The document summarizes key developments during the Agricultural and Industrial revolutions in Britain including the introduction of new farming techniques from the Netherlands, crop rotation methods, selective breeding of livestock, enclosure acts consolidating land, early steam engines to pump water, cotton spinning innovations like the spinning jenny and water frame, construction of canals, railways and other infrastructure, and use of materials like concrete and tarmac. New technologies significantly increased agricultural output while requiring fewer workers and stimulating urbanization.

1. Agricultural and
Industrial revolutions
“Growing” an economy

2. Introduction of Dutch techniques
❖ Cornelius Vermuyden
(knighted in
1629)brought new
technology to
encourage:
❖ Irrigation
❖ Drainage
❖ Changes in river
directions

3. Jethro Tull
❖ Introduced Seed Drill to
England in 1701

4. Charles Townshend
❖ English politician
❖ Introduced four-field crop
rotation (wheat, barley, turnips,
clover) to feed people and
livestock from all fields with no
fallow

5. Bakewell and Coke
❖ Selective breeding of
healthy and sturdy
livestock

6. Inclosure Acts 1750-1845
❖ 7 million public acres enclosed for private use
❖ 21% of English farmland enclosed
❖ Fewer workers needed per acre due to new technology
❖ Large-scale migration to urban areas resulted, with
unemployment and urban slums as a result

7. Newcomen’s Steam Engine
❖ Designed in 1712 to draw lying
water out of mines
❖ could get water out from a depth
of 150 feet
❖ Did the job of 500 horses
❖ Not the most efficient machine
ever!

8. Watt’s Steam Engine
❖ Finished in
1775
❖ Replaced
Newcomen’s
❖ Made by Watt
and Boulton

10. Flying Shuttle
made by John Kay of
Lancashire

11. Spinning Jenny
Made by James Hargraves in Lancashire

12. Arkwright’s Water Frame
❖ Richard
Arkwright
of Preston,
Lancashire

13. Spinning Mule
by Samuel Crompton
of Lancashire

14. A Lancashire Cotton Mill

15. The production of iron

16. Portland Cement

17. Canals

18. Viaducts

19. The Rocket! 1830

20. Liverpool-Manchester Railway

21. John MacAdam makes “tarmac”
❖ Adding tar to
concrete to make
pavement
❖ Scottish inventor

22. Slave labor conditions

23. Robert Owen

27. Crystal Palace