The document outlines the main institutions and historical development of the European Union (EU), detailing the roles of the European Commission, European Parliament, Council of the EU, European Council, and the European Court of Justice. It highlights that the EU is not a state or federation but a supranational organization with powers delegated by member states, emphasizing the treaties that establish its legal framework. Additionally, the document provides a timeline of key treaties from the establishment of the EU to recent reforms.

1. Institutions and history of the
European Union
Prof. Dr. Andreas Kellerhals, LL.M.

2. Goals
> Know the main institutions within the institutional system of the EU.
> Know the history of the EU.
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3. Program
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> Main European Union organs
1. European Commission
2. European Parliament
3. Council of the European Union
4. European Council
5. European Court of Justice
> Brief History of the EU

4. Introduction
> EU is not a state or a federation of states
> Powers and compewtences are selectively delegated by the member states
> No «EU people», only additional EU citizenship for citizens of member states
> EU is a supranational organization
> Principal of conferral
> No competence-competence
> Legal basis are the treaties of the EU
> TEU: Treaty of the European Union
> TFEU: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
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5. EU Institutions
1. European Commission, Art. 17 TEU & Arts. 244-250 TFEU
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6. EU Institutions
1. European Commission, Art. 17 TEU & Arts. 244-250 TFEU
> The Commission has 28 members. Each of the 28 member states is sending
one of its citizens.
> Members of the commission are appointed for a period of 5 years.
> The president of the commission lays down the general guidelines for the
commissions' work, decides on the internal organization and appoints the vice-
president of the commission, who is also the EU’s High Representative for its
common foreign and security policy.
> Next to the commissioners, there are approximately 33’000 (2015) staff
members working for the Commission.
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7. EU Institutions
1. European Commission, Art. 17 TEU & Arts. 244-250 TFEU
1. Right of Initiative
> The Commission is the only institution with the power to initiate EU law;
however, the council and the parliament have to agree on the
Commissions’ proposal.
1. Guardian of the treaties
> The Commission has the right to to take infringement actions against
Member States which have not met their obligations under EU law.
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8. EU Institutions
1. European Commission, Art. 17 TEU & Arts. 244-250 TFEU
3. Policy implementation
> The Commission has the role for administering the EU’s budget and
deciding how the budget is spent within the EU Member States.
3. International dimension
> The Commission has the sole competence to negotiate international
treaties on behalf of the EU. In this regard, the High Representative,
which is also a member of the Commission, conducts the EU’s foreign
policy and makes proposals regarding that policy.
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9. EU Institutions
2. European Parliament, Art. 14 TEU & Arts. 223 - 234 TFEU
> Since 1979 the European Parliament is elected directly by European Union
citizens through democratic elections held every 5 years in every Member
State.
> It has 751 members, representing over 500 Mio. EU citizens.
> It has more than one permanent seat. It seats in Strasbourg for monthly
plenary sessions, holds committee meetings in Brussels and has its
secretariat in Luxemburg.
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10. EU Institutions
2. European Parliament, Art. 14 TEU & Arts. 223 - 234 TFEU
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European People's Party (221)
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and
Democrats (191)
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for
Europe (85)
European Greens–European Free Alliance
(68)
European Conservatives and Reformists
(70)
European United Left–Nordic Green Left
(52)
Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy
(48)
Non-Inscrits (52)

11. EU Institutions
2. European Parliament, Art. 14 TEU & Arts. 223 - 234 TFEU
> The European Parliament has three main functions:
1. Legislative role: The Parliament has different levels of participation during
the legislative process (discussed later).
2. Budgetary role: The European parliament has to approve the budget of the
European Union (Art. 314 TFEU).
3. Supervisory role: the parliament has certain control powers:
> Art. 230 TFEU: right to ask questions to the Commission
> Art. 234 TFEU: ask the Commission to resign “en bloc”
> Art. 263 and 265 TFEU: challenge actions by other EU institutions in
front of the CJEU.
> Art. 226 TFEU: set up commissions of inquiry.
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12. EU Institutions
3. Council of the EU, Art. 16 TEU & Arts. 237 – 243 TFEU
> Council is comprised of one minister of each Member State authorized to bind
the government of that State.
> Composition of the council is dependent on the subject matter discussed in the
council (if the subject matter is agriculture, all agriculture ministers of the
Member States will be present).
> A special case is the foreign affairs council, which is presided over by the
High Representative.
> In comparison to the other EU institutions, the Council represents national
interests. The ministers in the Council are responsible to their national
governments.
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13. EU Institutions
3. Council of the EU, Art. 16 TEU & Arts. 237 – 243 TFEU
> The Council has three voting mechanisms:
1. Simple majority (15 Member States in favor).
2. Qualified majority (55% of Member States in favor, representing 65% of
the EU population).
3. Unanimous vote (100% of Member States in favor).
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14. EU Institutions
3. European Council of the EU, Art. 15 TEU & Arts. 235-236
TFEU
> Should not be mixed up with the Council and the Council of Europe, another
institution outside the EU system.
> The European Council was initially an informal body, composed the Head of
States or governments of the EU Member States.
> Since the treaty of Lisbon, the European Council is recognized as an EU
institution. The Head of States are joined by the president of the Commission
and in some instances by the High Representative.
> It meets at least twice a year.
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15. EU Institutions
4. European Council, Art. 15 TEU & Arts. 235-236 TFEU
> The European Council has a rather vague role in the institutional setting of the
EU. Art. 15 TEU: “…provide the Union with the necessary impetus (…) and
shall define the general political direction…”.
> No legislative functions.
> But: The European Council can provide an agreement, where such agreement
was not possible on a lower level.
> Decisions by the European Council are made by consensus.
> The direct election procedure of the parliament or the introduction of the EURO
were decided at the level of the European Council.
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16. EU Institutions
5. European Court of Justice
> Central judicial authority
> Interpretaion of EU law
> Structure of the ECJ
> 28 judges & 8 advocate generals
> ECJ & court of first instance
> Pivotal role in the interpretation of EU law
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17. History of the EU
The institutional structure mentioned before did not happen over night!
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Year Name of the treaty Object of the treaty
1952 European Steel and Coal
Community
Common market for coal and steel (FR, DE, IT, BE, NL, LX)
1958 Treaties of Rome Creation of EEC (common market) and EURATOM (cooperation
in use of civil nuclear technology)
1986 Single European Act Creation of single european market and setting union as goal
1992 Treaty of Maastricht Creation of EU, name change of EEC to EC, goal to create
common currency, commen foreign and defense policy
1999 Treaty of Amsterdam Institutional reforms, more power to the parliament, new allocation
of seats in the parliament
2003 Treaty of Nice Institutional reforms, more power to the parliament, new allocation
of seats in the parliament
2004 Draft for a European
Constitution
Instutional reforms, but also symbolic changes (EU foreign
minister, European anthem, etc.)
2009 Treaty of Lissabon Institutional reforms, new names for the treaties (TEU and TFEU)

18. History of the EU / Goal and values of the EU
Art. 3 TEU
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EU as community of/for peace
EU as economic community
EU as international partner
EU as common area of freedom, security and
justice
EU as community of values

19. Thank you!
Prof. Dr. Andreas Kellerhals, LL.M.