Evaluation of the Sustainable Aspects In Housing Sector To Overcome Housing Stress In Northern Iraq
* M.Sc. RAHEL MOHAMMED AMIN1, Ph.D. Candidate SALAR SALAH MUHY AL-DIN 2
1 Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Cyprus International University, Lefkosia, Northern Cyprus
2Student, M. Arch. Girne American University, Northern Cyprus
Email: rahel_amin@yahoo.com Email: salars.muhyaldin@yahoo.com
A R T I C L E I N F O:
Article history:
Received 15 June 2018 Accepted 29 June 2018 Available online 1 July 2018
Keywords:
Housing;
Environ. Sustainability;
Economic Sustainability; Social Sustainability; Northern Iraq.
A B S T R A C T
Northern Iraq as part of Iraq, has been witnessed a great population increment last few decades. However, housing stress in Northern Iraq has risen due to that. Environmental, economic and social sustainability became crucial in the movement towards a more effective built environment and community nowadays. This research seeks to evaluate the presence of sustainability aspects (environmental, economic, and social) in housing sector, which makes them acquired and affordable for low income earners in Northern Iraq. Housing projects as case studies were investigated in Erbil, the capital of Northern Iraq. The research examined, the presence of sustainability aspects. Field observations checklist have been prepared based on the theoretical analysis through literature review and applied to collect data on the case studies. The results demonstrated that applying the aspects of sustainability for the buildings is weak and not clearly familiar in Northern Iraq. The study concluded that, the housing projects focusing on the case studies not sustainable. The findings show that the application of sustainable principles in the housing projects at Northern Iraq is very weak. It is highly recommended to achieve sustainability, because it is the significant way to produce acquired and affordable housing and overcome the housing problems, socially, environmentally and economically. The recommendations have been suggested to formulate new ways for implementing sustainable principles in the housing sector to overcome housing stress in Northern Iraq.
Green Electronics and Sustainability: Key Business Imperatives for the 21st C...T. R. Ramachandran
The key to green electronics is creating products that can be designed, manufactured and utilized in a sustainable manner without causing significant negative environmental, social and economic consequences. Over the last decade and more, leading companies across the world have started to embrace sustainability as a key operating goal, recognizing that such practices also provide them long term financial benefits. The topic of sustainability is introduced here through the lens of major global driving forces such as greenhouse gas emissions/climate change, pollution/contamination, restricted substances, energy consumption/efficiency, waste/recycling, conflict minerals, and supply chain transparency. Numerous industry, governmental, and non-governmental bodies have developed guidelines and requirements to drive sustainable practices throughout the global supply chain of the electronics industry. An overview of these requirements is provided along with a snapshot of how leading electronics and tech companies are adapting to them and driving sustainability into their product development process and manufacturing operations. Finally, the potential savings and benefits of sustainability practices are discussed, along with implementation challenges & recommendations.
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Green Electronics and Sustainability: Key Business Imperatives for the 21st C...T. R. Ramachandran
The key to green electronics is creating products that can be designed, manufactured and utilized in a sustainable manner without causing significant negative environmental, social and economic consequences. Over the last decade and more, leading companies across the world have started to embrace sustainability as a key operating goal, recognizing that such practices also provide them long term financial benefits. The topic of sustainability is introduced here through the lens of major global driving forces such as greenhouse gas emissions/climate change, pollution/contamination, restricted substances, energy consumption/efficiency, waste/recycling, conflict minerals, and supply chain transparency. Numerous industry, governmental, and non-governmental bodies have developed guidelines and requirements to drive sustainable practices throughout the global supply chain of the electronics industry. An overview of these requirements is provided along with a snapshot of how leading electronics and tech companies are adapting to them and driving sustainability into their product development process and manufacturing operations. Finally, the potential savings and benefits of sustainability practices are discussed, along with implementation challenges & recommendations.
The paper arises many questions related to issues covered under the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development mainly focuses on quality of life which is highly dependent upon use of natural resources and thus these resources must be sustained. The present concept of sustainable global enterprise will help to achieve three basic goals known as corporate responsibility, environmental protection and social responsiveness. The concept of sustainable development also focuses on issues related to women as they play a significant role in policy of sustainable development. Women issues are basically linked with population and fertility. The development process worldwide has contributed to increase in economic and social inequalities, environment degradation and has also led to growth in poverty.
This session explains the basics of sustainability. Why it is required? A case study of the cancer belt of Punjab. Differentiation between MDG and SDG. What we have achieved so far? description of SD goals.
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Balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future.
Learn about sustainable development and its need in the world. How it helps reduce global warming, creating a better society with the help of sustainable social and economical development. It will help you learn to know various steps taken throughout the world.
This is a presentation of sustainable development , in which the key point of sustainable dev. has been discussed .
It also discussed how we can use the concept of sutainable development and make world a better place .
#sustainable development
# sustainable development in world
# sutainable development in india
# sustainabledevelopmentkey points
The report states that a major technological overhaul of production processes is required worldwide to end poverty and avert the likely catastrophic impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. It also asserts that over the next 40 years, $1.9 trillion per year will be needed for incremental investments in green technologies. At least $1.1 trillion per year of required investments are needed in developing countries to meet their rapidly increasing food and energy demand.
Community Wellbeing in Cities through the Sustainable Affordable Housing.NOR SUZYLAH SOHAIMI
The main goal is to elicit more discussion about what we call "being well together" and to increase attention to it. A multifaceted source of occupants' mental health and welfare, housing serves as more than just a physical refuge. The affordability of the house, the type of housing, the housing’s public space and the housing itself all have a direct impact on the mental health and wellbeing of the residents. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes housing as a key element, and housing is a crucial feature in reaching several of the Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs. Affordable housing has a positive impact on one's health, education, and employment prospects. This material's goal was to investigate community wellbeing and elucidate the linkage between housing and wellbeing
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Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987).
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Learn about sustainable development and its need in the world. How it helps reduce global warming, creating a better society with the help of sustainable social and economical development. It will help you learn to know various steps taken throughout the world.
This is a presentation of sustainable development , in which the key point of sustainable dev. has been discussed .
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#sustainable development
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The report states that a major technological overhaul of production processes is required worldwide to end poverty and avert the likely catastrophic impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. It also asserts that over the next 40 years, $1.9 trillion per year will be needed for incremental investments in green technologies. At least $1.1 trillion per year of required investments are needed in developing countries to meet their rapidly increasing food and energy demand.
Community Wellbeing in Cities through the Sustainable Affordable Housing.NOR SUZYLAH SOHAIMI
The main goal is to elicit more discussion about what we call "being well together" and to increase attention to it. A multifaceted source of occupants' mental health and welfare, housing serves as more than just a physical refuge. The affordability of the house, the type of housing, the housing’s public space and the housing itself all have a direct impact on the mental health and wellbeing of the residents. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes housing as a key element, and housing is a crucial feature in reaching several of the Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs. Affordable housing has a positive impact on one's health, education, and employment prospects. This material's goal was to investigate community wellbeing and elucidate the linkage between housing and wellbeing
Cheap and High Quality Housing with Emphasis on Modular Buildingshaham asadi
Housing as one of the most basic needs of human being has received much attention. As a physical shelter, it is a fundamental need in each family. The need to housing has been increased based on the population increase in cities and its high density and it is a big problem in cities. High price of housing and lack of quality including construction materials to form and cultural quality is one of the greatest concerns of most of families. The study to create methods or types of design is necessary to provide comfort and many suitable housing indices and quality indices. Quality issue in housing increases the price. To reduce construction time and improvement of construction operation, modular building is used in the world. This method is a good model in construction for housing mass production. It should be considered that housing as living place of human being should be mostly regarding cultural issues than a symbol for the life and survival of human being. The study design is descriptive-analytic. The data is collected via existing articles and resources to present a strategy to eliminate the problem of cheap housing. The problem of cheap housing gives some feedbacks regarding the materials or climatic and cultural patterns of society and also it creates problems in society and people as low-income class. The present study aimed to approach two paradoxes of cheap price and quality (including materials and culture).
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Sourcing Land for Housing the Urban Poor in IndiaJitKumarGupta1
Sourcing land for housing remains the most challenging task for all agencies involved in providing shelter for marginalized sections of society. Challenge remains most formidable in the case of India, housing more than 17.3% global population and occupying merely a physical space of only 2.4%. India ranks high among the land stressed country, globally among nations. Housing is known to be largest consumer of land in the domain of both urban and rural settlements. Considering the high prevailing cost of land and large speculation to which urban land is subjected to, creating cost-effective and affordable housing remains most challenging task. Housing remains one of the most critical and dynamic entities related to human living, always evolving and devolving, never static, never definitive, ever dynamic, always changing and never decreasing .Housing strategies for the urban poor need a holistic and multi-pronged approach involving; ensuring adequate supply of serviced land at most affordable price; making land market operationally efficient and socially just; rationalizing the urban planning and development process; making informal sector integral part of urban planning / development; rationalizing land related legal framework governing land ; actively involving private and co-operative sectors ; creating an effective/efficient urban land information and management system; rationalizing the process/ cost of land transactions; minimizing the charges/ fees levied in the land transactions; minimizing time scale for sourcing land; making optimum use of available land; identifying right beneficiaries etc
Ongoing crisis of pandemic,Covid19, has clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of cities and migrants in the face of lockdown, when majority of urban migrant workforce, left cities to go back to their native places, despite all odds and hardships; clearly establishing the context, role/ importance of shelter in not only rationalizing growth/development of cities but also creating ownership among its citizens. It has also clearly demonstrated the necessity of providing adequate housing to all the urban residents, if the cities are to be made safe, resilient, sustainable and livable.
Housing remains one of the most critical and dynamic entities related to human living, always evolving and devolving, never static, never definitive, ever dynamic, always changing and never decreasing .Housing strategies for the urban poor need a holistic and multi-pronged approach involving; ensuring adequate supply of serviced land at most affordable price in equitable and sustainable manner; making land market operationally efficient and socially just; rationalizing the urban planning and development process; making informal sector integral part of urban planning and development; rationalizing the existing legal framework governing land and its management; changing role of parastatal agencies from providers to enablers; actively involving private and co-operative sectors in sourcing land and creating shelter; creating an effective and efficient urban land information and management system; rationalizing the process and cost of land transactions; minimizing the charges and fees levied in the land transactions; minimizing time scale for sourcing land; making optimum use of available land; identifying right beneficiaries etc Looking at the quality of life and adversities human beings faced, without an assured and permanent shelter, during the ongoing crisis of pandemic,Covid19, has clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of cities and migrants in the face of lockdown, when majority of urban migrant workforce, without having any shelter, had no option but to leave cities to go back to their native places, despite all odds and hardships. This clearly established the context, role and importance of shelter in not only rationalizing growth and development of cities but also creating ownership among its citizens. It has also clearly demonstrated the necessity of providing adequate housing to all the urban residents, if the cities are to be made safe, resilient, sustainable and livable.
Issues and options for housing the urban poor in indiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the current status of Housing in India, roadblocks which are hampering the supply of housing the poor and suggests few strategies for creating housing stock for them to achieve the objective of Housing for All by 2022
Interfacing architectural education & disaster management (1)JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to look critically, issues related to safety of built environment and suggest strategies how architecture education can be used for making built environment safe and minimise loss of life and economy.
Interfacing architectural education & disaster managementJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look into the context of manmade dissasters and the role of architectural education in mitigating the losses caused to the built environment
Destruction is integral part of the construction. However, increased incidences of disasters have made cities/planet earth unsafe . Causing colossal destruction/ damages to cities, built environment, economy, infrastructure, human life, social and economic fabric of a society/ area, disasters have emerged as an area of major concern and focus of international, national, state governments and community . Disasters shatter economy, destroy families/social fabric, shatter development programs/resources earmarked for development. Known to have no political boundaries and social/economic considerations, disasters are known to have local / global implications because extent of losses and needs of reconstruction and rehabilitation sometimes exceed the capacity of the impacted country. Considering physical, social, economic, infrastructural, developmental and environmental implications of natural hazards and enormous losses caused to men and materials , United Nation General Assembly decided to name the decade (1990-2000) as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, for focusing on the global efforts on evolving strategies/solutions/ making efforts for disaster mitigation/minimizing damages. Disaster mitigation and management can’t be the exclusive domain of state, parastatal agencies; it needs to be addressed jointly by all stake holders. Role and importance of architectural planning institutions and education remain critical in making cities/buildings/ environment safe and sustainable. Disaster mitigation/ prevention and accordingly should be made integral part of professional academic/ practice. Architectural/Planning Institutions should be recognized as important coparceners in the process of disaster preparedness and mitigation by creating an effective/efficient institutional network for creating a pool of manpower for planning and designing / making cities safe. These Institutions need empowerment by providing adequate resources/ manpower to play their critical role in developing capacity to create safe, disaster resistant and sustainable cities/ built environment. This will help not only in meeting the agenda defined in SDG11 but would minimize the suffering of the lower strata of economic pyramid.
Impact of Housing Finance Market on Growth of East African Economies: Evidenc...inventionjournals
Several literatures have revealed how the housing finance sector has contributed to economic growth in some of the most advanced economies. Housing generally appears to be capital intensive hence the finance required is a function of both national policy and market based. The motivation for this study is on the need to place the East African Region on the part of sustainable economic growth. Most regions in Africa has been adjudged to be among the poorest, in sharp contrast with the abundant resources in the housing sector. The study adopted the ex-post factor research design. Annual longitudinal data from 1985 to 2014, a period of 30 years were collected from various data banks. The classical linear regression model was used in testing the hypothesis formulated from the sampled economy. Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) constituted the dependent variable, which is proxied for economic growth while outstanding mortgage loans by mortgage banks (MBOHL) and Commercial banks (CBOHL constituted the independent variable. While interest lending rate (LINT), Total housing loan as a percentage of total loans (THLPTL) and total housing loans as a percentage of GDP (THLPGDP) were proxy for control variables. The findings revealed that housing finance is positive and none statistically significant on economic growth of Kenya, the sampled nation. Among East African countries, Kenya has the most vibrant housing finance market, hence it was chosen as the sample size for this research. The study recommends a holistic approach to housing finance through Government policy direction, market based economy and introduction of Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) in the capital markets across East African Region.
Affordable housing for all in india- Issues and OptionsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Occupying largest space and having largest count in human settlements, housing, despite being critical for human living, quality of life and occupying higher rating in all government policies and programs, has remained elusive for majority of the people belonging to lower end of economic/social pyramid. Housing has emerged as the most complex human problem, ever evolving, ever devolving, never static, never finite and never nearing solution. Increasing human numbers, rapid mass migration/ movement of the people due to shifting of residence in search of better economic opportunities within/across nations have emerged as the major cause of the problem. getting more vexed. Having different connotations and meaning for different communities across the globe , Housing has defied all solutions to make housing for all a distinct reality. As major consumer of energy, resources, land, materials, money, labour and time , housing has assumed complex dimensions in different nations/states /communities. Housing also is known to have impact on environment, ecology and global sustainability. Housing does not remain confined to four walls ; it needs a large network of amenities and services to support it. It has high degree of linkages with the human habitat. Paper looks at the housing in the Indian context, tries to identify different issues and roadblocks which are hindering the growth and development of affordable housing and makes an attempt to define agenda for increasing housing numbers in the affordable housing for the EWS/LIG segment of population.
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ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
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Article History:
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Inclusive heritage Interpretation;
Colombo.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Colombo, Sri Lanka’s commercial capital is a forceful creation of European colonialists who occupied the island for over four centuries. Its urban structure displays the social fragmentation sought by the rulers. Colombo elaborates an extraordinary process of city-making, stratified with its Dutch-origin, British-reshaping, and post-colonial adaptation. Proclaiming such a contested past as an inheritance requires an inclusive heritage interpretation. The recent renovation of monumental buildings for potential market values and demolishing minor architecture do not display such a heritage interpretation. This, placing undue attention on a selected social group, is found to be further emptying the compartmentalized city. The exclusion of some sub-societies also cost possible stewardship to urban heritage. Having observed the non-sustainability of current heritage-interpretation practised in Colombo, we searched for alternative means to unify societies in time-space thus sustaining the diversity of urban spaces. Our empirical studies have established the need to integrate the inherent cultural values of the colonial-built urban fabric in heritage interpretation. The results of vibrant heritage-interpretation results have been studied through a literature survey with aims to contribute towards the development of an inclusive heritage interpretation practice to protect Colombo’s colonial past sustainably.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 1-12.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(1), 67-81 / 2019
Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 68
living in Northern Iraq.
Northern Iraq has experienced significant social
and economic growth in the last decade along
with a strong contrast between poverty and
wealth. The populated city in this region, and
Erbil city, as a capital of the region has also
witnessed this phenomenon. The disparity in the
living environment demonstrates the gap
between rich and poor. The lack of housing
policy by the region government increased the
housing problems (Faraj, 2014). In Northern Iraq
There are a significant number of households
with no houses, and the current rate of housing
occupancy is relatively high (1.37 household per
each housing unit and 2.23 person/room)
(Ministry of Planning, 2011). That indicates a
large housing deficit (about 250,000 housing
units are needed in 2016) according to Ministry
of construction and Housing-KRG-Iraq estimates
(Ministry of Planning, 2012a). In another hand,
the modern houses are neither sustainable nor
affordable in meeting the financial and
environmental needs of the occupants. Missing
of government regulations on affordable and
sustainable housing creates an obstacle to the
application of sustainable methods.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Housing
Housing considers as, one of the fundamental
needs of human and it is the most important for
his survival after the needs for food (Muhy Al-
Din, 2017). Housing, both in units or multiple
forms is one of the important parts of
community structure, which provide the
important need for the human being who is the
most important part of the society. The
development of the people related to the type
and condition of the housing, which
consequently develops the countries. It is also
an indicator of people level of living and their
position in the society (Olayiwola, et al., 2005).
The housing can be seen as a big issue mostly
for the urban populace and the less privileged
areas of the society. The housing problem is
agreed as being a complex. This problem
seems difficult to solve and it is worldwide.
Hence, it is very difficult for any country in the
world to meet its housing requirements
(Abiodun, 1985). According to Maslow’s
hierarchy of needs based on Maslow’s theory,
shelter, sleep etc coming in the second main
needs after biological and physiological needs.
If these needs are not met, the human body
cannot continue to function (Maslow, 1943).
Housing is also one of the basic rights of the
human. The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (1948), article 25 states; “Everyone has
the right to a standard of living adequate for
the health and well-being of himself and of his
family, including food, clothing, housing and
medical care and necessary social services”.
When a large number of people living in the city
became more competitive, the demand for
housing will increase then the gap between
housing demand and supply will enlarge if the
construction speed is lower than housing
demand. The young households and low-
income households have the lower competition
power and maybe they will become homeless
because it is difficult for them to enter the
housing market.
2.2 Sustainability and Housing
Because of the desires to overcome the
environmental problems, which the world
facing it in twenty first century, the efforts
towards sustainability are now the important
subject globally. Quick growth of urbanization
will continue rising demand for housing. Housing
formulation has developed in remarkable way
over the years. The desire for the welfare of
future generations is also important. To achieve
these desires there is an urgent need to
balance urban planning, design and
construction. Therefore, sustainability became a
necessity and the application of sustainable
principles in design and construction is crucial
for the survival of natural resources for next
generations. United Nations World Commission
on Environment and Development (UNWCED),
defined Sustainability was defined as that which
“meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs” (1987), (Al Surf, 2014).
Sustainable development and housing are
directly affect one another, as Section 7.67 of
the United Nations’ Agenda 21 states: “The
activities of the construction sector are vital to
the achievement of the national socio-
economic development goals of providing
shelter, infrastructure and employment.
However, they can be a major source of
environmental damage through depletion of
the natural resource base, degradation of
fragile eco-zones, chemical pollution and the
use of building materials harmful to human
health”(UN -Agenda 21, 2004).
The core of sustainability consists of three main
pillars, interlocking circles creates the
sustainability. Sustainable development could
be elucidating in terms of environmental
protection, economic growth, and social
development (Adams, 2006). These aspects
should be considered in order to implement a
desired level of sustainable development. See
figure ‘1’.
3. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(1), 67-81 / 2019
Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 69
Figure 1. Three main aspects of sustainability.(URL1)
Housing development can be considered one
of the crucial issues for sustainable
development, because of its long life-span and
its direct and indirect impact on human’s life.
Despite that housing is one of the significant
ways to reach the goals of sustainability;
however, the researches demonstrate that it is
one of the more neglected aspects of
sustainability (Winston & Eastaway, 2008).
Therefore it is important to find methods to
ensure that new housing projects are
sustainable.
2.3 Sustainable Factors and Housing System
A sustainable house characterized by cost-
efficient over time period, also, comfortable,
and eco-friendly. In the same context,
sustainable housing could be defined as
housing, which looking for integral quality,
including social, economic, and environmental
performance (Adebayo, 2013). In the social
dimension Sustainable housing offers a better
environment which encourages residents to
stay at home longer among friends and families
and neighbor in the social context (Abidin, and
Jaapar, 2008). One of the important factors to
conduct sustainability in any community is
providing decent and affordable housing
(Maliene, et al., 2008). Generally, housing can
achieve sustainability through the three main
dimensions of sustainability: Environmental
sustainability, economic sustainability and
Socio-political sustainability (McConville, 2006).
Table ‘1’, demonstrates the main elements to
achieve sustainable housing considering the
three dimension of sustainability.
Table 1. The elements to achieve the three dimension of
sustainability (McConville, 2006).
2.4 Sustainable House design principles
Constructions and housing as part of it, involves
into socio-economic development deeply and
makes significant use of the resources in Nature
and affects the generation of greenhouse
gasses through buildings (Asif et al., 2005).
Sustainable housing main principles are to
provide the safety and comfort to occupants as
well as the surrounding environment and
society. The principles ensure healthy living
quality, and in harmony with nature (Zainul
Abidin and Pasquire, 2005). This principle
needs care for future generations without
compromising the demands of the present
generation. There are several principles of
sustainable housing applied around the world.
In environmental dimension, are:
1. Apply energy efficiency in the buildings
through the optimum orientation, optimum sun
incidence into the buildings, introducing
ventilation, natural lighting into the building,
and use renewable energy technologies in
building services (Muhy Al-Din, et al., 2017).
2. Ensure good indoor air quality with achieving
thermal, visual, as well as acoustic comfort into
the building. This will include low volatile organic
compounds usage, inner air filtration, and
proper humidity.
3. Selecting a proper site with the accessibility to
public transport, services, and open space.
4. Choosing materials that have low impact on
the environment and human (Minke, 2006;
(Koenigsberger, et al., 2010)
5. Rainwater harvesting, recycling the water
and water system equipment.
In other dimensions such as social and
economic dimensions, assuring social equity
and affordability in the housing are the main
points to achieve sustainable design principles
in housing (Sani and Chi munaaim, 2012).
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Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 70
2.5 Characteristics of Sustainable Housing
Based on the literature review the characteristic
of sustainable housing could be including;
1) A house which meets the government
financial obligation and individual ability
without policy change.
2) An acceptable building within the people in
the society, through understanding traditional
and core value.
3) A building that does not increase social
exclusion or segregation.
4) A building that is located on a site with
minimum impact on nature biodiversity.
5). A building that is located on a site with
maximum low-energy consumption.
6). A building that encompasses the following
environmental features; applies efficient
materials, passive solar design, water
conservation, appropriate waste management
during the construction (Pullen et al., 2009).
Whole above points characterize the
sustainability based on the literature review,
whereas points ‘1 and 2’ concerning economic
sustainability. In the same context, the points ‘2,
3 and 5’related to social sustainability, and the
points ‘4, 5 & 6’ are related to environmental
sustainability (Pullen et al., 2010). See table ‘2’.
Table 2. The characteristic of sustainable housing according
to literature review. (Pullen et al., 2010)
Sustainability
Economic 1) Meets the government
financial obligation and individual
ability; 2) Acceptable building
within the people in the society; 3)
Has low-energy consumption
Social 1) Acceptable building within the
people in the society through
understanding traditional and
core value; 2) Does not increase
social exclusion or segregation
Environmental 1) Has a minimum impact on
nature biodiversity; 2) Has low-
energy consumption; 3) Applies
efficient materials, passive solar
design, water conservation,
appropriate waste management
during the construction.
Sustainable design in buildings and particularly
houses, in Northern Iraq, is still not following the
sustainability because of the lack of awareness
about the payback principle of sustainable
design strategies. Therefore, the concept is not
present.
2.6 Northern Iraq
Northern Iraq, is located in the North-East of
Iraq, and its capital is Erbil, as seen in figure ‘2’.
The area of the region is almost 42,812 Km2. The
population of this region represents almost 17%
of the total population of the Republic of Iraq.
Northern Iraq is located between latitudes 34.7°
N and 37.4° N and longitudes 42.4° E, and 46.25°
E, (Rashid, 2014).
Figure 2. Northern Iraq (Kurdistan region of Iraq). URL 2
The following data will give some indicators
about the region, as seen in table’3‘;
Table 3. General information about Northern Iraq. (Ministry
of Planning, 2011)
Governorate Erbil (Capital), Sulaimanyah,
and Duhok
Language Kurdish & Arabic
Religion Muslims, Christians, Yezidi,
etc.
Ethnic Groups Majority: Kurds
Minority: Turkmen, Arabs,
Assyrians, Chaldeans, ,
Armenians, etc.
Currency Iraqi Dinar (IQD)
Rate of Exchange front of
US Dollar
1 USD = 1200 Iraqi Dinar
(IQD) ( as average)
Annual average income per
Capita in (IQD), 2003-2011
976,794 - 7,693,200 *
*1: 1 US Dollar = 1250 IQD, Source: (Ministry of Planning,
2011)
2.6.1 Housing Stress in Northern Iraq
Based on several studies, economic and social
surveys conducted recently in the region, for
assessments of the existing housing condition, all
of these demonstrated a shortage of housing.
The demands are to secure at least 250,000
housing units between 2012-2016 according to
Ministry of Construction and Housing in the
region (Ministry of Planning, 2011).
In other report for Ministry of Planning in the
region (2012) assert that, the population in the
region has been estimated at 5,432,000 people
or 1,131,700 households in 2012, and the
growing rate is at around 2.7% a year. Based on
this, information and the annual housing
requirement to accommodate the people
based on the annual growth rate in the region
are 30,390 units including all income levels,
assuming separate houses for each
householder. The government in the region
Housing strategy 2012 estimates that almost 25%
of existing households require improved housing
or new one in order to change inadequate
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Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 71
housing (Shawkat, et al., 2018). This means other
283,000 houses for all income levels. To
overcome the problem within 10 years, 28,300
new or improved houses are required. Thus,
according to the previous data, the annual
housing demand is 58,690 (30,390 + 28,300)
housing units (Ministry of Planning, 2012b).
In general view, the most of the existing
housings are usually built by private small
builders working separately for different
customers who have their independent finance
and design to run the process. There are no
enough data or researches on the size of the
housing in the region and relying on old data of
the housing statistics carried on several years
ago, which does not reflect clear picture. The
houses number made by the Ministry of
Construction and Housing until the end of 2009
was 25,331 units (45.5% in Erbil, 5.3% in Duhok
and 49.2% in Sulaimanyah). Whereas, the
apartments number were made by the Ministry
in the same period was 4,456 apartments
distributed by 77.6%, 22.4% in Erbil and
Sulaimanyah, respectively. On the same line,
the number of houses which implemented by
the investment projects system were estimated
by 11,240 units included; 24.5% of the houses in
Erbil, 67.5% in Sulaymaniyah and 8% in Duhok,
(Ministry of Planning, 2011). Recently, there is a
great demand on housings that should be
considered as one of the serious challenges in
the Northern Iraq.
3. Methodology
In order to validate and enhance the credibility
of the research, the real-life case study for
affordable projects have been selected from
Northern Iraq, and then the data collection and
analysis will be acquired. Both primary and
secondary data sources were used in the study.
To reach an adequate understanding about
the main ideas and theories related to the
topic. The literature review was carried out
through different sources, such as documents,
government reports, books, previous researches
and studies, published and unpublished
materials internet and electronic documents, as
well as architectural and planning journals.
Secondary data collection have been used in
this research, where, the analysis of the case
studies have been conducted base on
assessment of the ‘Check List’ prepared to be
tested through site observation to evaluate the
use of sustainable aspects in the projects. The
self-observation has been conducted, through
the site visit, studying the documentary and
plans of the projects. Furthermore, theoretical
analysis of the house has been approached, to
investigate sustainable principles according to
the three aspects of sustainability, economic,
environmental, and social. The assessment of
the aspects was implemented as per each
dimension concerns, which provided based on
previous literature review as seen in Figure ‘3’.
Figure 3. Assessments of sustainability three dimensions
based on their factors. (By Auther). Source: (McConville,
2006; Abidin, and Jaapar, 2008; Zainul Abidin and Pasquire,
2005; Muhy Al-Din, et al., 2017;.Asif et al., 2005; Sani and Chi
munaaim, 2012; Dell’Isola and Stephen, 1981; Minke, 2006;
Koenigsberger, et al., 2010; Jin Kim, 1998; American Institute
of Architects, 1992; Ilberg, and Rollins, 2007; Pullen et al.,
2009)
3.1 Case Studies
Two housing projects have been selected as
case studies. The goal behind analyzing any
case study is to get a comprehensive
intelligibility about the case to learn lessons
(Waltz et al., 2010). The case studies were
selected based on the several criteria, namely;
the case study should be a housing project; the
case studies should have relatively the same
construction age; the projects should be in the
area of Northern Iraq.
3.1.1 First case study ‘Goollun City’
The project has been implemented at Erbil City
near ‘Ankawa’ district, and far from Erbil center
(Citadel of Erbil) around 5.27 km, as seen in
figure ‘4’.
Figure 4. The location of Goollun City housing project.
Source: Google Earth.
6. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(1), 67-81 / 2019
Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 72
The project started in 2008 and ended in last
quarter of 2010, which contains 610 houses, and
the evaluated price for each house is 55,000 US
Dollar, around 68,750,000 IQD (Taken by the
author from Municipality of Erbil, January, 2017).
The project executed by Investment sector, and
all the houses are occupied. The houses are
semi- detach houses, and total land area is 200
m2, whereas, the building area is 200 m2, 110 m2
for the ground floor and 90 m2 for the first. See
figure ‘5’.
Figure 5. Goollun City housing project. (By Author).
3.1.2 Second case study ‘Aarshum project’
The project started in 2009 and completed in
2011, and located at north part of Erbil city, 4
km from Erbil center (Citadel of Erbil), see figure
‘6’.
Figure 6. Location of Aarshum Housing Project. Source:
(Google Earth, 2017)
The project contains 500 houses, and the
evaluated price for each house is 35,000 US
Dollar, around 43,750,000 IQD (Taken by the
author from Municipality of Erbil, January, 2017).
The project executed by government and
private sector, and all the houses are occupied.
The houses are raw housing system, and total
land area is 200 m2, whereas, the building area
is 147 m2, one floor. See figure ‘7’.
Figure 7. Aarshum Project. (By Author).
3.2 Field Observation
The observation is one of the commonly used
methods, which the information is collected by
researcher through direct investigation. In this
method personal tendency could be
neutralized, information acquires by current
events (Kothari, 2004). It had been used to
observe sustainable principles in the houses for
the selected case studies in Erbil city. Checklist
has been prepared by the researcher to assess
the sustainable factors in the houses. For
sustainability analysis three aspects of
sustainability were analyzed, which are
(environment, economy, and society). The
factors have been formulated based on
literature review and depending on several
studies and references. Fourteen factors were
identified to cover the three dimensions of the
sustainability to apply on the case studies in
order to get intelligible understanding about the
presence of sustainability in the housing in
Northern Iraq. Each dimension of sustainability
(environmental, economic, and social) was
identified by several factors according to their
relation and effects to the aspect. See table ‘4’.
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Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 73
Table 3. The assessment checklist for sustainable factor
presence in the housing. (By Author)
No
Aspects of
Sustainability.
(Adams,
2006);
(Adebayo,
2013);
(Winston &
Eastaway,
2008);
(McConville,
2006)
Sustainable
factor
References
1
Environmental
Sustainability
Passive solar
design
Cooling/
heating
strategies
(Less use of
mechanical
cooling)
(Koenigsberger, et
al., 2010)
; (McConville,
2006); (Zainul
Abidin and
Pasquire, 2005);
(Sani and Chi
munaaim, 2012);
(Muhy Al-Din, et al.,
2017).
2 Thermal
Insulation
(Koenigsberger, et
al., 2010);
(Sani and Chi
munaaim, 2012)
3 Water
Conservatio
n
(Minke, 2006);
(Muhy Al-Din, et al.,
2017); (Sani and
Chi munaaim,
2012); (Ilberg, and
Rollins, 2007);
4 Availability
of Green
Area
(Sani and Chi
munaaim, 2012);
(Pullen et al., 2009)
5 Site
Orientation
(Koenigsberger, et
al., 2010); (Pullen et
al., 2009); (Muhy Al-
Din, et al., 2017);
(Sani and Chi
munaaim, 2012)
6 Low- impact
on
Environment
( Using local,
eco-friendly
materials
and
equipments
in the
building)
(Minke, 2006); (Asif
et al., 2005);
(McConville, 2006);
(Zainul Abidin and
Pasquire, 2005);
(Dell’Isola and
Stephen, 1981);
(Sani and Chi
munaaim, 2012);
(Jin Kim, 1998);
(American Institute
of Architects,
1992); (Pullen et al.,
2009) ; (Ilberg, and
Rollins, 2007)
7 Low- energy
Consumptio
n (Use of
Green
Energy)
(McConville, 2006);
(Minke, 2006);
(Koenigsberger, et
al., 2010);
(American Institute
of Architects, 1992)
8 Environmental
& Economical
Sustainability
Structural
Quality,
Durability,
and Low
Maintenanc
e Cost
(Dell’Isola and
Stephen, 1981)
(McConville, 2006);
(American Institute
of Architects,
1992); (Ilberg, and
Rollins, 2007);
(Pullen et al., 2009)
9 Economical
Sustainability
Cost –
efficiency
(Constructio
n + Running
costs)
(Dell’Isola and
Stephen, 1981);
(McConville, 2006);
(American Institute
of Architects,
1992); (Pullen et al.,
2009);
(Ilberg, and Rollins,
2007)
10
Social
Sustainability
Flexibility
and
accessibility
(Near all
amenities)
(Pullen et al., 2009);
(Sani and Chi
munaaim, 2012)
11 Safety
(Indoor Air
Quality, and
Physical
Health
‘Wellbeing’)
(Jin Kim, 1998);
(Zainul Abidin and
Pasquire, 2005);
(Pullen et al., 2009)
12 Equity
(Suitable for
the local
social
context and
cultures)
(McConville, 2006);
(Pullen et al., 2009);
(American Institute
of Architects, 1992)
13 Comfort
(proper inner
spaces for
the users,
comfortable
services
(Abidin, and
Jaapar, 2008);
(Zainul Abidin and
Pasquire, 2005);
(Koenigsberger, et
al., 2010); (Pullen et
al., 2009)
14 Security
(proper
Urban
planning for
the safety of
the
occupants
and their
movement
and
activities)
(Sani and Chi
munaaim, 2012);
(Jin Kim, 1998);
(Pullen et al., 2009)
The checklist assessment of sustainability with
included factors have been evaluated through
DST (Descriptive Statistical Tools) as well, and
the percentage were considered as a scale to
recognize the presence of sustainability in the
houses, following the availability of the factors
which are fourteen factors and find the
percentage based on presence of these
factors in the case study houses. The assessment
carried out by the researcher based on
theoretical analysis.
4. Data analysis & Discussion
Based on the three main dimensions of
sustainability, environmental aspect,
economical aspect as well as social aspect,
there are many factors to implement each of
these dimensions in the buildings as per the
prepared “Check List”.
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Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 74
4.1‘Goollun city’ housing field observation data
(First case study)
The result were obtained for the field
observation according to checklist form, which
prepared by the researcher to analyze the
sustainability in ‘Goollun City’ houses. The
factors to evaluate the sustainability in the
housing sectors were investigated as shown;
The first factor in the checklist was the
availability of passive solar design cooling/
heating strategies, as part of environmental
sustainability was investigated through personal
visit. Passive design strategies are important to
the climate of Erbil. There are many effective
strategies to reduce heating/cooling exchange
through inside and outside, such as wall thick
mass. Also, examine the window or opening
response to sunlight entrance or block into the
building, as well as the ventilation which is
relatively limited in harsh seasons in Erbil. The
result was negative because the designer didn’t
take into consideration any of these passive
strategies during the design of the housing units.
Second factor was missing in all the housing
units according the existing condition and
design documents of the project. Third factor
had been missing as well through examine the
existence of any ground water storage for rain
water harvesting or water re-cycling system in
the houses. The front garden or green area
were founded in the houses unites, as seen in
figure ‘8’. Factor number five was the
orientation of the building according to their
response to sun path. The observations
demonstrate that the units are oriented in all the
directions regardless the relation with the sun or
manipulating the building envelope for this
purpose.
Figure 8. Front Garden of the houses in Goollun City
Low- impact on the environment as the sixth
factor in the checklist were assessed through
examine the usage of local materials like
natural stones as an eco-friendly materials, also
examine the type of equipment used at the
houses as electrical sets, cookers, heating and
cooling sets, and how much they are eco-
friendly. The observations showed that building
materials for masonry units are concrete block.
It is containing aggregate and cement and
that has more impact on environment
comparison with bricks, or natural stone which is
very good building material in Northern Iraq. The
slab and foundation had been achieved by
using reinforced concrete, which considers very
much impacted on environment. The factor
number seven is showed negative because of
missing any green energy system application in
the building even the solar panels.
Factor number eight in the check list was
‘structural quality and durability’ were tested
through watching the material and construction
technique. The houses demonstrate durability in
the view of sustainability, as well as Low
Maintenance cost. The main material in the
building is concrete and steel which provide
high durability and low maintenance during the
age of the building. The ninth factor was
‘Construction cost –efficiency and running
costs. The factor showed that the construction
cost is not efficient, based on the analysis of
construction cost compared with average
construction cost in Northern Iraq which it is
300,000 IQD according to Ministry of
Construction & Housing, Republic of Iraq (2006).
As per the price of the houses which is
68,750,000 IQD and the area of the constructed
which is totally 200 square meter for both floors,
the cost of the building per square meter will be
as shown;
…..…… (1)
After apply the data in the formula ‘1’, the
results will be 343,750 IQD, which indicate that
the cost of the building price is already higher
than average, whereas the price should be
even lower than average market price to
achieve the efficiency. Take in the
consideration that the land is free of charge
and subsidized by government to the investors.
In the factor number ten, the ‘Flexibility and
Accessibility’ were analysed and found that the
project is located on country-side of the city.
Despite of that, the project is relatively far from
the city centre, but the accessibility to the
place or from the place to the city centre is not
difficult, because of the availability of public
cars and paved roads.
In the factor number eleven, ‘Safety (indoor air
quality, and physical health’, the evaluation of
the building inner spaces division carried out
and found. Apertures quality is PVC and low
infiltration take place through them, thus, the
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Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 75
quality of inner air could be controlled. Also, the
existence of frontage garden will promote the
wellbeing, as seen in figure ‘9’.
Figure 9. The plan of the both floors in single house in the
Goollun city Housing Project. (By Author).
Equity (suitable for the local social context and
cultures) is another factor for sustainability
(social sustainability), which is very important in
the society of Erbil, which it could be consider
relatively closed society. Hence, the design
analysis found that the specialty has given to
family zones and guest zones and some of
separation is considered in the design between
the occupant’s families. Bedrooms and services
are well managed as well. See figure ‘9’.
In the factor number thirteen ‘Comfort and
proper inner spaces for the users, comfortable
services), is includes the comfort of occupants.
After the field observation the research came
out with; there are weakness in services
management of the housing project from the
investors (who are responsible for provision of
the services like water, electricity, etc.)
according to Investment contraction. That
affected occupants comfort inside the buildings
due to shortage in providing electricity and
water.
Last factor of sustainability in the checklist form
is proper planning for the safety of the
occupants and their movement and security.
The field observation showed that the security
of the housing project is provided. This was
done through entrance, exit check points and
also providing the location of school buildings
within the ‘walkability’ distances for the primary
and secondary schools without crossing any
main street. Super block design concept is
applied in the project.
Based on previous explanation the checklist
form for the first case study was as shown in
table ‘5’.
Table 4. Sustainability assessment in the houses of First Case
study ‘Goollun’ city, based on prepared Check list form.
Aspects Sustainable
factor
Criteria for
judgment
Presenc
e of the
factor
Ye
s
N
o
1
Environmental
Sustainability
Passive solar
design
Cooling/
heating
strategies (Less
use of
mechanical
cooling)
Site visit to
check the
existence of
thermal
mass walls,
successful
incidence of
sunlight as
per
requirement
s,
ventilation,
etc.
2 Thermal
Insulation
Personal site
visit
3 Water
Conservation
Existence of
rain
harvesting
system or
water
conservatio
n sanitation
fittings such
as sensors
taps, etc.
Using
construction
materials,
which needs
less water
consumptio
n
4 Availability of
Green Area
Site visit and
based on
the units
design
5 Site Orientation Site visit and
examine the
sun path in
different
seasons
6 Low- impact
on
Environment (
Using local,
eco-friendly
materials and
equipments in
the building)
Site visit to
investigate
construction
materials
properties,
and
investigate
the cooling
and heating
system
7 Low- energy
Consumption
(Use of Green
Energy)
Investigate
the
presence of
renewable
energy
technologie
s in the
building
such as
photovoltai
c or solar
panels
8 Environmental &
Economical
Structural
Quality,
Durability, and
Low
Maintenance
Cost
Site visit and
structural
design
review
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9 Economical
Sustainability
Cost –
efficiency
(Construction +
Running costs)
Construction
cost per
square
meter,
analysis and
compare it
with the
standards.
10
Social
Sustainability
Flexibility and
accessibility
(Near all
amenities)
Based on
Site visit,
and
location
analysis
11 Safety (Indoor
Air Quality,
and Physical
Health
‘Wellbeing’)
Design
analysis;
inner space
analysis,
aperture
location
analysis,
and
construction
material
used.
12 Equity (Suitable
for the local
social context
and cultures)
Personal
assessment
of the
design
through
achieving
private
zones and
gathering
zones inside
the building
13 Comfort
(proper inner
spaces for the
users,
comfortable
services
Housing
project
manageme
nt
assessment,
after
handing
over the
project to
dwellers
14 Security
(proper Urban
planning for
the safety of
the occupants
and their
movement
and activities)
Site study
and
assessment.
4.2. ‘Aarshum’ governmental with private sector
participation Project’s field observation data
(Second case study)
The result for the second case study had been
obtained with the same way of the first case
study. The observation of the factors in the
second case studies demonstrated relatively
similar result of the first case study regarding the
presence or absence of the sustainable factors
in the project, with some difference in the social
sustainability dimensions factors, and the
checklist form had been implemented as shown
in table ‘6’.
Table 5. Sustainability assessment in the houses of First Case
study ‘Goollun’ city, based on prepared Check list form.
Aspects Sustainable
factor
Criteria for
judgment
Presen
ce of
the
factor
Y
e
s
No
1
Environmenta
l Sustainability
Passive solar
design Cooling/
heating
strategies (Less
use of
mechanical
cooling)
Site visit to
check the
existence of
thermal mass
walls, successful
incidence of
sunlight as per
requirements,
ventilation, etc.
2 Thermal
Insulation
Personal site
visit
3 Water
Conservation
Existence of
rain harvesting
system or water
conservation
sanitation
fittings such as
sensors taps,
etc. Using
construction
materials,
which needs
less water
consumption
4 Availability of
Green Area
Site visit and
based on the
units design
5 Site Orientation Site visit and
examine the
sun path in
different
seasons
6 Low- impact on
Environment (
Using local, eco-
friendly materials
and equipment
in the building)
Site visit to
investigate
construction
materials
properties, and
investigate the
cooling and
heating system
7 Low- energy
Consumption
(Use of Green
Energy)
Investigate the
presence of
renewable
energy
technologies in
the building
such as
photovoltaic or
solar panels
8 Environmenta
l &
Economical
Structural
Quality,
Durability, and
Low
Maintenance
Cost
Site visit and
structural
design review
9 Economical
Sustainability
Cost –efficiency
(Construction +
Running costs)
Construction
cost per square
meter, analysis
and compare it
with the
standards.
10
Social
Sustainability
Flexibility and
accessibility
(Near all
amenities)
Based on Site
visit, and
location
analysis
11 Safety (Indoor
Air Quality, and
Physical Health
‘Wellbeing’)
Design analysis;
inner space
analysis,
aperture
location
analysis, and
construction
material used.
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Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 77
12 Equity (Suitable
for the local
social context
and cultures)
Personal
assessment of
the design
through
achieving
private zones
and gathering
zones inside the
building
13 Comfort (proper
inner spaces for
the users,
comfortable
services
Housing project
management
assessment,
after handing
over the project
to dwellers
14 Security (proper
Urban planning
for the safety of
the occupants
and their
movement and
activities)
Site study and
assessment.
The first factor in the checklist the result was
negative because of the same reason in
previous case study. The designer didn’t take
into consideration any of the passive strategies
during the design of the housing units, to reduce
heating and cooling in different seasons.
Second and third factors were missing in all the
houses according the building design
documents of the project and existing condition
based on field observation. The fourth factor
was implemented through frontage garden in
the houses unites, as seen in figure ‘10’.
Figure 10. The frontage garden (green area) in the houses
at Aarshum project. (By Author)
The field observation about the orientation of
the building demonstrates the missing of this
factor which is the fifth factor. The sixth factor in
the checklist were assessed through examine as
in the first case study. The field observations
showed that building materials is the same
materials that used in the first case study. The
factor number seven is missing because of the
absence of green energy system application in
the building. Eighth factor in the houses
demonstrate durability in the view of
sustainability, as well as Low Maintenance cost,
because it holds the similar character of the first
case study.
The factor number nine showed that the
construction cost is not efficient, based on the
same analysis, which have been carried out for
the first case study. As per the price of the
houses which is 47,500,000 IQD and the net
building area of the houses is 147 m2. According
to the formula ‘1’, the cost of building per
square meter equal to 327,381 IQD, which is also
higher than market average cost. Despite of the
price in the second case study is relatively
cheaper in one square meter of construction if
compare it with the first case study, but it is still
not efficient. In this project also the land is free
of charge and provided by government itself to
the project. Factor number ten, the ‘Flexibility
and Accessibility’ in the second case study
were analysed. The project is located on
country-side of the city, and farther than first
case study by 500 meter which is partially
unpaved road. This makes the accessibility
more difficult than which is in the first case
study. Hence, in this case study the field
observation found that the accessibility is
difficult especially in rainy seasons if the road
stayed un- paved. Therefore the factor number
is missing in this project in time; it was available
in the first case study. For the factor number
eleven of the checklist, the field observation
found it available according to the same
analysis for the first case study, see figure ‘11’;
Figure 11. The plan of the house in the Aarshum Housing
Project. (By Author)
Factor number Twelve, found available through
design analysis based on the similar observation
for the first case study. See figure ‘11’.
In the factor number thirteen and after the field
observation the researcher found the comfort is
missing mainly because of the number of
12. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(1), 67-81 / 2019
Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 78
occupants in each residence unit. There is also
shortage in electricity provision, and that is
general problem in Erbil and Northern Iraq,
which increases the uncomfortable situation
especially in cold and hot seasons. For the last
factor, based on the same analysis had been
done for the first case study, the security of the
housing project is available.
4.3 Summary of the sustainability in both case
studies
Through the analysis of the sustainability in the
houses for both case studies, the results can be
summarized. Table ‘7’, demonstrate the ratio of
sustainability in the houses of both case studies
for three dimensions; environmental
sustainability, economic sustainability, and
social sustainability), as per the checklist factors.
Table 6. The percentage of sustainability in the case study
houses as per prepared factors in the checklist. (By Author)
No. Sustainability
dimension (aspect)
1st Case
study
(Goollun)
2nd Case
Study
(Aarshum)
1 Environmental
Sustainability
25% 25%
2 Economical
Sustainability
50% 50%
3 Social Sustainability 80% 60%
According to table 7, the results shows that both
case studies have remarkable deficiency in
implementing sustainability, especially in the
environmental dimension which affect directly
the running cost of the building. Economic
dimension in both case studies could be
improved. The social sustainability has the
highest percentage and the first case study
registered higher than the second one,
because the first case study is more expensive
with more facilities compared with the second
one.
5. Conclusion
The significant social and economic growth in
Northern Iraq creates a strong contrast
between poverty and wealth in the last
decade. That projected on the cost of the
residential units in the region. Provision of the
residential units for each family is aim of the
most governmental bodies, including the
government of Northern Iraq. Low earners in
Northern Iraq are facing difficulties in
maintaining their life because of the cost of
housing provision. To overcome this challenges
housing stress in Northern Iraq, requires a
deliberate and embracing strategy among the
participators to reach successful results in
overcoming housing problems. Sustainability in
the housing sectors is the significant factor in
order to achieve that. Three dimension of
sustainability should be considered by the
authorities during the implementation of
housing projects. Sustainability is crucial to be
implemented not only to overcome the housing
problem, but in order to don’t compromise the
rights of next generations for better life.
The research found that the sustainability is
applied in very weak level in the housing
projects in Northern Iraq. The reason behind that
is the absence of the legislation and the
awareness about sustainability (especially
environmental sustainability which is significant
for controlling running cost of the building.). The
observations showed that the buildings were
neglecting many fields as renewable energy
and water conservation, etc., even the passive
design strategies were absent in general for
those buildings. Hence, almost one quarter of
environmental sustainability had implemented
according to the prepared checklist for field
observation in this research. The economic
sustainability was achieved in the building
durability and long life term only, that based on
the questionnaire and field observation. In the
same time the application of local materials or
re-cycled one was missing according to field
observation in both case studies. The economic
sustainability achieved 50% of the requirement
as per the checklist of this research. Social
sustainability was examined through field
observation and found that the social
sustainability has been scored more than other
dimensions and has been implemented in
‘Goollun City’ project with higher score than
‘Aarshum’ project. The reason is because of the
first project is more expensive with more facilities
compared with the second one. Thus the social
sustainability achieved based on the increment
in the building cost which is indicates that the
strategies was not perfect in achieving social
sustainability when it conflict with cost. The extra
initial costs of sustainable materials and
strategies have discouraged people to apply
sustainable housing concept in the region. It is
still difficult to apply a sustainable housing
concept in Northern Iraq, which consider very
new developing society.
5.1 Recommendations
According to, the obtained results in this
research that has been carried out, the
following recommendation have been made,
to be taken into the consideration for the future,
and in order to overcome the problems of
housing stress;
13. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(1), 67-81 / 2019
Rahel Mohammed Amin, & Salar Salah Muhy Al-Din 79
1) The participators in the housing projects
processes should evaluate highly the
sustainable strategies and techniques in their
projects. Hence, it is recommended to add new
legislations about sustainable standards in
construction specification and codes.
2) The designers and contractors should follow
these codes and specification under
surveillance of technical sectors in the
government authorities. The owners and house
holders should be aware about the payback of
any extra cost could be spent in order to
achieve sustainability at the beginning.
3) Designing of houses according to climate
response should be encouraged to achieve
environmental sustainability and obtain healthy
environment for the people, and local building
materials such as natural stones, should be
studied and improved to produce cost-
effective and durable houses.
4) Energy saving systems such should be
encouraged and supported by government to
enhance the sustainable culture among the
people.
5) Establishment of sustainable construction
material manufacturing in Northern Iraq in order
to reduce the initial cost of these materials
when they are imported from abroad.
6) Applying new technologies and methods in
the construction that cost less than traditional
ways or the existing ones, in order to reduce the
cost of the construction. Also apply new
cheaper materials in the construction process in
order to reduce the cost without affecting the
quality of the construction.
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