The document discusses the evolution of modular multilevel converters (MMC) topologies, modeling, and control schemes. It outlines key applications of MMC in HVDC transmission, medium-voltage motor drives, and power quality improvement. The MMC offers benefits like modularity, scalability, fault tolerance, and high power quality but also faces challenges from circulating currents, capacitor voltage ripple, and DC faults. Recent research has developed new MMC configurations, mathematical models, modulation methods, and advanced model predictive controls to address these issues. Commercial use of MMC by major industrial manufacturers is also expanding to more applications.

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Evolution of Topologies, Modeling, Control Schemes, and
Applications of Modular Multilevel Converters
ABSTRACT:
Modular multilevel converter (MMC) is one of the most promising topologies for medium to
high-voltage, high power applications. The main features of MMC are modularity, voltage and
power scalability, fault tolerant and transformer-less operation, and high-quality output
waveforms. Over the past few years, several research studies are conducted to address the
technical challenges associated with the operation and control of the MMC. This paper presents
the development of MMC circuit topologies and their mathematical models over the years. Also,
the evolution and technical challenges of the classical and model predictive control methods are
discussed. Finally, the MMC applications and their future trends are presented.
KEYWORDS:
1. Capacitor voltage ripple
2. Circulating currents
3. High-power converters
4. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission
5. Medium-voltage motor drive
6. Model predictive control
7. Modular multilevel converters
8. Multilevel converters
9. Power quality
10. Pulse width modulation
11. Submodule capacitor voltage control

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SOFTWARE: MATLAB/SIMULINK
CONCLUSION:
The attractive features of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) played a key role in the
development of new HVDC transmission systems, medium-voltage motor drives, and power
quality improvement technologies. These technologies are commercialized by various leading
industrial manufacturers such as GE, Alstom, ABB, Siemens, and C-EPRI. Depending on the
application, the MMC has several technical issues such as circulating currents, capacitor voltage
ripple, and DC-bus faults. Also, a complex control system is required to meet the several control
objectives of an MMC. The past few years, numerous studies are conducted to understand the
behavior of the MMC, and resulting in new topologies, mathematical models, and control
schemes. This paper presents a review of the recent developments in the MMC in terms of the
submodule configurations, mathematical models, pulse width modulation schemes, classical
control schemes, and high-performance model predictive control methods. Also, the state-of-the-
art and emerging technologies in modular multilevel converters are discussed. Finally, the list of
commercial applications based on the MMC, and their technical details are provided.
REFERENCES:
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3. ELECTRICAL PROJECTS USING MATLAB/SIMULINK
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[4] P. W. Wheeler, J. Rodriguez, J. C. Clare, L. Empringham, and A. Weinstein, “Matrix
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