Evidences of Plate Movements.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•32 views
This document summarizes the key evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics. It describes: 1) The jigsaw fit of the continents - how the continents appear to fit together like pieces of a puzzle when the maps are arranged with the proposed positions of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea. 2) Fossil evidence - fossils of the same species are found on different continents supporting the idea that the continents were once joined. 3) Geologic features - mountain ranges, rock formations, and geological structures on different continents align when the continents are arranged as part of Pangaea, providing evidence they were once connected.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
nla.news-article49022347.3 (1).pdf
1) In the early 20th century, Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
2) Wegener provided evidence from geology, fossils, and the matching coastlines of separated continents to support his theory. This included matching mountain ranges, glacial patterns that indicated different climates, and fossils found across continents.
3) While controversial at first, Wegener's theory is now widely accepted by geologists, though some dispute parts of his evidence and mechanisms. The drifting of continents explains geological features like connected mountain ranges and provides a framework for understanding historic climates and distributions of species
Plate Tectonics Part1
The document summarizes the scientific revolution of plate tectonics theory. It describes how early evidence from matching continents, glacial patterns, and fossils was initially dismissed. By the 1950s-1960s, accumulating seafloor mapping data and discoveries like magnetic striping and Benioff zones provided strong evidence that was widely accepted by the late 1960s, establishing plate tectonics as the new geological paradigm.
22 Mar 1952 - Origin Of The Continents_ Did They Float Away_.pdf
- The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1915, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
- Wegener argued that the continents could have moved across the surface of the Earth because the continents are thin and could crack under tension, floating on top of the denser basalt rock that forms the Earth's core.
- Evidence that supported continental drift included matching coastlines of separated continents, matching fossil and mountain rock formations between continents, and patterns of ancient glaciation that indicate different past continental positions relative to the equator.
2. Continental Drift.pptx
Here are the answers to the guide questions:
1. The edges and shapes of the torn pieces helped fit them together perfectly like a jigsaw puzzle.
2. The lines of prints and texts continued seamlessly across the pieces when fitted together correctly, proving they were originally part of the same page.
3. With the pieces fitted together, the newspaper/magazine page is complete and legible again without any gaps or overlaps in the text/images, demonstrating it has been reassembled perfectly.
Continental Drift
1) Continental drift is the theory that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart over hundreds of millions of years.
2) German scientist Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912, noticing that the continents seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces and that matching fossil and rock formations were found on separated continents.
3) Evidence supporting continental drift includes the matching shapes of continental shelves, the existence of the same fossil species on different continents, identical rock formations in mountain ranges now separated by oceans, and signs that regions which are now polar were once tropical.
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to lack of evidence, it was later proven by evidence of matching fossils, rock formations, mountain ranges, and glacial deposits found across continents.
3) Key evidence includes the way continents fit together like puzzle pieces, matching ancient plant and animal fossils found on continent edges, and identical rock sequences and mountain ranges between continents now separated by oceans.
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to a lack of evidence, it was later proven correct with the discovery of plate tectonics.
3) There is geological evidence that supports the continental drift theory, including matching fossil records, rock formations, mountain ranges, and glacial deposits found across continents.
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to lack of evidence, it is now widely accepted due to evidence discovered after his death, including matching fossil records, rock formations, and mountain ranges between continents.
3) Key evidence includes the way continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces, as well as identical fossil plants and animals found on edges of separated continents, supporting the idea that they were once joined.
Recommended
nla.news-article49022347.3 (1).pdf
1) In the early 20th century, Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
2) Wegener provided evidence from geology, fossils, and the matching coastlines of separated continents to support his theory. This included matching mountain ranges, glacial patterns that indicated different climates, and fossils found across continents.
3) While controversial at first, Wegener's theory is now widely accepted by geologists, though some dispute parts of his evidence and mechanisms. The drifting of continents explains geological features like connected mountain ranges and provides a framework for understanding historic climates and distributions of species
Plate Tectonics Part1
The document summarizes the scientific revolution of plate tectonics theory. It describes how early evidence from matching continents, glacial patterns, and fossils was initially dismissed. By the 1950s-1960s, accumulating seafloor mapping data and discoveries like magnetic striping and Benioff zones provided strong evidence that was widely accepted by the late 1960s, establishing plate tectonics as the new geological paradigm.
22 Mar 1952 - Origin Of The Continents_ Did They Float Away_.pdf
- The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1915, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before drifting apart over millions of years.
- Wegener argued that the continents could have moved across the surface of the Earth because the continents are thin and could crack under tension, floating on top of the denser basalt rock that forms the Earth's core.
- Evidence that supported continental drift included matching coastlines of separated continents, matching fossil and mountain rock formations between continents, and patterns of ancient glaciation that indicate different past continental positions relative to the equator.
2. Continental Drift.pptx
Here are the answers to the guide questions:
1. The edges and shapes of the torn pieces helped fit them together perfectly like a jigsaw puzzle.
2. The lines of prints and texts continued seamlessly across the pieces when fitted together correctly, proving they were originally part of the same page.
3. With the pieces fitted together, the newspaper/magazine page is complete and legible again without any gaps or overlaps in the text/images, demonstrating it has been reassembled perfectly.
Continental Drift
1) Continental drift is the theory that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart over hundreds of millions of years.
2) German scientist Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912, noticing that the continents seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces and that matching fossil and rock formations were found on separated continents.
3) Evidence supporting continental drift includes the matching shapes of continental shelves, the existence of the same fossil species on different continents, identical rock formations in mountain ranges now separated by oceans, and signs that regions which are now polar were once tropical.
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to lack of evidence, it was later proven by evidence of matching fossils, rock formations, mountain ranges, and glacial deposits found across continents.
3) Key evidence includes the way continents fit together like puzzle pieces, matching ancient plant and animal fossils found on continent edges, and identical rock sequences and mountain ranges between continents now separated by oceans.
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to a lack of evidence, it was later proven correct with the discovery of plate tectonics.
3) There is geological evidence that supports the continental drift theory, including matching fossil records, rock formations, mountain ranges, and glacial deposits found across continents.
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to lack of evidence, it is now widely accepted due to evidence discovered after his death, including matching fossil records, rock formations, and mountain ranges between continents.
3) Key evidence includes the way continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces, as well as identical fossil plants and animals found on edges of separated continents, supporting the idea that they were once joined.
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to lack of evidence, it is now widely accepted due to evidence discovered after his death, including matching fossil records, rock formations, and mountain ranges between continents.
3) Key evidence includes the way continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces, as well as matching plant and animal fossils found on edges of separated continents, supporting the idea that they were once joined.
Continental drift theory
The Continental Drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener did not have proof of his theory at the time, but later evidence from matching fossil distributions, identical rock formations between continents, and the same mountain ranges provided support. This included fossils of Glossopteris found across regions of the former supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although controversial when first introduced, the development of the theory of plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate movement driven by convection currents to explain how the continents could drift apart.
Earth Expansion Tectonics - Historical ways of viewing the Earth (Part 3)
“La vida es demasiado corta como para que una persona guarde egoístamente
cualquier nuevo hecho que descubre. Por lo tanto, estoy revelando todo lo que
he aprendido a pesar de que algunos de los datos aún no se han completado del todo.
Muchas mentes piensan mejor que una sola, y es mi ferviente esperanza que a partir
de este inicio se genere más entusiasmo, el cual traerá consigo mentes activas
a este campo de investigación. Los resultados de mi investigación inicial deben amplificarse
y desarrollarse tecnológicamente con el fin de servir mejor a la humanidad.”
MAYNARD MURRAY, M.D.
PLATE-TECTONICS.pptx
The document provides an overview of several geological models that were used in the early 20th century to understand global geological features, including continental drift. It discusses the theory of contractionism, which proposed that continents separated as the Earth cooled and shrank. It also discusses permanentenism, which argued that continents have always been in largely the same positions. The land-bridge hypothesis suggested that land bridges once connected continents to explain terrestrial fossil distributions. The document examines problems with each of these early models and how they helped address questions about matching fossil distributions across continents.
Tectonics: Plate Tectonic Theory history
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how fossils and rock formations found in different parts of the world provided early evidence that continents have moved over time. It also outlines key evidence from the mid-20th century including the discovery of sea floor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust that helped establish the modern theory of plate tectonics.
Continental draft shon class j
Continental drift is the theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 that explained how continents move across Earth's surface. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea before slowly drifting apart. The theory of plate tectonics later provided evidence that Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that slowly move over time, supporting Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift.
Unit 4: Alfred Wegner & Harry Hess
Alfred Wegener produced evidence in 1912 that the continents are in motion, but because he could not explain what forces could move them, geologists rejected his ideas. Almost 50 years later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener’s ideas by using the evidence of seafloor spreading to explain what moved the continents.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Plate Tectonics 10.1 08 09
The document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea surrounded by a large ocean called Panthalassa. Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain what caused the continents to move. In the 1960s, the theories of sea floor spreading and paleomagnetic reversal provided evidence that the continents have moved over time, supporting continental drift.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
"The Earth moves" by Bill Bryson
The document summarizes the history of the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early 20th century scientists like Frank Taylor and Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift, but it was widely rejected by geologists at the time. In the mid-20th century, further evidence from magnetic readings, ocean floor mapping and studies of rock formations increasingly supported continental movement. The theory was finally widely accepted in the 1960s with conclusive evidence from studies by Harry Hess, Drummond Matthews, Fred Vine and others demonstrating seafloor spreading and plate tectonics.
Plate Tectonics
This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
Continental-Drift.ppt
Geologist Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. He noticed that the continents seemed to fit together and referred to their original combined landmass as Pangaea. Wegener presented evidence that included matching fossil records, rock formations, mountain ranges, glacial scours, and coal deposits found across separated continents. However, his theory was initially rejected because the idea of continental movement and an old Earth was difficult for many to accept at the time. It was not until the 1960s when additional evidence from studies of the ocean floor supported plate tectonics that continental drift was more widely accepted.
Continental-Drift.ppt
Geologist Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. He noticed that the continents seemed to fit together and referred to their original combined landmass as Pangaea. Wegener presented evidence that included matching fossil records, rock formations, mountain ranges, glacial scours, and coal deposits found across separated continents. However, his theory was initially rejected because the idea of continental movement and an old Earth was difficult for many to accept at the time. It was not until the 1960s when additional evidence from studies of the ocean floor supported plate tectonics and continental drift was widely accepted.
PLATE-TECTONICS.pdf
Alfred Wegener first developed the continental drift hypothesis in the early 20th century. He proposed that the continents were once joined together as a single supercontinent before drifting apart to their current locations. Evidence for continental drift includes matching rock formations and mountain ranges on separate continents, as well as fossils of the same extinct species found in rocks of the same age across continents. Ancient climate zones, such as glacial grooves and deposits now near the equator, also support the idea that continents have moved over time.
PLATE-TECTONICS.pdf
Alfred Wegener first developed the continental drift hypothesis in the early 20th century. He proposed that the continents were once joined together as a single supercontinent before drifting apart to their current locations. Evidence for continental drift includes matching rock formations and mountain ranges on separate continents, as well as fossils of the same extinct species found in rocks of the same age across continents. Ancient climate zones, such as glacial grooves and deposits now near the equator, also support the idea that continents have moved over time.
Time traveling alfred wegener essay
Alfred Wegener traveled through time to collect evidence to prove his theory of continental drift. He discovered that plate tectonics caused the continents to drift apart. Wegener found six key pieces of evidence to support continental drift: 1) the coastlines of continents fit together like puzzle pieces, 2) matching rock sequences and ages across continents, 3) matching diamond patterns across oceans, 4) mountain ranges torn apart by continental movement, 5) matching past glacier patterns, and 6) matching fossil distributions across continents. Wegener concluded that billions of years ago the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which later broke apart due to plate tectonics.
Introduction to geodynamics
Geodynamics studies mantle convection and plate tectonics to understand phenomena like seafloor spreading and mountain building. It provides fundamentals for how the solid Earth works as a heat engine. Early theorists like Wegener and Du Toit proposed continental drift to explain geological similarities between continents. In the 1960s, seafloor mapping and studies of magnetic pole positions in rocks supported plate tectonics, where convection in the mantle drives the motion of rigid tectonic plates. This theory was accepted when it provided a unifying framework and mechanism to explain observations of geology and geophysics.
Continental drift
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Continental Drift Theory by Rajkumar
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
Evidence... notes
1. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since moved to their current locations.
2. Evidence such as matching rock formations and fossil distributions across continents supports continental drift. Fossils of the same plants and animals have been found on separated continents.
3. The theory of plate tectonics emerged in the 1950s with the discovery of seafloor spreading at ocean ridges, where new crust is formed and plates move apart, providing a mechanism for continental drift.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
More Related Content
Similar to Evidences of Plate Movements.pptx
Continental Drift
1) The document discusses Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart.
2) While Wegener's theory was controversial at the time due to lack of evidence, it is now widely accepted due to evidence discovered after his death, including matching fossil records, rock formations, and mountain ranges between continents.
3) Key evidence includes the way continents appear to fit together like puzzle pieces, as well as matching plant and animal fossils found on edges of separated continents, supporting the idea that they were once joined.
Continental drift theory
The Continental Drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 suggested that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea. Wegener did not have proof of his theory at the time, but later evidence from matching fossil distributions, identical rock formations between continents, and the same mountain ranges provided support. This included fossils of Glossopteris found across regions of the former supercontinent Gondwanaland. Although controversial when first introduced, the development of the theory of plate tectonics provided the mechanism of plate movement driven by convection currents to explain how the continents could drift apart.
Earth Expansion Tectonics - Historical ways of viewing the Earth (Part 3)
“La vida es demasiado corta como para que una persona guarde egoístamente
cualquier nuevo hecho que descubre. Por lo tanto, estoy revelando todo lo que
he aprendido a pesar de que algunos de los datos aún no se han completado del todo.
Muchas mentes piensan mejor que una sola, y es mi ferviente esperanza que a partir
de este inicio se genere más entusiasmo, el cual traerá consigo mentes activas
a este campo de investigación. Los resultados de mi investigación inicial deben amplificarse
y desarrollarse tecnológicamente con el fin de servir mejor a la humanidad.”
MAYNARD MURRAY, M.D.
PLATE-TECTONICS.pptx
The document provides an overview of several geological models that were used in the early 20th century to understand global geological features, including continental drift. It discusses the theory of contractionism, which proposed that continents separated as the Earth cooled and shrank. It also discusses permanentenism, which argued that continents have always been in largely the same positions. The land-bridge hypothesis suggested that land bridges once connected continents to explain terrestrial fossil distributions. The document examines problems with each of these early models and how they helped address questions about matching fossil distributions across continents.
Tectonics: Plate Tectonic Theory history
The document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how fossils and rock formations found in different parts of the world provided early evidence that continents have moved over time. It also outlines key evidence from the mid-20th century including the discovery of sea floor spreading and magnetic reversals in ocean crust that helped establish the modern theory of plate tectonics.
Continental draft shon class j
Continental drift is the theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 that explained how continents move across Earth's surface. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea before slowly drifting apart. The theory of plate tectonics later provided evidence that Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that slowly move over time, supporting Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift.
Unit 4: Alfred Wegner & Harry Hess
Alfred Wegener produced evidence in 1912 that the continents are in motion, but because he could not explain what forces could move them, geologists rejected his ideas. Almost 50 years later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegener’s ideas by using the evidence of seafloor spreading to explain what moved the continents.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Plate Tectonics 10.1 08 09
The document summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift from 1912, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangaea surrounded by a large ocean called Panthalassa. Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain what caused the continents to move. In the 1960s, the theories of sea floor spreading and paleomagnetic reversal provided evidence that the continents have moved over time, supporting continental drift.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
"The Earth moves" by Bill Bryson
The document summarizes the history of the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It describes how early 20th century scientists like Frank Taylor and Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift, but it was widely rejected by geologists at the time. In the mid-20th century, further evidence from magnetic readings, ocean floor mapping and studies of rock formations increasingly supported continental movement. The theory was finally widely accepted in the 1960s with conclusive evidence from studies by Harry Hess, Drummond Matthews, Fred Vine and others demonstrating seafloor spreading and plate tectonics.
Plate Tectonics
This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
Continental-Drift.ppt
Geologist Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. He noticed that the continents seemed to fit together and referred to their original combined landmass as Pangaea. Wegener presented evidence that included matching fossil records, rock formations, mountain ranges, glacial scours, and coal deposits found across separated continents. However, his theory was initially rejected because the idea of continental movement and an old Earth was difficult for many to accept at the time. It was not until the 1960s when additional evidence from studies of the ocean floor supported plate tectonics that continental drift was more widely accepted.
Continental-Drift.ppt
Geologist Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. He noticed that the continents seemed to fit together and referred to their original combined landmass as Pangaea. Wegener presented evidence that included matching fossil records, rock formations, mountain ranges, glacial scours, and coal deposits found across separated continents. However, his theory was initially rejected because the idea of continental movement and an old Earth was difficult for many to accept at the time. It was not until the 1960s when additional evidence from studies of the ocean floor supported plate tectonics and continental drift was widely accepted.
PLATE-TECTONICS.pdf
Alfred Wegener first developed the continental drift hypothesis in the early 20th century. He proposed that the continents were once joined together as a single supercontinent before drifting apart to their current locations. Evidence for continental drift includes matching rock formations and mountain ranges on separate continents, as well as fossils of the same extinct species found in rocks of the same age across continents. Ancient climate zones, such as glacial grooves and deposits now near the equator, also support the idea that continents have moved over time.
PLATE-TECTONICS.pdf
Alfred Wegener first developed the continental drift hypothesis in the early 20th century. He proposed that the continents were once joined together as a single supercontinent before drifting apart to their current locations. Evidence for continental drift includes matching rock formations and mountain ranges on separate continents, as well as fossils of the same extinct species found in rocks of the same age across continents. Ancient climate zones, such as glacial grooves and deposits now near the equator, also support the idea that continents have moved over time.
Time traveling alfred wegener essay
Alfred Wegener traveled through time to collect evidence to prove his theory of continental drift. He discovered that plate tectonics caused the continents to drift apart. Wegener found six key pieces of evidence to support continental drift: 1) the coastlines of continents fit together like puzzle pieces, 2) matching rock sequences and ages across continents, 3) matching diamond patterns across oceans, 4) mountain ranges torn apart by continental movement, 5) matching past glacier patterns, and 6) matching fossil distributions across continents. Wegener concluded that billions of years ago the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which later broke apart due to plate tectonics.
Introduction to geodynamics
Geodynamics studies mantle convection and plate tectonics to understand phenomena like seafloor spreading and mountain building. It provides fundamentals for how the solid Earth works as a heat engine. Early theorists like Wegener and Du Toit proposed continental drift to explain geological similarities between continents. In the 1960s, seafloor mapping and studies of magnetic pole positions in rocks supported plate tectonics, where convection in the mantle drives the motion of rigid tectonic plates. This theory was accepted when it provided a unifying framework and mechanism to explain observations of geology and geophysics.
Continental drift
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Continental Drift Theory by Rajkumar
1. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
“Father” of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
Fit of continents
Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
11. WEGENERS CONCLUSIONS:
The continents have drifted over the past 300 million
years to their present positions!
(not a very popular idea at the time!!!)
Evidence... notes
1. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, suggesting that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea and have since moved to their current locations.
2. Evidence such as matching rock formations and fossil distributions across continents supports continental drift. Fossils of the same plants and animals have been found on separated continents.
3. The theory of plate tectonics emerged in the 1950s with the discovery of seafloor spreading at ocean ridges, where new crust is formed and plates move apart, providing a mechanism for continental drift.
Similar to Evidences of Plate Movements.pptx (20)
Earth Expansion Tectonics - Historical ways of viewing the Earth (Part 3)
Earth Expansion Tectonics - Historical ways of viewing the Earth (Part 3)
Recently uploaded
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Class 10 human eye notes physics
Handwritten best quality
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Recently uploaded (20)
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Evidences of Plate Movements.pptx
- 1. Evidences of Plate Movements Week 8 - Science 10
- 2. Objectives - Describe the possible causes of the plate movement (S10ES –Iaj-36.5) - Enumerate the lines of evidence that support plate movement. (S10ES –Ia-j-36.6)
- 4. Complete This! It was in 1912 when a German meteorologist named Alfred Wegener proposed the Continental Drift Theory. In this theory, he proposed the existence of a single landmass which he called Pangaea (which means “all land”). Take note also that the Pangaea is surrounded by an ocean called Panthalassa. Wegener emphasized that this landmass broke apart as continents “drift” away from each other.
- 5. Evidences of Continental Drift Theory
- 6. The Jigsaw Fit of the Continents Continents are once joined Impossible to have a perfect “fit” due to erosion 1960s - Edward Bullard come up with a map that continents fit together by means of continental shelf Other landmasses that were noticed to fit together are India and Antarctica with Australia; and Eurasia with North America.
- 7. Continental Shelf Continental Shelf edge of the continent beneath the ocean
- 8. Fossil Evidence Fossils are remains of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form, cast or mold in a rock
- 9. Geologic Fit Rocks in South America and Africa are continuous with one another. Ages of the rocks in these continents are similar
- 10. Geologic Features Fragments of Old Mountains align perfectly if continents are positioned together. Mountain ranges that line up along coastlines terminate and then reappears again on another landmass. Example: Appalachian Mountains
- 11. Paleoclimatic Evidence Ancient Climate Coal in Antarctica Coalfields of the eastern United States and Europe. Layers of similarly aged tillites - deposits of rock debris from glaciers.
- 12. Look back! What are the evidences of Continental Drift Theory based on the Pictures?
- 13. Thank you!
Editor's Notes
- Continental Shelf edge of the continent Beneath the ocean (extension of Continents) – From shore to shelf break to ocean floor. This is called continental