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Exam 4 Review Part 2
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- 2. Chordate Characteristics: Notochord: dorsalsupporting rod, replaced by vertebral column during development in vertebrates Dorsal tubular nerve cord: nerve cord with fluid-filled canal Pharyngeal pouches: final development depends on adult chordate Postanal tail: extends beyond anus “NDPP”
- 3. Tree and WhenThings Evolved!!!
- 4. Nonvertebrate Chordates Do NOTdevelop a vertebral column from the notochord Include tunicates and lancelets
- 5. Vertebrates Notochord is replacedby vertebral column Jointed endoskeleton with muscle attachment Rapid movement and efficient respiration Two pairs of appendages Strong cephalization
- 6. Tree and WhenThings Evolved!!!
- 7. Jawless Fish Hagfish Extreme slimedefense No jaws or paired fins Scavenger
- 8. Tree and WhenThings Evolved!!!
- 9. Cartilaginous Fish Jaws evolvedfrom gill arches Sharks, skates and rays Skeleton of cartilage Detect prey through electric currents and keen sense of smell
- 10. Tree and WhenThings Evolved!!!
- 11. Bony Fish Ray-Finned Paired finsto support bony rays Swim bladder for buoyancy Streamlined shape Bony scales for protection Lobe-Finned Evolved into amphibians Fleshy appendages→ locomotion on land Most have lungs Tiktaalik, link between lobe-finned fish and amphibians
- 12. Tree and WhenThings Evolved!!!
- 13. Amphibians Transition toLand Salamanders, frogs, toads, newts Tetrapods (4 limbs) Ears Larynx for vocalization Larger brain than fish relative to body size Small lungs in adults Larval stages in water, adults on land Reproduction in water
- 14. Tree and WhenThings Evolved!!!
- 15. Reptiles Adaptations toLand Land Scales to protect from drying out Well-developed senses Well-developed lungs Reproduction Fertilization is internal, shelled eggs Amniotic egg made development on land possible Provides nutrients Removes waste Prevents egg from drying out and from injury
- 16. Feathered Reptiles: Birds Evolvedfrom reptiles Considered part of reptiles Feathers are modified scales; bird’s legs have scales Amniotic egg is hard instead of leathery like reptiles Endothermic Anatomy and Physiology All related to flight
- 17. Tree and WhenThings Evolved!!!
- 18. Mammals Also, evolved fromreptiles Body hair and milk-producing mammary glands Endothermic: hair insulates Very efficient respiratory and circulatory systems High level of care for young Born alive Internal development Mammary glands: nursing
- 19. Mammals: Monotremes Lay hard-shelledamniotic eggs Secrete milk onto body surface Only in Australia Platypus
- 20. Mammals: Marsupials Begin developmentin body→ born immature→ complete development in pouch
- 21. Placental Mammals Develop inuterus Placenta allows for exchange between fetal and maternal blood Adapt for active life Limbs allow rapid movement Lungs expanded by rib cage and a diaphragm Constant internal body temperature Body-insulating hair Well-developed brain
- 22. Primates Adapted to arboreallife (in trees) Limbs: mobile Hands/feet have five digits Opposable thumbs and big toes Shortened snout allows eyes to move to front of head Depth perception Ability to see colors Rod and cone cells present
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- 24. Behavior Is Adaptive Behaviorspersist because they make survival and reproduction more likely Hereditary component Behaviors passed down by genetics or culture (learning) or both Nature vs. Nurture Nature = genes Nurture = environmental influences/learning
- 25. Proximate vs. UltimateQuestions Proximate: “What” brings about the particular behavior? “How” does it happen? Physical/chemical structures Genes Hormonal reactions Ultimate: “Why” does this behavior persist? Evolutionary pressure and adaptation Evolutionary history Example: Hand pulling away from hot stove
- 26. Nature vs. Nurture:Genetic Influences Nurturing behavior in mice: FosB Gene Working FosB gene: engage in maternal behavior Mutated FosB gene: do not Food choice in Garter Snakes Inland=fish/frogs Coastal=slugs Snakes raised in lab and presented slug extract Coastal snakes had more tongue flicks→ genetic
- 27. Environmental Influences Innate behaviors:strong genetic control, always performed in same way Fixed action patterns: specific behavior elicited by a sign stimulus, may improve with practice Ex: Kill shake in dogs Ex: Laughing gull chick’s begging behavior pecking at beak to get food, gets better with time Ex: birds pulling any object into nest, no thought involved
- 28. Imprinting Simplest form oflearning but have genetic component Following first moving object they see after hatching Typically mom Could be something else Only develops during sensitive period (two/three days after hatching)
- 29. Social Interactions andLearning Song learning in birds No songs→ undeveloped songs as adult Recorded species song → sang in that dialect as long as tape was played during sensitive period Adult tutor of different species → tutor’s song regardless of different species Singing is innate, learning right song needs social learning
- 30. Associative Learning Behavior thatinvolves an association between two events Two Types: 1. Classical Conditioning Presentation of two different stimuli at the same time causes animal to form association Ex: Pavlov’s dog (bell and food) 2. Operant Conditioning Reward
- 31. Chapter 34: Population and Community Ecology KaileyMcNett kmmcnett@uark.edu
- 32. Levels of Organization Population Singlespecies interacting Ex: Students at U of A Community All the different species at a locale Ex: Students, squirrels, bees, etc. Ecosystem Community of populations and nonliving environment
- 33. Patterns of Population Growth Rateof natural increase (r) = birth rate-death rate/population Lag phase: growth is slow because population is small Exponential growth phase: growth accelerating, population exhibiting biotic potential Logistical growth phase: population growth slows Stable equilibrium phase: little to no growth,
- 34. Survivorship Curves I. Mostindividuals die at end of life span Humans II. Survivorships decreases at a constant rate throughout life span Birds III.Most individuals die young Oysters
- 35. World Population Growth More-developedcountries (MCDs) Population growth is low Less-developed countries (LDCs) Exponential growth
- 36. Density-Independent and Dependent Density-IndependentFactors Population size doesn’t matter Abiotic factors like weather and natural disasters Opportunistic species (ex: insects/weeds) Density-Dependent Factors Dependent on population size Biotic factors like competition, predation, predation, disease
- 37. Competition Ecological niche: rolea species plays in a community Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy the same ecological niche at same time if resources are limited Resource partitioning Decreases competition between species and allows two different niches → survival
- 38. Symbiosis Close interactions betweenmembers of different species Organism 1 Organism 2 Example Parasitism Benefits Harmed Malaria, athlete’s foot, strep, ticks, tapeworm Commensalism Benefits Unaffected Egret and buffalo, clownfish and sea anemone Mutualism Benefits Benefits Insects gain meal while spreading pollen of plants
- 39. Ecological Succession Primary Succession:establishment of plant community in a newly formed area lacking soil formation Secondary Succession: return of community to natural vegetation following disturbance Pioneer species
- 40. Chapter 35: Nature of Ecosystems KaileyMcNett kmmcnett@uark.edu
- 41. Ecosystems Autotroph: producers thattransform solar energy into food for themselves and all consumers Heterotroph: consumers that take in organic food Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores Decomposers: return some portion of inorganic nutrients to autotrophs Detritus: partially decomposed matter in the soil and water
- 42. Energy Flow Nutrients cycle,but energy flows through Only 10% of energy is passed on, rest lost as heat
- 43. Energy Flow Grazing foodweb Begins with producer Detrital food web Begins with detritus Trophic level: all the organisms that feed on a particular link in a food chain
- 44. Ecological Pyramids Loss ofenergy from one level to the next Results in decreasing biomass of organisms at higher trophic levels
- 45. Carbon Cycle Reservoirs: asource normally unavailable to producers such as fossil fuels, minerals in rocks, sediment in oceans Exchange pool: a source from which organisms generally take chemicals, atmosphere, soil, water Plants take up CO2 from atmosphere through photosynthesis Carbon is in the food used by autotrophs and heterotrophs, cell respiration returns portion of this carbon to atmosphere as