Euphorbiacea
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The document discusses the Euphorbiaceae plant family. It belongs to the kingdom Plantae, division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Malphigiales. There are over 283 genera and 7,300 species in the family. Plants range from herbs, shrubs, and trees. They are found worldwide except the Arctic, and are represented by genera like Euphorbia, Ricinus, and Phyllanthus. Plants have taproots, spiral leaves, small seeds, and flowers arranged in cymes. The family has economic uses like providing starch from cassava roots, oils, lubricants, poisons, and medicines. Some genera are also used ornamentally.
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1. The document discusses medicinal coleus (Coleus forskohlii), an important medicinal crop grown for its root which contains the compound forskolin.
2. It provides details on the plant's history, cultivation requirements including soil, climate and spacing, common diseases, and medicinal uses of its root extract and the compound forskolin.
3. The key medicinal properties of coleus are that its root contains the compound forskolin which has various cardiovascular and other medical benefits and is used in many herbal medicines.
Asclepiadaceae
This document provides information about the Asclepiadaceae family and two crude drugs from plants in the family. It discusses the general characteristics of the family including its distribution, morphology, and economic importance. It then summarizes the botanical origin, uses, active constituents and other details of the crude drugs Gymnema sylvestre and Calotropis gigantea which are plants that belong to the Asclepiadaceae family.
AnsTriploidy is a desirable trait in all angiosperms except orchi.pdf
Ans:
Triploidy is a desirable trait in all angiosperms except orchidaceae and Triploidy could be a
desirable trait in agricultural species where the economic part especially fruits. Triploid hybrids
have one of the most important traits, seedlessness, which is the characteristic for the fresh-fruit
market. Triploid embryos are found in small seeds that do not germinate. Triploid plants raised
from endosperm are generally sterile. Endosperm-raised triploid plants are of commercial value,
e.g. timber-yielding plants, edible fruit plants or ornamentals propagated vegetatively and
multiplied mainly through micropropagation.
Triploid plants often show vigorous vegetative growth and in some species produce excellent
seedless fruit. All cultivated bananas are triplods, and must be propagated vegetatively as they
bear no seed. Some sugar beet varieties are triploid and these tend to be higher yielding than
diploid varieties. In some species it is not desirable as they produce little or no seed, each
generation of a triploid variety has to be made afresh by the hybridization of a diploid and a
tetraploid parent.
Eg: Commercial use of triploid fruits can be found in watermelons and are produced artificially
by first developing tetraploids whicg are then crossed with diploid watermelon. In order to set
fruit, the triploid watermelon crossed with desirable diploid pollen donar.
It is an undesirable trait
In some species it is not desirable as they produce little or no seed (may be sterile because they
cannot form gametes with a balanced assortment of chromosomes), each generation of a triploid
variety has to be made afresh by the hybridization of a diploid and a tetraploid parent.
Eg: Diana\' (1963, USA) has large single, pure white petals with crimped edges. It is a triploid,
so produces little or no viable seed, and thus continues to flower over a long period. It was
followed in the 1980s by more triploid cultivars, in particular \'Aphrodite\'
polyploidy leads to significant reduction in the amount of genetic diversity in some species. As
genetically identical clones, a pest or disease that affects one individual is likely capable of
affecting each of its clones. Eg: vast majority of commercially produced bananas are cloned from
a single source, the Cavendish cultivar, and those plants are currently threatened worldwide by a
newly discovered fungal disease to which they are highly susceptible.
It is an undesirable trait in crop species where the economic part is seed Example : Orchidacea
The Phalaenopsis species bear a very brightly colored and patterned flowers were reintroduced
into cultivation. Many of these novelty species however produce inflorescences with only a very
few, tiny, starry-shaped flowers. These diploid species have been crossed with the modern
autopolyploid white types to improve their size, form, and floriferousness. In many instances,
these characteristics were improved but flower color was substantially diluted. In addition, many
.
FAMILY FABACEAE
Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is generally characterized by typical legume fruit and the ability to symbiotically fix nitrogen. Among the three subfamilies, Papilionoideae is the largest and possesses the lion’s share of economically important legumes including pulses and forages. Although monophyletic origin is generally considered, traces of polyphyly and paraphyly are evidenced in the subfamilies Mimosoideae and Caesalpinioideae by molecular phylogenetic studies. Development of robust cytogenetic stocks (aneuploids, polyploids, chromosomal aberrations, somaclonal variants, transformants, etc.) and novel functional genomic tools (mutants, molecular markers, DNA libraries, barcode sequences, etc.) have paved the way to legume classical and molecular breeding for high-yield, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancement of its bioactive natural antioxidants.
parasitic weeds.pptx
Parasitic weeds are plants that derive some or all of their nutrients from other host plants by attaching to and penetrating the host with specialized structures called haustoria. Some of the most economically important parasitic weed genera include Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. Orobanche is a total root parasite of crops like tobacco, tomato and legumes. Striga is a partial root parasite initially dependent on host roots, then produces its own food after emerging from the soil and infecting crops like sorghum and maize. Cuscuta is a total stem parasite wrapping around and penetrating the stems of hosts like alfalfa, clover, and tomatoes to extract nutrients and water.
WOOD APPLE.pptx
Wood apple (Feronia limonia) is a tropical tree native to South India. Its fruit has edible pulp and has traditionally been used in Indian medicine to treat various conditions. Key points:
- The fruit pulp contains nutrients and compounds that are anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and may have anti-tumor properties.
- The tree grows well in dry tropical and subtropical regions, tolerating drought and temperatures from 0-47.5°C.
- Flowers from February to May are pollinated by insects. Fruits ripen from October to March and can be stored for long periods due to their hard shell.
Family Liliaceae by sher dil (hitsofclub.com)
All about Family Lliaceae (A comprehensive note about family Liliaceae)
Completely Agriculture and botany realted topic for Graduate course cotents
Ipm of cotton
1. The document identifies and describes several major insect pests that affect cotton crops in India, including leafhoppers, aphids, whiteflies, thrips, bollworms, and others.
2. It provides details on the identification, life cycles, damage symptoms, and management strategies for the main sucking pests and bollworms. Integrated Pest Management approaches including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls are recommended.
3. Several key insect pests can cause over 50% crop loss to cotton. Proper identification of pests and timely implementation of controls are important to reduce yield impacts and maximize cotton production in India.
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Euphorbiacea
- 1. 5/15/2019 1
- 2. REPRESENTED BY:KIRAN KHATTAK,BS.BOTANY,6TH SEMESTER. 5/15/2019 2
- 3. 5/15/2019 3
- 4. Kingdom: Plantae. Division:Magnoliophyta. Class:Magnoliopsida. Order:Malphigiales. Family:Euphorbiaceae. 5/15/2019 4
- 5. There are about 283 genera and 7,300 speicies in this family. DISTRIBUTION: The plant of this family is found throughout the world.But not found in arctic region. In our country family is represented by several genera such as, Euphorbia, Ricinus, Phyllanthus, Croton, Pedilanthus, etc. In the desert regions of Africa and elsewhere the family is represented by cactus-like plants of different species of Euphorbia. 5/15/2019 5
- 6. HABIT: The plant exhibit great variation in their habit.The plants may be herbs,shrubs or trees. herbs:Euphorbia hirta,E.helioscopica, E.peplus. shrubs:Pedilanthus sp, and jatropha sp. Trees: Havea brasiliensist(rubber tree),phyla emblica(amla). 5/15/2019 6
- 7. Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia pedilanthus Euphorbia emblica 5/15/2019 7
- 8. ROOTS: Roots are tap root,sometime tuberous roots are present(manihot esculanda). 5/15/2019 8
- 9. LEAVES: Spiral sometimes opposite or worled,simple or compound. Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia emblica 5/15/2019 9
- 10. STIPULES: Large, represented by glands,or absent. Euphorbia polycarpa 5/15/2019 10
- 11. FLOWERS: Unisexual(E.peplus),usually actinomorphic, cymose in florescences. Euphorbia mili 5/15/2019 11
- 12. CALYX: Reduce or absent,5 when present valvate or imbricate. COROLLA:Reduce or absent,5 when present valvate or imbricate. 5/15/2019 12
- 13. ANDROECIUM: Stamens 5-numerous. filaments basally united.Anthers with longitudinal slits or apical pores.Necter disc present.Rudimentary ovary present in male flower. GYNOECIUM:Superior,usually 3-locular,with free or basally united styles. 5/15/2019 13
- 14. 5/15/2019 14
- 15. FRUITS: Capsule or drupe. 5/15/2019 15
- 16. SEEDS: Seeds are very small conspicious. 5/15/2019 16
- 17. FLORAL FORMULA AND DAIGRAM: 5/15/2019 17
- 18. SOURCE OF FOOD : The plant manihot esculenda at gives strachy food from its tuberous roots. OILS:Some plant give wood oil artist oil or some other drying oil.These oils are used in paints.These oils are extraced from seeds of several species. 5/15/2019 18
- 19. LUBRICANT :Custor oil,as well as for hair massage. POISONS: The milky juice of many plants like manillal mercuriolus has deadly poisons.Some are very dangerous for stomach.Some can cause blindness of eyes.These are also used to kill some insects. 5/15/2019 19
- 20. MEDICLE USE:The fruits of phyllanthus emblica has many medical uses. RUBBER:Several species of hevea gives common rubber in their latex. 5/15/2019 20
- 21. DYES:Chrozophora gives dyes. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS:The plants of this family have attractive colours.So they are commonly use in ornammental plants examples,euphorbia splenden,euphorbia pulcerrima. 5/15/2019 21
- 22. 5/15/2019 22
- 23. 5/15/2019 23