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Evolution and animal behaviour
- 1. EVOLUTION AND ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SUDHARSHINI II PG ZOOLOGY
- 2. Ecological aspects of behaviour Anti predator defenses Aggression Homing Territoriality Dispersal
- 3. Anti predator defense Chemical defense Camouflage mimicry
- 4. Chemical defense Animals synthesize own toxin chemical compounds defense Eg;millipede hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas
- 5. A fungus makes a chemical that neutralizes the stench of skunk spray Chemical defense Eg; skunks
- 6. leaf tailed gecko CAMOUFLAGE Helps animal to blend in with their environment so that they can find what they need and raise their young.
- 7. Animals that camouflage themselves pretend to be something they are not. Either their coloration, marking patterns, or entire body resembles something else in their environment, here a leaf, an owl. Kallima inachus ( dead leaf butterfly) Caligo martia owl butterfly
- 10. Mimicry Mimicry occurs when one animal displays physical or behavioral traits that copy those of a different species or their surroundings, and incur a survival advantage on account of it. Animals don't necessarily mimic other animals; often, they mimic plants or rocks. Types: Batesian mimicry Mullerian mimicry
- 11. Batesian mimicry a) Poisonous coral snake b) Non poisonous scarlet king edible mimic resembles poisonous mimic benefits Micrurus fulvius Lampropeltis elapsoides
- 12. Two or more distasteful or poisonous organisms resemble each other. Both species benefit Mullerian mimicry Viceroy Butterfly (LimenitisArchippus) Monarch (Danaus plexippus)
- 13. Anti predator defenses Primary defense Camouflage Counter shading Altering one’s appearance Conspicuousness Distraction Mimicry Group living Secondary defense Communication Misdirection Protean behaviour Alarm calls
- 14. Aggression Group of behavioral activities Other than those associated with predation Threat postures Rituals Physical attacks Aggression = agonistic bahaviour An existence of unnecessary violence within animal groups Adaptive significance of aggression: Reducing intra-specific conflict
- 15. Endogenous factor Hormones Neural mechanism Fos protein Neurotransmitters Genes Causes of aggression Exogenous factor Starvation Frustration Experience Appetite Mating
- 16. Homing Homing is the inherent ability of an animal to navigate towards an original location through unfamiliar areas. This location may be either a home territory, or a breeding spot Columba livia domestica
- 17. It compels an animal to returns its original locality, after taking migratory journeys The homing instinct is seen most prominently in the salmon.
- 18. Territoriality Territoriality is the behavior by which an animal lays claim to and defends an area against others of its species, and occasionally members of other species as well. Some animals hold and defend a territory year- round, and use the territory as a source of food and shelter. Other animals establish a territory only at certain times of the year, when it is needed for attracting a mate, breeding, and/or raising a family.
- 19. Advantages An animal which has a "home ground" can develop reflexes based on its surroundings. Thus it can react quickly to dangerous situations without having to actively seek hiding places or defensible ground This regulation of population density may also slow down the spread of disease. In addition, territorial behavior exposes weaker animals to predation, thereby promoting a healthy population
- 20. Dispersal Dispersal behavior refers to the movement of an individual animal from the location of its birth to its location of reproduction and differs from the cyclic patterns of migration behavior. Dispersal behavior can be instinctual or in reaction to something in the environment Red fox