are facing challenges with large numbers of students’
applications and subsequent admission due to inadequate
resources. Already institutions are incapacitated to cater for
current students due to limited resources and with massive
students seeking admission this may pose even a bigger
problem for local institutions. With policies and dynamics
frequently being adopted in primary and post primary
schools, higher learning institutions have to get ready for
this transition and react accordingly to the large amounts of
students wishing to be absorbed for higher education
without compromising quality of education for these
students. There is a clear insufficient infrastructure in the
local institutions and this serves as a major obstacle to
quality assurance. “Massification has led to lecturers
handling large numbers of students. They have to expend
much of their time marking scripts and carrying out regular
assessments. As a result, devote less time to research”.
Goolam (2008) “contends that massificationhasseriouseffecton
teaching and learning in higher education, but the situation in
Africa is particularly grave.Thisisbecauseofmismatchofincreased
enrolments and available academic facilities”.
Overcrowded classrooms, lack of resources, decreasing
number of academic staff and low support for staff
development are characterizing higher learning institutions
and this calls for an urgent reaction to address these
challenges. Polygreen (2007) isalsoof theviewthatteachers
teaching large numbers of students have become so
overstretched especially in the area of continuous
assessment to monitor each individual student’s learning
progress but also can be exposed to fatigue related diseases.
This view resonates with the finding that lecturersindicated
that with growing numbers of students it has become
overwhelmingly difficult for consultations with students as
well as monitoring of students and it has impacted
negatively on struggling students to be assisted on time.
Adding to this concern are Albertyn et al., (2016)in Hornsby
and Osman (2014). “The impact of massification on the
quality of provision has also been a key concern. The very
understanding of higher education quality has changed in
order to better accommodate the changes underway. The
most obvious of these have been concerned on how to teach
the increasingly large classes, particularly at first-year
undergraduate level, which mass higher education
necessitates. Beyond the immediate classroom experience,
this has raised more detailed questions about how to
provide useful feedback on assessments” (Nicol, 2010) and
“how the university library should respond” (Kanyengo,
2009).
Implementing new policies from primary and post primary
has to be all inclusive as these institutions are correlated. All
stakeholders in education should be consulted for policies
discussions and engagements beforeimplementationsothat
all stakeholders’ views and opinions are tabled so that
meaningful decisions could be made. It is clear that there is
dissatisfaction on issues ofpolicyassomeof therespondents
raised the issue that they are notconsultedwhen policiesare
implemented and this needs to be improved in order to
enhance everyone’s participation. With existing masses
already in primary and postprimaryschools,higherlearning
institutions are pressured to do crucial ramificationsintheir
systems to accommodate these students. The findings
showed that the numbers will continue to rise at public
schools and it is up to higher institutions to work on their
infrastructure to allow for all qualifying students to be
admitted. “In much of the world, expansion of postsecondary
education occurred without any seriousplanningorconcern
for the development of a logical or integrated “system” of
postsecondary education”, added Altbach et al (2017).
Results show that free primary education and abolition of
grading in high school has resulted not only in many
learner’s qualifying for entry into higher education, but also
in a wider variety of students with varying competencies
gaining access to institutions and programmes that were
previously exclusive for their selection. With inadequate
preparation for highereducationteacherstohandlethis high
numbers of students, many inadequately prepared to enroll
in the increasingly demanding higher education curriculum,
many teachers are experiencing burnout and frustration.
There is a need to develop framework for curriculum and
policy change that ensures thathighereducationinstitutions
are not only consulted, but are engaged in a meaningful
manner to prepare themselves for the impendingchanges in
the students enrolling. From the interviews it was
discovered that NCDC/ECOL can make changes without
adequate engagement of higher education institutions and
investment to come with the changes. This is indicative of
lack of consultations between post primary management,
ministry of education and higher education institutions thus
there is a need for collaboration between all these
stakeholders so that challenges leading to massification of
education are addressed and that higher education
institutions prepare in advance in terms of capacityin terms
of physical and human resources to address problems
associated with massification.
However in universities such as NUL these challenges are
being addressed to a certain extent. There isamovetowards
virtual delivery and some of these institutions haveinvested
in their own learning management systems such as Google
Classroom and Thuto which enablesreachingmanystudents
with limited face to face engagement. However, investment
in material resources is essential, particularly network and
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capacity to utilize these tools. This shows a move in theright
direction for these institutions in terms of reaching a large
number of students at once without face to face interaction
in the classrooms.
Professor Sejanamane in the Post newspaper article in April
2018 argues that when the government adopted the free
primary education model, it failed to put in place adequate
instrastructure to combat the increasing numbers of
students who would enroll in high schools and tertiary
institutions. Free primary education according to him was
seen as an end in itself and the attrition rate was
horrendous. He goes on to argue “you bring in these masses
where there is no infrastructural investment. When the kids
get to university you are then expected to teach crowds
without the necessary infrastructure”. He statedthatthesad
result of this massification is that there is no individual
attention and there is no investment in technology and you
have a demoralized workforce who is not keen to do things
they are supposed to do. He argues that this massification of
education has affected the quality of education at the
university level. Professor Sejanamane is of the view that
while other countries such as Rwanda are pushing
technology in education, Lesotho is still stuck in promotinga
system that encourages rote learning. (Gibbons 1998,
Bennich 1997) agrees that massification poses numerous
consequences on higher education not only through the
increase of students but the accompanying change in the
composition This view from Professor Sejanamane could
not be far from the truth. It is significantthatthegovernment
should have roped in higher learning institutions as well as
industry people before implementing these policies so that
different points of views are considered to come up with all
encompassing policies and to allow for higherinstitutionsto
develop their resources in terms of funding, human capital
and infrastructure. At this level of education, astudenthasto
get the best form of quality of education as higher education
prepares them to compete in the world of employment and
with declining standards of quality offered as a result of
massification, this quality cannot be guaranteed. Already in
Lesotho there are limited higher institutions however there
is not much that differentiates systems of these institutions
from one another other. These systems are key to being
classified to allow for suitable and relevant systems for
quality assurance. Goolam (2008) “contends that
massification has serious effects on teaching and learning in higher
education, but the situation in Africa is particularly grave.This
is because of mismatch of increased enrolments and available
academic facilities”.
An urgent need of expansion on higher institutions systems
is required to address massification as all respondents
believed that they still view higher education as a
prerequisite to economic growth and thatallbarriersshould
be tackled. As higher institutions expand we should begin to
rethink operational practices to be adopted while at the
same time making sure that quality of education is not
compromised. “It is important to note that in higher education,
quality of students admitted to a university is a significant
quality assurance ingredient atregulatorylevel”.Thismeans
that there are still crucial factors to be lookedintoto address
issues of strained facilities and resources in order to ensure
quality provision of services at higher institutions. From the
respondents’ point of view, all alternatives to address this
challenge point towards enabling institutions to invest in
capital projects beyond just recurrent expenditure, so that
innovations in technology and expansionof infrastructure to
cope with large numbers even in the event of declining
academics.
Recommendations
It is recommended that in order for higher institutions
to address massification challenges, there should be
design of online courses that will assist with reducing
student numbers on campus by offering some of the
qualifications online in order to maintain quality
assurance, this means puttingmechanismsinplaceto be
able to offer online learning.
Consultationsarecrucialwithalleducationstakeholders
to participate on policy formulation so that all areas are
covered from differentsectorstodeal withmassification
Traditional methods of teaching and learningwhilethey
remain in practice and relevant should be improved by
putting in place e-learning methods to avoid
overcrowding in classrooms while prioritizing quality
assurance.
At the helm of capacitating higher learning institutions
is establishment of sufficient infrastructure, support of
human capital as well as diversified funding to enable
massive students enrolment, and provision of effective
teaching and learning.
It is crucial that higher learning institutions address
these challenges in order to minimize overload faced by
lecturing staff so as to ensure provision of quality
education and ensure quality of delivery.
Conclusion
From the results of this study it is apparent that the
expansion of H.E has led to tremendous pressure on
institutions of higher learning to respond as most of young
people leaving post secondaryschools wishtoenrollin these
institutions. As massive students continue to enroll into
higher learning the capacity to absorb them has remained
insufficient to meet this demand. This is a key concern for
institutions to address. Major shifts into the operational
systems of the institutions are crucial to ensure quality
assurance which is a main priority of any educational
institution. Support for teaching and learning is essential in
form of staff development and retention of existing human
capital as well as facilities in order to address massification.
Higher learning institutions should also diversify their
operations to adopt other funding initiatives to make
expansion possible. Depending on the government
scholarships to maintain operationsin theseinstitutionswill
not suffice going forward. Various institutionsinthecountry
should introspect and define their own challenges without
looking at what others are doing to address the complexities
resulting from massification of education as these will
independently allow each and every institution internalize
its own challenges and come up with long term resolutions.
An all inclusive participation on educational policies is
necessary to engage in harmonious discussions for the
interest of the students at higher learning institutions.
Higher education massification in Lesotho directs
stakeholders to implement new reforms that will assist in
enhancing quality of education that will be beneficial to
students amidst huge enrollment at higher institutions.
References
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