It's all about the mammals limitation and behaviors

1. Presented by:Sawara Abid
University Id: Bsf1907025
(Semester VII Fall 2022)
( zoology department)

2.  Home range is the area , in which indvidual
animal carries out its normal activities.
 Its is not defended, it is used by others as
well.
 It is observerd that, wild animals do not
roam at random and that each individual has
a home region.
 Home ranges therefore provide a link
between movements of animals and the
distribution of resources that are necessary
for survival and reproduction in a given area.

3.  Home ranges are not defended, and they may
overlap home ranges of other individuals of
the same species .
 Not all portions of a home range are used on
a daily basis, and use of space within the
home range arises from activities including
searching for or acquiring food, water, and
shelter, as well as finding mates or mating
opportunities.

4. Figure 1: Animals native to home ranges

5.  Within the home range there is an area in
which most activites are concentrated called
core area.
 In most cases it is the area immediately
surrounding the nest site or perhaps a food
or water source.

6. Figure 2: different core area

7.  Sizes of home ranges vary depending on
multiple factors related to life-history
characteristics, such as sex, body size, diet,
and age class, and to environmental factors
such as season, habitat structure, or
availability of resources.
 In case of herbivore mammals, the size of the
home range generally increases linearly with
increasing body size.

8.  In case of carnivores, their home range
increases in size greater than their body size.
 While, in polygynous mammals , home range
of male is larger than female
Example
Male southern naked tailed armadillos,
the home range of male is about 2km2,while
female is 0.5 km2.
While in case of pigs,there is seen no
difference in female and male home range.

9. Figure 3: Naked-tailed armadillos

10.  A territory is an area defended against other
members of the same species.
 It provides food, water, nesting areas and
shelter from danger.
 Additionally, territories are smaller than home
ranges, and although home ranges may
overlap, territories do not.
 Mammals use multiple behavioral
mechanisms to defend territories, including
scent-marking, aggression, patrolling, and
active defense.

12.  Although singing is common in birds to
establish and maintain territories.
 A benefit of territory defense is in exclusive
access to resources in that defended area;
therefore, a territory should consist of
needed resources for survival and
reproduction.

13.  Males of some mammal species defend territories
to acquire mates. Male arctic ground squirrels
defend territories against other reproductively
active males . Although females typically mate
with several males, the male on whose territory
she resides usually mates with her first, and
paternity analysis has demonstrated that the first
male to mate with an estrous female usually sires
her off-spring.
 Males also compete with each other and the
winner establish the territories .
 Females give birth on the selected birth sites.

14.  Nonterritorial males, termed “floaters,”
roamed over much larger areas and had
somewhat overlapping home ranges. Males
that switched strategies usually began as
floaters; then, as they reached maturity with
increased body mass they switched to
territorial behavior.

15.  A mating system involving a peculiar type of
territory is the lek.
 Female choice is an important aspect of lek-
breeding species, because females move
through the area and choose the males with
which they mate. While on the lek, the males
do little or no feeding; they spend all their
time and energy patrolling the boundaries,
displaying to other males, and attempting to
attract females into their area .

16.  The factors that influence the lek in which
females choose to mate are not clear, but
females typically prefer dominant males that
are centrally located in the breeding areas .

17. Peacocks in leks: