This document provides a country water footprint profile for Ethiopia that analyzes water use from the perspective of goods produced and consumed in the country. It finds that 98% of Ethiopia's water footprint of production comes from green water sources like rainfall, while the remaining 2% comes from blue water sources like surface and groundwater. Several crops, like maize, sorghum, and wheat, consume large portions of the green water footprint. Sugar cane and cotton consume the largest shares of the blue water footprint. The profile compares crop water footprints to global benchmarks, finding opportunities to improve water use efficiency, especially for maize, sorghum, and wheat. It also examines blue water scarcity and virtual water flows within
Effect of Untreated Brewery Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of A...ijtsrd
The increasing rate of environmental pollution especially of water bodies due to discharges from industries has become a serious challenge. Wastewater reuse is a useful tool in minimizing the amount of effluent discharge into the environment. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of untreated brewery effluent on the physicochemical of soil and crop yield. The physicochemical properties of untreated effluent from a brewery and its effects on soil physiochemical properties and maize crop yield, were studied using standard analytical methods. The potential of brewery effluent as a nutrient source for crop production was assessed through pot culture experiments. The effluent was found to be slightly acidic in nature, and had high BOD and COD due to the presence of large amounts of solids. The effluent was rich in nitrate, phosphate and potassium, so that its application to the soil increased the values of available nutrients in the soil. The pH of the soil decreased gradually with increasing concentration of the effluent. The brewery effluent increased the moisture content and plant nutrients of the irrigated soil. In the pot culture studies, the growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight, number of seeds per cob and the total chlorophyll content of the maize plants were measured. The growth of the maize plant was highest with 100 untreated effluent but low in productivity, while its productivity was highest with 50 effluent. The heavy metals content of the harvested maize analysed were all within permissible limit. This research revealed that brewery wastewater reuse in agriculture at 50 is an efficient tool for pollution control as well as improved soil properties and crop yield. Mbonu, C. F. | Onuorah, S. C. | Anaukwu, C. G. "Effect of Untreated Brewery Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of Agricultural Soil and Crop Yield" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50203.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50203/effect-of-untreated-brewery-wastewater-on-the-physicochemical-properties-of-agricultural-soil-and-crop-yield/mbonu-c-f
Good water quality is essential to human health and development, but ensuring sufficient and safe supplies is challenging as populations grow. A major solution is producing less pollution and improving wastewater management. Globally, 80% of wastewater flows back into the ecosystem without treatment, contributing to over 1.8 billion people drinking contaminated water. However, wastewater represents an opportunity if viewed as a potential resource and managed safely, as it could supply water, energy, and nutrients to support agriculture, industry, and growing urban populations.
This document summarizes information about water conservation. It discusses the water cycle and how water is polluted. It defines water conservation as reducing water usage and recycling wastewater. The document notes that only 1% of the world's total water is usable freshwater for humans and ecosystems. It outlines how water is used globally, with 70% used for irrigation, 22% for industry, and 8% for domestic use. The document also discusses increasing global water demand and the effects of climate change on water availability.
Water and Food Production issues and solutions in Africa-Prof. Bancy MatiBancy Mati
Water and food security in Africa face challenges due to climate change impacts, increasing population and demand for water, and inefficient water usage. While Africa has abundant water resources, they are poorly distributed and high losses occur. Agriculture is mostly rain-fed and irrigation reaches only a small percentage of cultivated land. The continent suffers extensive water scarcity. Innovations in water infrastructure development, appropriate technologies, partnerships, and improved policies are needed to enhance sustainable water use and food security in Africa.
Global Food Waste (A problem for water resource management)Shehzad Ali
These slides show food production data as well as water footprints for several countries. The data was obtained from reliable sources, and I analyzed it using a variety of technologies to create a geographic representation of the data.
Effect of Untreated Brewery Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of A...ijtsrd
The increasing rate of environmental pollution especially of water bodies due to discharges from industries has become a serious challenge. Wastewater reuse is a useful tool in minimizing the amount of effluent discharge into the environment. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of untreated brewery effluent on the physicochemical of soil and crop yield. The physicochemical properties of untreated effluent from a brewery and its effects on soil physiochemical properties and maize crop yield, were studied using standard analytical methods. The potential of brewery effluent as a nutrient source for crop production was assessed through pot culture experiments. The effluent was found to be slightly acidic in nature, and had high BOD and COD due to the presence of large amounts of solids. The effluent was rich in nitrate, phosphate and potassium, so that its application to the soil increased the values of available nutrients in the soil. The pH of the soil decreased gradually with increasing concentration of the effluent. The brewery effluent increased the moisture content and plant nutrients of the irrigated soil. In the pot culture studies, the growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight, number of seeds per cob and the total chlorophyll content of the maize plants were measured. The growth of the maize plant was highest with 100 untreated effluent but low in productivity, while its productivity was highest with 50 effluent. The heavy metals content of the harvested maize analysed were all within permissible limit. This research revealed that brewery wastewater reuse in agriculture at 50 is an efficient tool for pollution control as well as improved soil properties and crop yield. Mbonu, C. F. | Onuorah, S. C. | Anaukwu, C. G. "Effect of Untreated Brewery Wastewater on the Physicochemical Properties of Agricultural Soil and Crop Yield" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50203.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50203/effect-of-untreated-brewery-wastewater-on-the-physicochemical-properties-of-agricultural-soil-and-crop-yield/mbonu-c-f
Good water quality is essential to human health and development, but ensuring sufficient and safe supplies is challenging as populations grow. A major solution is producing less pollution and improving wastewater management. Globally, 80% of wastewater flows back into the ecosystem without treatment, contributing to over 1.8 billion people drinking contaminated water. However, wastewater represents an opportunity if viewed as a potential resource and managed safely, as it could supply water, energy, and nutrients to support agriculture, industry, and growing urban populations.
This document summarizes information about water conservation. It discusses the water cycle and how water is polluted. It defines water conservation as reducing water usage and recycling wastewater. The document notes that only 1% of the world's total water is usable freshwater for humans and ecosystems. It outlines how water is used globally, with 70% used for irrigation, 22% for industry, and 8% for domestic use. The document also discusses increasing global water demand and the effects of climate change on water availability.
Water and Food Production issues and solutions in Africa-Prof. Bancy MatiBancy Mati
Water and food security in Africa face challenges due to climate change impacts, increasing population and demand for water, and inefficient water usage. While Africa has abundant water resources, they are poorly distributed and high losses occur. Agriculture is mostly rain-fed and irrigation reaches only a small percentage of cultivated land. The continent suffers extensive water scarcity. Innovations in water infrastructure development, appropriate technologies, partnerships, and improved policies are needed to enhance sustainable water use and food security in Africa.
Global Food Waste (A problem for water resource management)Shehzad Ali
These slides show food production data as well as water footprints for several countries. The data was obtained from reliable sources, and I analyzed it using a variety of technologies to create a geographic representation of the data.
The document discusses water footprint accounting and its application to the mining industry. It provides an overview of how water footprints are calculated, focusing on the green, blue, and grey water components. For mining specifically, it notes that operations can significantly impact local water quantity and quality through activities like dewatering, polluted discharges, and acid rock drainage. Calculated water footprints would need to account for these impacts and consider factors like water sources, processing methods, waste management, and site-specific hydrology to assess the full water impacts of mineral production.
The document discusses different uses of water resources around the world. It states that 69% of global water use is for agriculture through irrigation, 15% is for industrial purposes like power plants and manufacturing, 15% is for household uses like drinking, bathing and sanitation, and a small percentage is for recreational and environmental uses. It also provides information on the distribution of Earth's water and the importance of water for life. Clean water is crucial for health, and countries need to promote conservation and sustainable water practices.
This report summarizes a water footprint assessment of green coffee produced by APROCO in Burundi. The assessment found that the total water footprint was 8,214 liters per kilogram of green coffee, with a green water footprint of 8,214 liters, no blue water footprint, and a grey water footprint of 344 liters. Benchmarking showed that APROCO's water footprint is relatively low compared to other global coffee producing regions.
Can we able to enhance water productivity under Water scarcity?, Dr. Alaa. Z....NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
This document discusses water recycling and integrated water resource management. It provides details on water recycling applications including agricultural and urban reuse. Water recycling can help conserve freshwater resources by reducing diversion from ecosystems and decreasing wastewater discharges. It also lists environmental benefits such as augmenting wetlands and streams. The document then discusses water reuse programs and challenges in India, focusing on reuse along the Musi River in Hyderabad. It defines integrated water resource management and its objectives to manage water holistically and involve stakeholders. Principles of IWRM include treating water as an economic good and basing development on participation.
Resource utilization and managing conflict in the pastoral community of Ethio...ILRI
Presentation by Dr Tilahun Amede for the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010.
This document provides an overview of water footprints and introduces key concepts such as:
1. A water footprint measures freshwater use and pollution by accounting for both direct and indirect water used in the production of goods and services.
2. It considers volumes of green, blue, and grey water associated with consumption and production within nations and across national boundaries through trade.
3. Water footprint accounting can be done at the level of products, businesses, consumers, and nations to assess water impacts and dependencies.
The document discusses several topics related to water management and climate change including:
1) Fresh water is a limited renewable resource facing increasing demands from population growth, economic development, and climate change.
2) Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global water consumption and climate change is impacting agricultural productivity.
3) Lifestyle and consumption choices can significantly reduce individual and societal water footprints, such as adopting diets with lower virtual water content.
This document discusses challenges related to global water scarcity and food security given projected population growth. It notes that dramatic population growth is projected for water-scarce areas of South Asia and Africa. Current agricultural practices rely heavily on irrigation, which buffers rainfall variability but is unsustainable. Solutions proposed include optimizing crop planting locations, improving irrigation efficiency, developing water pricing and storage strategies, and increasing rainfed crop yields through technology and management practices. The overall framing questions whether global food demands in 2050 can be met sustainably given water and land constraints.
Aspects for Agricultural Water Management in Water Stress Conditions: Case St...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The major aim of the study was to propose sustainable agro-water management strategies, particularly for water poor-ecologies. In current work, information was obtained from worldwide previous findings of studies relevant to the water management. In order to maximize water productivity in those environments exposing climate changes following applicable suggestions were presented: changing crop pattern in accordance of available current water resources, increasing utilization areas in favor of modern irrigation systems, if possible converting of water delivery networks to pipe systems, improving share of low water consuming crops in current crop patterns, practicing deficit irrigation program, collecting water charges based on volumetric basis, more uses of rainwater harvesting systems, training of farmers about irrigated agriculture, and if possible transferring some water from neighbor basins to irrigation farms.
Global water resources are under increasing pressure from rising populations and changing climate. Most water on Earth is undrinkable saltwater, while freshwater is unevenly distributed and demand is growing. In India, irrigation accounts for 84% of total water usage, far exceeding the global average of 65%. Competing demands for water include agricultural, industrial, residential, and power generation uses. As populations increase, so does water consumption, depleting groundwater supplies. Conservation methods like rainwater harvesting, afforestation, and efficient irrigation can help reduce water demand and promote more sustainable water management.
The document summarizes key drivers of increasing global water demand and potential solutions to close the growing water gap. By 2050, world water demand is projected to increase by 60% due to factors like population growth, changing diets, increased food production and urbanization. Agriculture currently accounts for 70% of water withdrawals globally. Solutions discussed to help close the growing gap between supply and demand include increased wastewater reuse, further development of desalination technologies, improving irrigation efficiency, appropriate water pricing, integrated water governance and planning at the basin scale.
The document provides acknowledgements and references for a publication titled "Resource use in the Asia-Pacific - A booklet of infographics". It thanks various contributors and reviewers and provides information on data sources, copyright, and permissions. The publication is intended to accompany the "1st FORUM OF MINISTERS & ENVIRONMENT AUTHORITIES OF ASIA PACIFIC" on May 19-20, 2015 in Bangkok.
Performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in gaza governoratesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in Gaza governorates. The study aimed to assess the impact of wastewater and greywater projects on the environment, labor costs, and consumers from technical, socio-economic and environmental perspectives. A field survey was conducted involving questionnaires distributed to 30 farmers. Data analysis found that most farmers were willing to use treated wastewater if properly educated on social, economic and environmental issues regarding reclaimed water reuse.
Performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in gaza governoratesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in Gaza governorates. The study aimed to assess the impact of wastewater and greywater projects on the environment, labor costs, and consumers from technical, socio-economic and environmental perspectives. A field survey was conducted involving questionnaires distributed to 30 farmers. Data analysis found that most farmers were willing to use treated wastewater if properly educated on social, economic and environmental issues regarding reclaimed water reuse.
Conservation of water in agriculture and industrial sectorsIWRS Society
This document provides an executive summary of a theme paper on conserving water in agriculture and industrial sectors in India. It outlines that water demand is increasing due to population growth and economic development, while availability is decreasing. It recommends strategies for improving irrigation efficiency in agriculture, which uses 80% of water resources, and increasing water recycling and reuse in industries. Coordination between government bodies and stakeholders is needed to holistically manage water resources and match increasing demand between sectors. Further research is also required to develop new water conservation and pollution control technologies.
CONSERVATION OF WATER IN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS - 2003IWRS Society
This document provides an executive summary of a theme paper on conservation of water in agriculture and industrial sectors in India. It outlines that water demand is increasing due to population growth and economic development, while availability is declining. It notes that agriculture and industries currently use 80% and a small but increasing portion of India's water resources respectively. The summary then discusses strategies for improving water use efficiency and conservation in both sectors, including improved irrigation, wastewater recycling, and adoption of water-saving technologies. It emphasizes the need for coordinated management of water resources across sectors.
The document presents a new hybrid irrigation method that aims to overcome the disadvantages of surface and pressurized irrigation. Field experiments in Egypt found that the hybrid method saved water, increased yields, and improved crop water productivity for wheat, rice, and corn compared to traditional surface irrigation. A feasibility study also found the hybrid method increased profits from rice and vegetable farming in Mali. The hybrid method uses pipelines to distribute water under pressure to plots, minimizing losses and ensuring uniform water availability for crops. It has been adopted for large-scale use in irrigation projects in Egypt.
This document provides a summary of key information from a presentation titled "A Comprehensive Introduction to Water Footprints" by Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Professor in Water Management at the University of Twente in the Netherlands and Scientific Director of the Water Footprint Network. The presentation introduces the concept of water footprints, which measure direct and indirect water use by a consumer or producer. It discusses how to calculate the water footprint of crop and animal products, including the green, blue, and grey water footprint components. Examples are provided of water footprints for various agricultural and industrial products like cotton, coffee, chocolate, sugar, meat, paper, and biofuels. Maps show the spatial dimensions and impacts of water footprints
THE GREAT GREEN WALL initiative of Ethiopia.pdfAbrahamLALEMU
This document presents Ethiopia's national strategy and action plan for implementing the Great Green Wall Initiative in Ethiopia. The strategy was developed with support from FAO and the African Union Commission. It outlines six strategic pillars for the initiative: 1) sustainable management of natural resources, 2) development of basic socio-economic infrastructure, 3) development of income generating activities, 4) promotion of good local governance, 5) capacity building of stakeholders, and 6) research and knowledge management. These pillars will be implemented through four programs over five years with a total budget of $66.78 million. The strategy establishes a coordination mechanism led by a proposed National Agency for the Great Green Wall Initiative in Ethiopia. It aims to address desertification,
Ethiopian water sector development program vol 1.pdfAbrahamLALEMU
This document provides an executive summary of the Water Sector Development Program (WSDP) for Ethiopia. It summarizes the context and background of Ethiopia's water resources and needs. Ethiopia has significant water resources but also many development challenges related to poverty, population growth, and lack of infrastructure. The WSDP was created to help address these issues through targets in four sub-sectors: water supply and sanitation, irrigation, hydropower, and water resources management. Specific targets are outlined for increasing access to water and electricity over 15 years. The planning process involved extensive consultation and aimed to support national development goals while ensuring environmental sustainability.
The document discusses water footprint accounting and its application to the mining industry. It provides an overview of how water footprints are calculated, focusing on the green, blue, and grey water components. For mining specifically, it notes that operations can significantly impact local water quantity and quality through activities like dewatering, polluted discharges, and acid rock drainage. Calculated water footprints would need to account for these impacts and consider factors like water sources, processing methods, waste management, and site-specific hydrology to assess the full water impacts of mineral production.
The document discusses different uses of water resources around the world. It states that 69% of global water use is for agriculture through irrigation, 15% is for industrial purposes like power plants and manufacturing, 15% is for household uses like drinking, bathing and sanitation, and a small percentage is for recreational and environmental uses. It also provides information on the distribution of Earth's water and the importance of water for life. Clean water is crucial for health, and countries need to promote conservation and sustainable water practices.
This report summarizes a water footprint assessment of green coffee produced by APROCO in Burundi. The assessment found that the total water footprint was 8,214 liters per kilogram of green coffee, with a green water footprint of 8,214 liters, no blue water footprint, and a grey water footprint of 344 liters. Benchmarking showed that APROCO's water footprint is relatively low compared to other global coffee producing regions.
Can we able to enhance water productivity under Water scarcity?, Dr. Alaa. Z....NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
This document discusses water recycling and integrated water resource management. It provides details on water recycling applications including agricultural and urban reuse. Water recycling can help conserve freshwater resources by reducing diversion from ecosystems and decreasing wastewater discharges. It also lists environmental benefits such as augmenting wetlands and streams. The document then discusses water reuse programs and challenges in India, focusing on reuse along the Musi River in Hyderabad. It defines integrated water resource management and its objectives to manage water holistically and involve stakeholders. Principles of IWRM include treating water as an economic good and basing development on participation.
Resource utilization and managing conflict in the pastoral community of Ethio...ILRI
Presentation by Dr Tilahun Amede for the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010.
This document provides an overview of water footprints and introduces key concepts such as:
1. A water footprint measures freshwater use and pollution by accounting for both direct and indirect water used in the production of goods and services.
2. It considers volumes of green, blue, and grey water associated with consumption and production within nations and across national boundaries through trade.
3. Water footprint accounting can be done at the level of products, businesses, consumers, and nations to assess water impacts and dependencies.
The document discusses several topics related to water management and climate change including:
1) Fresh water is a limited renewable resource facing increasing demands from population growth, economic development, and climate change.
2) Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of global water consumption and climate change is impacting agricultural productivity.
3) Lifestyle and consumption choices can significantly reduce individual and societal water footprints, such as adopting diets with lower virtual water content.
This document discusses challenges related to global water scarcity and food security given projected population growth. It notes that dramatic population growth is projected for water-scarce areas of South Asia and Africa. Current agricultural practices rely heavily on irrigation, which buffers rainfall variability but is unsustainable. Solutions proposed include optimizing crop planting locations, improving irrigation efficiency, developing water pricing and storage strategies, and increasing rainfed crop yields through technology and management practices. The overall framing questions whether global food demands in 2050 can be met sustainably given water and land constraints.
Aspects for Agricultural Water Management in Water Stress Conditions: Case St...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The major aim of the study was to propose sustainable agro-water management strategies, particularly for water poor-ecologies. In current work, information was obtained from worldwide previous findings of studies relevant to the water management. In order to maximize water productivity in those environments exposing climate changes following applicable suggestions were presented: changing crop pattern in accordance of available current water resources, increasing utilization areas in favor of modern irrigation systems, if possible converting of water delivery networks to pipe systems, improving share of low water consuming crops in current crop patterns, practicing deficit irrigation program, collecting water charges based on volumetric basis, more uses of rainwater harvesting systems, training of farmers about irrigated agriculture, and if possible transferring some water from neighbor basins to irrigation farms.
Global water resources are under increasing pressure from rising populations and changing climate. Most water on Earth is undrinkable saltwater, while freshwater is unevenly distributed and demand is growing. In India, irrigation accounts for 84% of total water usage, far exceeding the global average of 65%. Competing demands for water include agricultural, industrial, residential, and power generation uses. As populations increase, so does water consumption, depleting groundwater supplies. Conservation methods like rainwater harvesting, afforestation, and efficient irrigation can help reduce water demand and promote more sustainable water management.
The document summarizes key drivers of increasing global water demand and potential solutions to close the growing water gap. By 2050, world water demand is projected to increase by 60% due to factors like population growth, changing diets, increased food production and urbanization. Agriculture currently accounts for 70% of water withdrawals globally. Solutions discussed to help close the growing gap between supply and demand include increased wastewater reuse, further development of desalination technologies, improving irrigation efficiency, appropriate water pricing, integrated water governance and planning at the basin scale.
The document provides acknowledgements and references for a publication titled "Resource use in the Asia-Pacific - A booklet of infographics". It thanks various contributors and reviewers and provides information on data sources, copyright, and permissions. The publication is intended to accompany the "1st FORUM OF MINISTERS & ENVIRONMENT AUTHORITIES OF ASIA PACIFIC" on May 19-20, 2015 in Bangkok.
Performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in gaza governoratesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in Gaza governorates. The study aimed to assess the impact of wastewater and greywater projects on the environment, labor costs, and consumers from technical, socio-economic and environmental perspectives. A field survey was conducted involving questionnaires distributed to 30 farmers. Data analysis found that most farmers were willing to use treated wastewater if properly educated on social, economic and environmental issues regarding reclaimed water reuse.
Performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in gaza governoratesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on developing performance indicators for wastewater reuse systems in Gaza governorates. The study aimed to assess the impact of wastewater and greywater projects on the environment, labor costs, and consumers from technical, socio-economic and environmental perspectives. A field survey was conducted involving questionnaires distributed to 30 farmers. Data analysis found that most farmers were willing to use treated wastewater if properly educated on social, economic and environmental issues regarding reclaimed water reuse.
Conservation of water in agriculture and industrial sectorsIWRS Society
This document provides an executive summary of a theme paper on conserving water in agriculture and industrial sectors in India. It outlines that water demand is increasing due to population growth and economic development, while availability is decreasing. It recommends strategies for improving irrigation efficiency in agriculture, which uses 80% of water resources, and increasing water recycling and reuse in industries. Coordination between government bodies and stakeholders is needed to holistically manage water resources and match increasing demand between sectors. Further research is also required to develop new water conservation and pollution control technologies.
CONSERVATION OF WATER IN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS - 2003IWRS Society
This document provides an executive summary of a theme paper on conservation of water in agriculture and industrial sectors in India. It outlines that water demand is increasing due to population growth and economic development, while availability is declining. It notes that agriculture and industries currently use 80% and a small but increasing portion of India's water resources respectively. The summary then discusses strategies for improving water use efficiency and conservation in both sectors, including improved irrigation, wastewater recycling, and adoption of water-saving technologies. It emphasizes the need for coordinated management of water resources across sectors.
The document presents a new hybrid irrigation method that aims to overcome the disadvantages of surface and pressurized irrigation. Field experiments in Egypt found that the hybrid method saved water, increased yields, and improved crop water productivity for wheat, rice, and corn compared to traditional surface irrigation. A feasibility study also found the hybrid method increased profits from rice and vegetable farming in Mali. The hybrid method uses pipelines to distribute water under pressure to plots, minimizing losses and ensuring uniform water availability for crops. It has been adopted for large-scale use in irrigation projects in Egypt.
This document provides a summary of key information from a presentation titled "A Comprehensive Introduction to Water Footprints" by Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Professor in Water Management at the University of Twente in the Netherlands and Scientific Director of the Water Footprint Network. The presentation introduces the concept of water footprints, which measure direct and indirect water use by a consumer or producer. It discusses how to calculate the water footprint of crop and animal products, including the green, blue, and grey water footprint components. Examples are provided of water footprints for various agricultural and industrial products like cotton, coffee, chocolate, sugar, meat, paper, and biofuels. Maps show the spatial dimensions and impacts of water footprints
THE GREAT GREEN WALL initiative of Ethiopia.pdfAbrahamLALEMU
This document presents Ethiopia's national strategy and action plan for implementing the Great Green Wall Initiative in Ethiopia. The strategy was developed with support from FAO and the African Union Commission. It outlines six strategic pillars for the initiative: 1) sustainable management of natural resources, 2) development of basic socio-economic infrastructure, 3) development of income generating activities, 4) promotion of good local governance, 5) capacity building of stakeholders, and 6) research and knowledge management. These pillars will be implemented through four programs over five years with a total budget of $66.78 million. The strategy establishes a coordination mechanism led by a proposed National Agency for the Great Green Wall Initiative in Ethiopia. It aims to address desertification,
Ethiopian water sector development program vol 1.pdfAbrahamLALEMU
This document provides an executive summary of the Water Sector Development Program (WSDP) for Ethiopia. It summarizes the context and background of Ethiopia's water resources and needs. Ethiopia has significant water resources but also many development challenges related to poverty, population growth, and lack of infrastructure. The WSDP was created to help address these issues through targets in four sub-sectors: water supply and sanitation, irrigation, hydropower, and water resources management. Specific targets are outlined for increasing access to water and electricity over 15 years. The planning process involved extensive consultation and aimed to support national development goals while ensuring environmental sustainability.
ethiopia water resource management policy.pdfAbrahamLALEMU
This document outlines Ethiopia's water resources management policy. The goal is to efficiently, equitably and optimally utilize Ethiopia's water resources for sustainable socioeconomic development. Key objectives include developing water resources for economic and social benefits, allocating water based on comprehensive plans, and conserving water resources. Fundamental principles guide equitable, sustainable and efficient development, utilization and protection of water resources. The policy covers general water resources management, cross-cutting issues, and sectoral policies for water supply and sanitation, irrigation, and hydropower.
NATIONAL ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT OF ethiopia.pdfAbrahamLALEMU
This document presents the National Ecosystem Assessment of Ethiopia conducted by the Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute in 2022. It assesses the status of biodiversity and ecosystem services in five major ecosystems in Ethiopia: mountains, forests and woodlands, aquatic and wetlands, rangelands, and agroecosystems. The assessment is based on published literature and grey literature and aims to provide scientific evidence to inform conservation policies and enhance human well-being through sustainable use of ecosystems. It is the first national ecosystem assessment conducted in Ethiopia.
The Ethiopian wolf is an endangered canid endemic to Ethiopia that inhabits isolated pockets of afroalpine grasslands and heathlands above 3,000 meters. Its diet consists primarily of endemic rodents. Its population has declined severely due to habitat loss from agricultural expansion and disease transmission from domestic dogs. Current populations are confined to seven fragmented locations across Ethiopia with the largest numbers found in Bale Mountains National Park. Urgent conservation action is needed to prevent the extinction of this unique wolf species.
economic growth versus economic deve.pdfAbrahamLALEMU
This document discusses factors that can accelerate economic development in Hungary. It makes three key points:
1) Innovation is the most important driver of development in modern economies. However, Hungary has traditionally had weak knowledge flow between research and companies, hindering development. Stronger intellectual property protection and better technology transfer institutions could help.
2) A reliable legal system is also needed to support faster development. Capital investment and innovation require minimized legal risks and a functioning legal framework.
3) While increasing R&D spending may spur innovation, other preconditions are also needed. Hungarian organizations need more willingness to innovate and apply new knowledge for economic gains. Overall, policies should focus on development over just growth.
This document provides a poverty assessment for Ethiopia conducted by the World Bank in 2014. It analyzes trends in poverty reduction and progress made between 2000 and 2011. Key findings include:
1. Ethiopia saw significant reductions in poverty over this period, with the poverty headcount declining from 38.7% in 2000 to 29.6% in 2011. Progress was made across multiple dimensions of wellbeing including education, health, and living standards.
2. However, multidimensional poverty remains widespread, with overlapping deprivations in areas like sanitation, nutrition, and electricity. Poverty disproportionately affects rural areas, children, female-headed households, and those engaged in agriculture.
3. Vulner
The document provides an introduction to the Capability Approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. It discusses key concepts such as functionings and capabilities, and distinguishes between well-being and agency. The Capability Approach focuses on what people are effectively able to do and be, on their real opportunities and freedoms. It can be used as an evaluative framework for development policies and social arrangements. While primarily a framework, it also critiques other approaches such as those focused on income, resources, or utility. The document outlines the core concepts and debates within the Capability Approach.
1. Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) have extensive knowledge of biodiversity and ecosystems that can inform ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA). Their indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) and traditional knowledge (TK) are important for sustainable development and managing climate change impacts.
2. A human rights-based approach is key to EbA, respecting the rights of IPLCs as knowledge holders and empowering their participation in decision-making. Several international frameworks support this, including the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
3. Effective EbA integrates different knowledge systems, including ILK, TK and scientific knowledge, through collaborative processes like knowledge co-production
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is important for tracking the progress and determining the effectiveness of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) projects. There are four key steps to designing and implementing an M&E system for EbA: 1) developing a results framework using a Theory of Change, 2) defining indicators, baselines and targets, 3) operationalizing the M&E system, and 4) using and communicating the results. Undertaking M&E contributes to the adaptive management, learning, and sustainability of EbA actions.
The document discusses gender-responsive ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), defining key terms like gender, gender norms, and gender equality. It provides an overview of integrating a gender-responsive approach to EbA, including engaging gender experts, advocating for equitable representation, allocating resources for inclusive participation, and creating leadership opportunities for women. Several references on the topic are also included, such as toolkits and guidance documents from organizations like GIZ, CARE International, IUCN, and UNFCCC.
Good governance of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) requires an adaptive, multi-sectoral and multi-level approach to allow for flexible, reflective decision-making across different levels, scales and sectors. Governance models should be tailored to local contexts while ensuring inclusion of local and traditional knowledge. There are challenges to EbA governance like fragmented policies and lack of resources, which can be addressed through collaborative stakeholder engagement and private sector involvement. Lessons learned through monitoring and evaluation should inform iterative improvements to governance.
1. The document discusses ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) and identifies several key international policies and frameworks that provide guidance on EbA, including the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, and CBD. It also outlines stakeholder engagement and understanding local policy contexts as important for planning and implementing successful EbA projects.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
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The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
2. This project was conducted to support the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affair’s Inclusive
Green Growth aim of increasing water use efficiency by 25% in Dutch financed projects. The
project includes development of Country Water Footprint Profiles for seven sub-Saharan
countries: Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Mozambique and Rwanda.
The water footprint is a flexible indicator that can build understanding of the water consumed
and polluted in producing goods and services, the impact of that water use on maintaining
environmental water requirements and water quality standards, and the opportunities for
improving water efficiency and land productivity. The water footprint can also be used to
understand the interdependencies between countries from the water perspective through the
export and import of goods. Finally, the water footprint can be used to understand if water use
in a specific location, whether it be a catchment, aquifer or an entire nation, is sustainable.
The analyses that follow provide an overview of water use in Ethiopia, from the perspective of
the goods produced within the country, the consumption of goods, in particular agricultural
crops, by Ethiopians and whether these goods are produced domestically or imported from
other countries. The Country Water Footprint Profile can be used in discussions with
ministries and departments concerned with water resource development and management,
agriculture and economic development, trade and environmental protection and can support
planning and policy development. It is also useful to companies as they develop their
corporate water strategy.
The country profile is a starting point. Further analyses could investigate each area presented
more deeply and/or focus on questions that arise specific to Ethiopia.
3. • General country information
• Introduction to the water footprint
• Water footprint of production and major crops
• Water footprint benchmarks
• Blue water scarcity
• Virtual water flows
• Water footprint of consumption
• Key learning and next steps
• Data sources, limitations and references
4.
5. • Population: 96.9 million (World Bank, 2014)
• River Basins: The Blue Nile River Basin,
Omo River Basin, Baro River Basin, Awash
River Basin, Tekeze River Basin, Shebelle
River Basin, Anereb River Basin, Mereb
River Basin.
• Economic value of agriculture: 41.9% of
GDP (World Bank, 2014)
• Employment in agriculture: 73% of total
employment (World Bank, 2013)
• Major agricultural crops by tonnes*
produced: maize, sugar cane, sorghum,
wheat (FAOSTAT, 2016)
• Major crops by export value*: coffee,
oilseeds (FAOSTAT, 2016)
*average for 1996-2005
Source: Elala (2011)
6. • Country area: 1,104,300 km2 (World
Bank, 2011)
• Land area: 1,000,000 km2 (World Bank,
2011)
• Agricultural land: 36% of the land area
(World Bank, 2011)
• Arable (under cultivation) land:
15.2 million hectares (World Bank,
2011), which is 15% of the land area.
• Actual irrigated Land: 45 % of total
agricultural land (World Bank, 2011)
Ethiopian farmer Eshete Eneyew threshes maize in Abay, north of Addis Ababa.
Photo Credits: Reuters
Source: https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia#/media/File:Ethiopia_sat.png
7.
8. • The ‘water footprint’ measures the appropriation of freshwater resources for
producing goods and services.
• The water footprint measures the volume of water consumed or polluted.
• It tells us where and when water is used, which allows it to be compared to the
water available.
• The water footprint can measure both direct & indirect water use of either a
consumer or producer.
• A water footprint can be calculated for a process, a product, a producer (e.g.
a company), a consumer, group of consumers (e.g. a nation) or a
geographic area (e.g. a river basin).
9. The water footprint can be measured for three
components: the green and blue water footprint
measure water quantity, the grey water footprint
measures water quality.
Green water footprint: volume of rainwater
evaporated or incorporated into a product
Blue water footprint: volume of surface or
groundwater evaporated or incorporated into a
product, lost return flow
Grey water footprint: volume of water needed to
meet water quality standards*
* Grey water footprint is not included in the country profiles
10.
11. The water footprint (WF) of production is the amount of local water resources
used to produce goods and services within the country. This includes the
water footprint of agriculture, industry and domestic water use and it tells
us the total volume of water consumed within the borders of the country
through evapotranspiration, incorporation into the product or by returning
water to a different place or in a different time.
12. Green WF
98%
Blue WF
2%
The total annual green and blue water
footprint of production in Ethiopia is
77.2 billion m3. 98% of this is green
water footprint, that is the use by plants
of rainfall stored as soil moisture. The
remaining 2% of the water footprint is
the use of surface and groundwater for
agriculture, industry and domestic
water supply.
13. Green water can be used by natural ecosystems or for the production of crops,
livestock grazing, forestry and horticulture.
Since the green water footprint is related to the land where rain has fallen, the green
water footprint tells us for what purposes both land and water is being used.
The green water footprint of agriculture indicates that the available green water, and
the land that is associated with it, is being used to produce crops or livestock and is
no longer available for other uses, e.g., for supporting biodiversity and ecosystem
services.
14. 25% of the annual green water footprint
of agricultural production in Ethiopia is
used for grazing. 75% is consumed in
crop production.
98% of the annual green water footprint
of production is for products used within
Ethiopia while 2% is consumed in
producing products for export.
Crop production
75%
Grazing
25%
Domestic use
98%
Export
2%
15. The annual green water
footprint of agricultural crop
production in Ethiopia is
56.5 billion m3. The map of the
green water footprint indicates
where rain-fed agriculture is
occurring.
16. Maize is the crop using the largest
share of green water in Ethiopia with
22% of the total crop green water
footprint consumed in its production.
Maize is the largest crop in terms of
volumes of production in Ethiopia and
is primarily used domestically.
Sorghum is the second largest user
of green water with 14% of the total
crop green water footprint.
Wheat and barley follow at 11% and
10%, respectively.
Wheat
11%
Barley
10%
Chillies and
peppers
4%
Coffee
4%
Millets
3%
Maize
22%
Sorghum
14% Other cereals
13%
Other
crops
19%
17. Blue water, i.e., water from lakes, rivers and aquifers, can be used by natural
ecosystems or for the production of crops, livestock water supply, forestry and
horticulture as well as industry and domestic water supply.
The blue water footprint tells us for what purposes surface and groundwater
resources are being used.
The blue water footprint of production indicates that the available blue water is being
used to produce crops or livestock, industry or domestic water supply and is no
longer available for other uses, e.g., supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services.
18. The total annual blue water footprint of
production is 1.85 billion m3. Of this 34.5% is
used for animal water supply, 63.6% is used for
producing crops, 1.8% is used for domestic water
supply and 0.1% is industrial water use.
84% of the annual blue water footprint of
production is for products used within Ethiopia
while 16% is consumed in producing products
for export. The blue water footprint for industrial
products is negligible.
Crop production
63.6%
Animal water
supply
34.5%
Industrial production
0.1%
Domestic water
supply
1.8%
Domestic use
84%
Export
16%
19. The annual blue water footprint
of agricultural crop production in
Ethiopia is 1.17 billion m3. The
map shows where irrigated farm
lands are located and how much
irrigation water is consumed in
crop production.
20. Sugar cane is the crop using the
largest share of the blue water in
Ethiopia with 13% of the total crop
blue water footprint consumed in its
production. Sugar cane is the second
largest crop in terms of production
volume in Ethiopia.
Cotton is the second largest user of
blue water with 11% of the total crop
blue water footprint.
Maize, the major crop with the largest
production volume, uses 8% of the
total blue water footprint.
Other
vegetables
22%
Sugar cane
13%
Cotton
11%
Maize
8%
Chillies
and
peppers
8%
Bananas
5%
Potatoes
5%
Other crops
28%
21.
22. Global water footprint benchmarks tell us how efficiently water is being used in producing a crop
and the potential for increasing water (and land) productivity through reasonable means. Water
footprint benchmarks are determined for the green plus the blue water footprint combined as this
represents the total water consumed in crop production. The water footprint of a crop is compared
to the 25th percentile water footprint for production globally for that crop. This is used as the global
benchmark. The global average also indicates whether the water footprint per unit of production is
exceeding the average of all production, worldwide.
When the water footprint in cubic metres of water consumed per tonne of production is high in
comparison to the global benchmark, this indicates low water productivity and can indicate low
yields per hectare of land.
Following are benchmark comparisons for three major crops selected for their share of the total
crop production green water footprint for Ethiopia and three major crops selected for their share of
the total crop production blue water footprint.
23. Crop
Green-blue water footprint (m3/tonne) at different
production percentiles Global
average
10th 20th 25th 50th
maize 503 542 562 754 1028
Maize is the crop consuming the largest share of
green water and third largest share of blue water in
Ethiopia and has a green+blue water footprint of
4234 m3 per tonne of production. The 25th
percentile benchmark green+blue water footprint
is 562 m3 per tonne of production and the global
average is 1028 m3 per tonne. 2.97 million
tonnes* of maize were produced annually.
Comparison with the global benchmark suggests
that there are significant opportunities for increasing
water use efficiency through improving yields per
unit of water consumed.
*average for 1996-2005 (FAOSTAT)
Green WF
99.2%
Blue WF
0.8%
Maize, WF=4234 m3/tonne
Source: Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2014)
24. Crop
Green-blue water footprint (m3/tonne) at
different production percentiles Global
average
10th 20th 25th 50th
Sorghum 1001 1082 1122 1835 2960
Sorghum is the crop consuming the second largest
share of green water in Ethiopia and has a
green+blue water footprint of 4972 m3 per tonne of
production. The 25th percentile benchmark
green+blue water footprint is 1122 m3 per tonne of
production and the global average is 2960 m3
per tonne. 1.58 million tonnes* of sorghum were
produced annually.
Comparison with the global benchmark suggests
that there are significant opportunities for
increasing water use efficiency through improving
yields per unit of water consumed.
*average for 1996-2005 (FAOSTAT)
Green WF
99.8%
Blue WF
0.2%
Sorghum, WF = 4972 m3/tonne
Source: Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2014)
25. Crop
Green-blue water footprint (m3/tonne) at
different production percentiles Global
average
10th 20th 25th 50th
Wheat 592 992 1069 1391 1620
Wheat is the crop consuming the third largest share
of green water in Ethiopia and has a green+blue
water footprint of 4227 m3 per tonne of production.
The 25th percentile benchmark green+blue water
footprint is 1069 m3 per tonne of production and the
global average is 1620 m3 per tonne. 1.42 million
tonnes* of wheat were produced annually.
Comparison with the global benchmark suggests
that there are significant opportunities for increasing
water use efficiency through improving yields per
unit of water consumed.
*average for 1996-2005 (FAOSTAT)
Green WF
99.6%
Blue WF
0.4%
Wheat, WF= 4227 m3/tonne
Source: Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2014)
26. When the water footprint of primarily rain-fed crops such as maize, sorghum and
wheat is greater than the global benchmark, it indicates that the land and water
resources used to grow these crops are being used inefficiently. The use of green
water can become more efficient through improvements in a range of agricultural
practices, e.g., seed selection, mulching, tilling, improved soil condition and nutrients
application.
Implementing agricultural practices that improve the yield per hectare without
increasing the green+blue water footprint will increase the productivity of the land
and water resources used in crop production. Maize, sorghum and wheat are three
major crops produced and consumed in Ethiopia to meet the population’s food needs
(Demeke, 2012). Increasing land and water productivity for these crops will increase
the country’s food security.
27. Crop
Green-blue water footprint (m3/tonne) at
different production percentiles Global
average
10th 20th 25th 50th
Sugar cane 112 123 128 175 197
Sugar cane consumes the largest share of blue water in
Ethiopia and has a green+blue water footprint of 164 m3
per tonne of production. The 25th percentile benchmark
water footprint is 128 m3 per tonne of production and
the global average is 197 m3 per tonne. An average of
2.09 million tonnes* of sugar cane were produced
annually.
Production of sugar cane in Ethiopia is less efficient
than the 25th percentile benchmark although it is more
efficient than the global average. This indicates that
there are still some opportunities for increasing water
use efficiency through improving yields per unit of water
consumed.
Green WF
56.1%
Blue WF
43.9%
Sugar cane, WF= 164 m3/tonne
*average for 1996-2005 (FAOSTAT)
Source: Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2014)
28. Crop
Green-blue water footprint (m3/tonne) at
different production percentiles Global
average
10th 20th 25th 50th
Cotton 1666 1821 1898 2880 3589
Cotton consumes the second largest share of blue
water in Ethiopia and has a green+blue water
footprint of 6938 m3 per tonne of production. The
25th percentile benchmark green+blue water
footprint is 1898 m3 per tonne of production and the
global average is 3598 m3 per tonne. An average of
53,200 tonnes* of cotton was produced annually.
Comparison with the global benchmark suggests
that there are significant opportunities for increasing
water use efficiency through improving yields per
unit of water consumed.
Green WF
65%
Blue WF
35%
Cotton, WF= 6938 m3/tonne
*average for 1996-2005 (FAOSTAT)
Source: Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2014)
29. Sugar cane is the crop with the second largest production volumes in Ethiopia. It
consumes the largest share of the country’s surface and/or groundwater resources.
Its green+blue water footprint is better than the global average and close to the
global benchmark. This indicates that the productivity of land and water resources
used in sugar cane production can be improved. These improvements can increase
sugar cane grown in Ethiopia’s comparative advantage globally.
Cotton grown consumes the second largest share of the blue water footprint of
production in Ethiopia and its green+blue water footprint exceeds the global water
footprint benchmark and the global average. While cotton production quantities are
moderate, improving the productivity of land and water resources used in cotton
production will increase the sustainability of its production as well as the
sustainability of water resources in the basins where cotton is cultivated.
30.
31. Blue water scarcity compares the blue water footprint to the blue water available after
environmental flows are met. The blue water available takes into account surface water flows
and the connected surficial aquifers. It does not take into account deep groundwater aquifers.
It also does not consider storage capacity and releases from dams.
When blue water scarcity is <1, environmental flows are met. With increasing levels of water
scarcity above 1, the potential for ecosystem degradation and loss of ecosystem services
also increases.
Average annual blue water scarcity indicates the general trend toward blue water scarcity
while monthly blue water scarcity indicates the variability of blue water scarcity across the
twelve months of the year.
Increasing dependence on blue water resources during time periods and/or in areas already
experiencing blue water scarcity will increase the environmental, economic and social
impacts of blue water scarcity.
32. On average, the country is nearly
equally divided into three parts with
the southwest experiencing
moderate (yellow), the north
experiencing significant (orange)
and the east experiencing severe
(red) blue water scarcity. These are
areas where the blue water footprint
is already exceeding the available
blue water resulting in violation of
environmental flow requirements.
Source: Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016
33. February, March and April are the months with the highest blue water scarcity, with
most of the country experiencing blue water scarcity in February and March. The
eastern part of the country experiences high blue water scarcity almost all year
long. This occurs even though the blue water footprint of production is only 2% of
the total water footprint of production.
Source: Mekonnen and Hoekstra, 2016
36. The virtual-water export from a country is the volume of virtual water associated with
the export of goods from the area. It is the total volume of freshwater consumed or
polluted to produce products for export.
The virtual-water import into a country is the volume of virtual water associated with
the import of goods into the area. It is the total volume of freshwater used (in the
export areas) to produce the products.
Virtual water flows indicate the balance of water consumed for production within
Ethiopia versus the water consumed in countries exporting to Ethiopia. The water
footprint of production in Ethiopia can be either for goods consumed within Ethiopia
or for export products. The water footprint of export products becomes a virtual water
flow to the countries the products are exported to.
37. Ethiopia exports a total of 2347
million m3 per year of green water
and 124 million m3 of blue water
through its exported goods. It
imports 1041 million m3 per year of
green water and 96 m3 of blue water
through the goods it imports. This
makes Ethiopia a net virtual water
exporter of both green water and
blue water.
38. Virtual water flows are useful for understanding the proportion of dependency on
domestic water resources for food and other goods versus the dependency on water
resources in other countries. Virtual water flows assist with considerations of self
sufficiency versus external reliance, i.e., import dependency for goods and in
prioritising sustainable use of water resources domestically versus externalising the
water footprint and its impacts to other countries.
Producing food and other goods domestically provides self sufficiency but may lead
to unsustainable pressure on local freshwater resources. Importing food and other
goods from other countries may put less pressure on domestic water resources but
increases import dependency and reliance on water resources external to the
country. Unsustainable use of water resources in exporting countries may lead to
vulnerability in the supply of those goods and risks associated with access to and
pricing of the desired goods.
39.
40. The water footprint of consumption is the amount of water used to produce
all the goods and services that are consumed by the people living in a
country. This water footprint may be partly inside the country and partly in
other countries, depending on whether the products are locally produced or
imported.
41. The total annual green and blue water
footprint of consumption in Ethiopia is
76.7 billion m3. 98% of this is green
water footprint; the remaining 2% is the
blue water footprint.
Green WF
98%
Blue WF
2%
42. The annual green water footprint of
consumption in Ethiopia is 75 billion m3.
This means that the per capita green water
footprint is 1128 m3 per year. Of that, 98%
comes from internal green water resources
while 2% comes from external water
resources through imported goods.
Internal
98%
External
2%
43. The total annual blue water footprint of consumption
is 1.67 billion m3. Of this 97.6% is for agricultural
crops, 2% is for domestic water supply and 0.4% is
industrial water use. The per capita blue water
footprint of consumption is 25 m3 per year.
93% of the annual blue water footprint
of consumption is for products
produced within Ethiopia while 7% is
for products produced elsewhere.
Agricultural
97.6%
Domestic
2.0%
Industrial
0.4%
Internal
93%
External
7%
44. The large majority of Ethiopia’s green water footprint of consumption comes from inside
the country, with a minor external dependency of only 2% of the total green water
footprint. Similarly, Ethiopia’s blue water footprint of consumption is from within the
country with only 3% of external dependency. This indicates that the national
consumption of Ethiopia mainly relies on the country’s own production using its own
water resources. This may imply that the country has little dependency on other
countries for the supply of the goods.
Given that the blue water resources of the country are under pressure, however, it
would be worth investigating the potential of importing some goods with a high water
demand for production while domestically producing other goods with a water
comparative advantage. This way, the pressure on Ethiopia’s blue water resources
could be lessened while maintaining a balanced level of dependency on other
countries.
45.
46. • In Ethiopia, the water resources (green and blue water) are mainly consumed for crop
production.
• The major crops grown in Ethiopia consuming the largest proportion of green and blue
water resources are maize, sorghum, wheat, sugar cane and cotton.
• The green water footprint is primarily for domestic consumption while the blue water
footprint is used more for export crops.
• Water productivity for major crops is low when compared with the global water
footprint benchmarks.
• On average, the majority of Ethiopia has high blue water scarcity, i.e. its blue water
consumption is unsustainable, with little consideration for environment flow
requirements.
• Improving water and land productivity can improve water use sustainability and help
ensure food security.
• Ethiopia is a net virtual water exporter for both blue and green water.
• Ethiopia’s national consumption water footprint shows that the country has low
external water dependency while its own blue water resources are under pressure.
47. • Agriculture development: Evaluate agricultural practices and identify those that will
improve yields and reduce water footprints.
• Economic development: Assess agricultural crops for their comparative advantage
in terms of water footprint from the global perspective and internally to Ethiopia.
• Water resource management: Conduct a geographic Water Footprint Assessment
to inform water resource management and planning and enhance ecosystem
services.
• Trade: Investigate trade-offs between reliance on internal and external water
resources for food and supply chain inputs.
48.
49. Available data was used in the preparation of this report. Water footprint data was sourced from WaterStat:
http://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/water-footprint-statistics/ (see References and Data Sources). The data covers the years
1996-2005.
• Water footprint of production (Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y, 2011): The data includes 126 crops modeled at a 5 by 5
arc minute grid for the years 1996-2005 using a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over
time, with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each
grid cell. It does not differentiate between surface and groundwater use.
• Blue water scarcity (Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y, 2016): Global water scarcity was assessed on a monthly basis at
the level of grid cells of 30x30 arc minute. Water scarcity as locally experienced is calculated as the ratio of the blue water
footprint in a grid cell to the total blue water availability in the cell. Total blue water availability is the sum of the runoff
generated within the grid cell plus the runoff generated in all upstream grid cells minus the environmental flow requirement
and minus the blue water footprint in upstream grid cells. The available water includes surface and surficial groundwater.
Blue water scarcity does not take into account the use of deep groundwater aquifers.
• Virtual water flows (Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y, 2014): International virtual water flows were calculated by
multiplying, per trade commodity, the volume of trade by the respective average WF per ton of product as in the exporting
nation. Data on international trade in agricultural and industrial products have been taken from the Statistics for International
Trade Analysis database available from the International Trade Centre.
• Water footprint of consumption (Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y, 2014): Data on national consumption of agricultural
products per country for the period 1996–2005 were taken from the Supply and Utilization Accounts of the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. For industrial commodities, the WF of national consumption is calculated
based on the top-down approach as the WF of industrial processes taking place within the nation plus the virtual water
import related to import of industrial commodities minus the virtual water export.
50. • The water footprint data used in this report come from peer reviewed scientific literature
and have been accessed from publicly available global databases. In many cases, models
have been used to produce the data. These data have not been verified using local data
and will contain the inaccuracies and uncertainties inherent in datasets produced using
data aggregated from local sources to the country scale.
• As all data were developed using the same models, they do support comparative analysis.
The data are averages from the country over the years in the studies: 1996-2005. Variation
will be found in the water footprints of individual producers and consumers both within one
year and across years.
• The results presented in this report should be considered indicative, not accurately
representative, of the actual situation. However, they are useful for identifying the general
conditions within the country and can be useful in determining where studies should be
undertaken using more accurate data.
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Ethiopia.
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http://faostat.fao.org/
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and Earth System Sciences, 15(5): 1577-1600.
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Indicators, 46: 214-223.
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