The Society of Professional journalists outlines four major rules of engagement for ethical journalists. This lecture discusses the code of ethics, and when it may need to be broken.
This document discusses the issue of fake news and its harmful effects. It notes that fake news has existed for a long time in various media forms and aims to manipulate people. While fact-checking groups work to mitigate the damage of fake news, some people still prefer and spread deliberately false stories for reasons that are debated, such as seeking confirmation of preexisting views or a form of escapism. Examples are given of real-world incidents inspired by fake news stories, showing that fake news can have serious consequences. The document argues that purveyors of deliberately false news should be held accountable when their lies lead directly or indirectly to harm.
The media loves crime stories and uses them extensively to increase circulation and profits. Newspaper coverage of rape cases increased significantly from 1951 to 1985. However, media coverage often distorts the picture of crime by focusing on extreme cases perpetrated by strangers, when in reality victims often know the perpetrator.
The document discusses whether factual writing should contain bias. It argues that factual writing is meant to inform readers without opinion so they can form their own views based on facts. Bias undermines this goal by selectively presenting information that supports one side over others. Examples are given of media outlets like the BBC and The Independent omitting important details or angles in their coverage of events like the Scottish independence referendum and a terrorist attack in Jerusalem in ways that appeared to show bias. The document concludes that factual writing should not contain bias as the media's role is to fully and fairly inform the public without manipulation.
This document discusses how crime news is reported in the media. It notes that media's roles are to inform, entertain, and educate audiences. Crime reporting focuses on hard news and sensationalism due to competition for viewers/readers. Crime shows are popular, and media often reenacts crimes or portrays stereotypes. Reporting methods can influence criminal behavior and stereotypes through imitation or glamorizing crime. Laws and ethics provide some guidelines for objective and responsible reporting, though these are not always followed, especially on social media.
Defamation involves communicating false information about a person to harm their reputation. Journalists must be careful not to publish untrue claims due to personal biases. Copyright law protects creators' ownership over their work and prevents others from stealing and claiming it as their own. Journalists are given guidelines for handling stories about children to prevent exploitation, such as not interviewing or photographing them at school without permission. Confidentiality restrictions apply to protecting sensitive sources from potential risks if their identity is revealed.
This document discusses various factors that influence what stories are deemed newsworthy and selected for publication in the news media. It explores how both media organizations and audiences impact news selection. Key determinants of newsworthiness include whether a story signals risk or threat, contains elements of change and uncertainty, and is relevant to the security of individuals or social groups. The media act as gatekeepers by deciding what information passes through to the public based on potential biases. Dominant ideologies also shape which news stories are given more or less attention and prominence.
1) The document discusses various mediums for journalism and their strengths/weaknesses in creating public forums and reporting truth. It addresses television, radio, newspapers, and the internet.
2) It notes the Chancellor of UC Berkeley defined democracy as a compromise between majority and minority views, and this is difficult if issues are framed for "ultimate shock".
3) Examples are given of factual errors in reporting by television networks and talk shows that spread misinformation to large audiences.
This document discusses the issue of fake news and its harmful effects. It notes that fake news has existed for a long time in various media forms and aims to manipulate people. While fact-checking groups work to mitigate the damage of fake news, some people still prefer and spread deliberately false stories for reasons that are debated, such as seeking confirmation of preexisting views or a form of escapism. Examples are given of real-world incidents inspired by fake news stories, showing that fake news can have serious consequences. The document argues that purveyors of deliberately false news should be held accountable when their lies lead directly or indirectly to harm.
The media loves crime stories and uses them extensively to increase circulation and profits. Newspaper coverage of rape cases increased significantly from 1951 to 1985. However, media coverage often distorts the picture of crime by focusing on extreme cases perpetrated by strangers, when in reality victims often know the perpetrator.
The document discusses whether factual writing should contain bias. It argues that factual writing is meant to inform readers without opinion so they can form their own views based on facts. Bias undermines this goal by selectively presenting information that supports one side over others. Examples are given of media outlets like the BBC and The Independent omitting important details or angles in their coverage of events like the Scottish independence referendum and a terrorist attack in Jerusalem in ways that appeared to show bias. The document concludes that factual writing should not contain bias as the media's role is to fully and fairly inform the public without manipulation.
This document discusses how crime news is reported in the media. It notes that media's roles are to inform, entertain, and educate audiences. Crime reporting focuses on hard news and sensationalism due to competition for viewers/readers. Crime shows are popular, and media often reenacts crimes or portrays stereotypes. Reporting methods can influence criminal behavior and stereotypes through imitation or glamorizing crime. Laws and ethics provide some guidelines for objective and responsible reporting, though these are not always followed, especially on social media.
Defamation involves communicating false information about a person to harm their reputation. Journalists must be careful not to publish untrue claims due to personal biases. Copyright law protects creators' ownership over their work and prevents others from stealing and claiming it as their own. Journalists are given guidelines for handling stories about children to prevent exploitation, such as not interviewing or photographing them at school without permission. Confidentiality restrictions apply to protecting sensitive sources from potential risks if their identity is revealed.
This document discusses various factors that influence what stories are deemed newsworthy and selected for publication in the news media. It explores how both media organizations and audiences impact news selection. Key determinants of newsworthiness include whether a story signals risk or threat, contains elements of change and uncertainty, and is relevant to the security of individuals or social groups. The media act as gatekeepers by deciding what information passes through to the public based on potential biases. Dominant ideologies also shape which news stories are given more or less attention and prominence.
1) The document discusses various mediums for journalism and their strengths/weaknesses in creating public forums and reporting truth. It addresses television, radio, newspapers, and the internet.
2) It notes the Chancellor of UC Berkeley defined democracy as a compromise between majority and minority views, and this is difficult if issues are framed for "ultimate shock".
3) Examples are given of factual errors in reporting by television networks and talk shows that spread misinformation to large audiences.
This document discusses the evolution of libel law in the United States, beginning with the landmark 1964 Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. That decision established the "actual malice" standard, requiring public officials to prove the media knew statements were false or acted with reckless disregard for the truth. This shifted libel from a strict liability tort to incorporate First Amendment protections for the press. The decision helped usher in major changes to libel law that remain influential today.
News values are general guidelines used by media outlets to determine how prominently to report a story. There are eight main news values: (1) timeliness - recent events are prioritized; (2) proximity - local stories rank higher; (3) impact - stories affecting many people are prioritized; (4) controversy - debates and opposing viewpoints increase interest; (5) magnitude - significance in scale or potential impact; (6) prominence - involvement of famous individuals; (7) currency - stories people are currently discussing; and (8) oddity/novelty - unusual events capture attention. Media outlets use these criteria to evaluate newsworthiness.
Mass media often depicts and glorifies criminal activity in unintended ways. Television news can turn criminals into celebrities, while shows like Breaking Bad and The Sopranos justify and make crime seem appealing. Movies frequently romanticize gangs and organized crime, portraying criminals in a positive light. This glorification can influence behavior by desensitizing audiences and making unlawful acts seem justified or glamorous. Ideological analysis suggests the media's depictions of crime are shaped by its owners' interests in profit and popularity over responsibility.
This document is a presentation on crime, media, and criminology presented by Avijit Sarker Subrata. It discusses how the media depicts crime and influences public perceptions of crime. It notes that the media focuses on violent crimes and stereotypical portrayals of criminals. Research shows the media selects stories based on unusual circumstances, dramatic elements, and involvement of famous people. The media dramatizes crime to sell news and most portrayals are of violent, interpersonal crimes, ignoring white-collar and corporate crimes. This shapes the public's understanding of crime more than personal experiences.
James O'Keefe released three undercover videos via social media from October 17-24 exposing alleged voter fraud by the Democratic campaign. The videos were widely viewed online and discussed in media outlets. However, some media organizations questioned the validity of O'Keefe's videos and his motivations as a conservative activist. The videos led to resignations but also divided public opinions, with some praising the exposure of corruption while others criticized O'Keefe's tactics and history of selectively editing videos. The study analyzed how O'Keefe utilized social media and the varied media and public reactions to bypass traditional journalism.
News must be factual, recent, and interesting to readers. It should provide balanced coverage of important events and prominent figures while avoiding subjective opinions. Different types of news can appeal to readers through elements like proximity, consequence, prominence, drama, conflict, emotions, and impact on people's lives. Accuracy, objectivity, conciseness and clarity are important principles for journalists.
This document discusses news values, which are guidelines used to determine what makes a news story worthy of being published or reported. It identifies nine main news values: timeliness, proximity, impact, controversy, magnitude, prominence, currency, oddity/novelty. Each value is then defined and an example is provided to illustrate how it determines the newsworthiness of a story. Timeliness refers to recency, proximity refers to local relevance, and impact, controversy, magnitude, and prominence refer to the number of people affected or interested in a story. Currency tracks issues that remain topics of public interest, while oddity/novelty means unusual or unique stories. These values help journalists decide what is essential, important information to report on
Galtung and Ruge identified 12 news values in 1965 that are still commonly referred to today. These values determine whether a story will be considered newsworthy and pass through the "gatekeeping" process to be included in news coverage. Some of the key values they identified include frequency (recent events are prioritized over long-term events), threshold (the scale or impact of the event), unexpectedness (stories that occur unexpectedly without warning), and negativity (bad news tends to attract more interest than good news). When applying these theories to a local newspaper, the document suggests frequency, threshold, unexpectedness, and negativity would be particularly important values, and may result in stories about local sporting events, fires claiming lives,
Galtung and Ruge developed a theory of news values in 1973 that argued certain criteria make events more newsworthy and likely to be reported, including frequency, size, simplicity, familiarity, relevance, unexpectedness, continuity, balance, reference to elite nations and people, personalization, and negativity. They believed what constitutes news is culturally determined but should not vary too much globally. An example is celebrity gossip being seen as more newsworthy than children dying in an accident. The 12 most significant news values from their work include factors like short-term events being preferred over long-term issues and bad news having a lower threshold than good news.
The document discusses what constitutes news and factors that determine newsworthiness. It notes that news must be factual, timely, interesting to readers, involve prominent people or events, have human impact, and include conflict or drama. It also distinguishes between "hard news" about important issues and "soft news" that entertains. Additionally, it discusses how different audiences and media outlets have varying views on what is considered news.
The document discusses several news values that help determine how newsworthy a story is, including impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, bizarreness, conflict, and currency. Impact refers to the number of people affected by an event. Timeliness means recent events are prioritized over older ones. Prominence gives more value to stories involving famous people. Proximity favors local stories over distant ones. Bizarreness makes unusual events newsworthy. Conflict, such as strife, also increases newsworthiness. Currency refers to topics currently in the public spotlight.
The document discusses copycat suicides and suicide contagion. It defines copycat suicides as emulating another suicide that is known about through local knowledge or media accounts. The Werther effect describes a spike in emulation suicides after a widely publicized suicide. Susceptible individuals may imitate the suicide after being exposed through point or mass clusters. Guidelines are proposed for responsible media reporting to limit romanticization and reduce imitation effects.
The document outlines 8 news values that determine the newsworthiness of stories: 1) Impact on audience, 2) Timeliness, 3) Prominence of people involved, 4) Proximity to the audience's home community, 5) Oddity or novelty of events, 6) Magnitude in terms of people or potential impact, 7) Currency with current public concerns, and 8) Controversy from arguments or debates. Examples are provided for each value.
This document summarizes a presentation on the portrayal of police image in Indian media. It discusses how media shapes public perceptions of police through agenda setting, priming, and framing. Interviews found common perceptions are that police are corrupt, insensitive, and politically influenced. News reports often portray police negatively. Entertainment media shows unrealistic heroic police. The presentation concludes police and media need better cooperation and understanding to improve police image through strategies like crime newsletters and community workshops.
Journalists must balance their duty to report the truth with sensitivity when covering crime. They consider newsworthiness based on the seriousness, unusual nature, community size, and identity of the criminal or victim. The Society of Professional Journalists' code of ethics guides journalists to seek truth, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable. When reporting on crime, journalists should objectively tell the truth, respect sources' privacy, avoid conflicts of interest, and not sensationalize while countering rumors with reliable information.
This document discusses several examples of how melodrama has been used in media to shape public perceptions and justify actions. It summarizes how prohibition, Japanese internment camps during WWII, and high-profile criminal cases like Amanda Knox and Casey Anthony were portrayed in melodramatic terms with clear villains, victims, and heroes. It also provides some personally appealing examples of how bone marrow donation and sexual assault have been dramatized, both positively and negatively.
The document discusses news values, which are criteria used by journalists and news editors to determine what stories are most newsworthy and should receive prominent coverage. Some of the key news values mentioned include proximity, recency, currency, continuity, uniqueness, simplicity, expectedness, elite nations/people, exclusivity, and size. The higher a news story scores on these values, the more likely it is to receive prominent placement or coverage. However, news judgment is also subjective, and different outlets may prioritize stories differently based on their own standards and audience.
The code of ethics for journalists was developed in 1983 by the international journalism community to provide moral and responsible guidelines for carrying true information to audiences while rejecting anything that could harm people emotionally or physically. It outlines recommendations for journalists' relationships with their audience, sources of information, publicized individuals, colleagues, and authorities. The code constitution prohibits using journalism status for personal gain, following criminal codes, and engaging in war encouragement or propaganda. It also establishes journalists' rights to access information from organizations, attend events, and publish documents, recordings, and photographs obtained.
This document discusses the evolution of libel law in the United States, beginning with the landmark 1964 Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. That decision established the "actual malice" standard, requiring public officials to prove the media knew statements were false or acted with reckless disregard for the truth. This shifted libel from a strict liability tort to incorporate First Amendment protections for the press. The decision helped usher in major changes to libel law that remain influential today.
News values are general guidelines used by media outlets to determine how prominently to report a story. There are eight main news values: (1) timeliness - recent events are prioritized; (2) proximity - local stories rank higher; (3) impact - stories affecting many people are prioritized; (4) controversy - debates and opposing viewpoints increase interest; (5) magnitude - significance in scale or potential impact; (6) prominence - involvement of famous individuals; (7) currency - stories people are currently discussing; and (8) oddity/novelty - unusual events capture attention. Media outlets use these criteria to evaluate newsworthiness.
Mass media often depicts and glorifies criminal activity in unintended ways. Television news can turn criminals into celebrities, while shows like Breaking Bad and The Sopranos justify and make crime seem appealing. Movies frequently romanticize gangs and organized crime, portraying criminals in a positive light. This glorification can influence behavior by desensitizing audiences and making unlawful acts seem justified or glamorous. Ideological analysis suggests the media's depictions of crime are shaped by its owners' interests in profit and popularity over responsibility.
This document is a presentation on crime, media, and criminology presented by Avijit Sarker Subrata. It discusses how the media depicts crime and influences public perceptions of crime. It notes that the media focuses on violent crimes and stereotypical portrayals of criminals. Research shows the media selects stories based on unusual circumstances, dramatic elements, and involvement of famous people. The media dramatizes crime to sell news and most portrayals are of violent, interpersonal crimes, ignoring white-collar and corporate crimes. This shapes the public's understanding of crime more than personal experiences.
James O'Keefe released three undercover videos via social media from October 17-24 exposing alleged voter fraud by the Democratic campaign. The videos were widely viewed online and discussed in media outlets. However, some media organizations questioned the validity of O'Keefe's videos and his motivations as a conservative activist. The videos led to resignations but also divided public opinions, with some praising the exposure of corruption while others criticized O'Keefe's tactics and history of selectively editing videos. The study analyzed how O'Keefe utilized social media and the varied media and public reactions to bypass traditional journalism.
News must be factual, recent, and interesting to readers. It should provide balanced coverage of important events and prominent figures while avoiding subjective opinions. Different types of news can appeal to readers through elements like proximity, consequence, prominence, drama, conflict, emotions, and impact on people's lives. Accuracy, objectivity, conciseness and clarity are important principles for journalists.
This document discusses news values, which are guidelines used to determine what makes a news story worthy of being published or reported. It identifies nine main news values: timeliness, proximity, impact, controversy, magnitude, prominence, currency, oddity/novelty. Each value is then defined and an example is provided to illustrate how it determines the newsworthiness of a story. Timeliness refers to recency, proximity refers to local relevance, and impact, controversy, magnitude, and prominence refer to the number of people affected or interested in a story. Currency tracks issues that remain topics of public interest, while oddity/novelty means unusual or unique stories. These values help journalists decide what is essential, important information to report on
Galtung and Ruge identified 12 news values in 1965 that are still commonly referred to today. These values determine whether a story will be considered newsworthy and pass through the "gatekeeping" process to be included in news coverage. Some of the key values they identified include frequency (recent events are prioritized over long-term events), threshold (the scale or impact of the event), unexpectedness (stories that occur unexpectedly without warning), and negativity (bad news tends to attract more interest than good news). When applying these theories to a local newspaper, the document suggests frequency, threshold, unexpectedness, and negativity would be particularly important values, and may result in stories about local sporting events, fires claiming lives,
Galtung and Ruge developed a theory of news values in 1973 that argued certain criteria make events more newsworthy and likely to be reported, including frequency, size, simplicity, familiarity, relevance, unexpectedness, continuity, balance, reference to elite nations and people, personalization, and negativity. They believed what constitutes news is culturally determined but should not vary too much globally. An example is celebrity gossip being seen as more newsworthy than children dying in an accident. The 12 most significant news values from their work include factors like short-term events being preferred over long-term issues and bad news having a lower threshold than good news.
The document discusses what constitutes news and factors that determine newsworthiness. It notes that news must be factual, timely, interesting to readers, involve prominent people or events, have human impact, and include conflict or drama. It also distinguishes between "hard news" about important issues and "soft news" that entertains. Additionally, it discusses how different audiences and media outlets have varying views on what is considered news.
The document discusses several news values that help determine how newsworthy a story is, including impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, bizarreness, conflict, and currency. Impact refers to the number of people affected by an event. Timeliness means recent events are prioritized over older ones. Prominence gives more value to stories involving famous people. Proximity favors local stories over distant ones. Bizarreness makes unusual events newsworthy. Conflict, such as strife, also increases newsworthiness. Currency refers to topics currently in the public spotlight.
The document discusses copycat suicides and suicide contagion. It defines copycat suicides as emulating another suicide that is known about through local knowledge or media accounts. The Werther effect describes a spike in emulation suicides after a widely publicized suicide. Susceptible individuals may imitate the suicide after being exposed through point or mass clusters. Guidelines are proposed for responsible media reporting to limit romanticization and reduce imitation effects.
The document outlines 8 news values that determine the newsworthiness of stories: 1) Impact on audience, 2) Timeliness, 3) Prominence of people involved, 4) Proximity to the audience's home community, 5) Oddity or novelty of events, 6) Magnitude in terms of people or potential impact, 7) Currency with current public concerns, and 8) Controversy from arguments or debates. Examples are provided for each value.
This document summarizes a presentation on the portrayal of police image in Indian media. It discusses how media shapes public perceptions of police through agenda setting, priming, and framing. Interviews found common perceptions are that police are corrupt, insensitive, and politically influenced. News reports often portray police negatively. Entertainment media shows unrealistic heroic police. The presentation concludes police and media need better cooperation and understanding to improve police image through strategies like crime newsletters and community workshops.
Journalists must balance their duty to report the truth with sensitivity when covering crime. They consider newsworthiness based on the seriousness, unusual nature, community size, and identity of the criminal or victim. The Society of Professional Journalists' code of ethics guides journalists to seek truth, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable. When reporting on crime, journalists should objectively tell the truth, respect sources' privacy, avoid conflicts of interest, and not sensationalize while countering rumors with reliable information.
This document discusses several examples of how melodrama has been used in media to shape public perceptions and justify actions. It summarizes how prohibition, Japanese internment camps during WWII, and high-profile criminal cases like Amanda Knox and Casey Anthony were portrayed in melodramatic terms with clear villains, victims, and heroes. It also provides some personally appealing examples of how bone marrow donation and sexual assault have been dramatized, both positively and negatively.
The document discusses news values, which are criteria used by journalists and news editors to determine what stories are most newsworthy and should receive prominent coverage. Some of the key news values mentioned include proximity, recency, currency, continuity, uniqueness, simplicity, expectedness, elite nations/people, exclusivity, and size. The higher a news story scores on these values, the more likely it is to receive prominent placement or coverage. However, news judgment is also subjective, and different outlets may prioritize stories differently based on their own standards and audience.
The code of ethics for journalists was developed in 1983 by the international journalism community to provide moral and responsible guidelines for carrying true information to audiences while rejecting anything that could harm people emotionally or physically. It outlines recommendations for journalists' relationships with their audience, sources of information, publicized individuals, colleagues, and authorities. The code constitution prohibits using journalism status for personal gain, following criminal codes, and engaging in war encouragement or propaganda. It also establishes journalists' rights to access information from organizations, attend events, and publish documents, recordings, and photographs obtained.
Society of Professional Journalists Code of EthicsBoris Loukanov
The SPJ Code of Ethics is a statement of abiding principles supported by additional explanations and position papers (at spj.org) that address changing journalistic
practices. It is not a set of rules, rather a guide that encourages all who engage in journalism to take responsibility for the information they provide, regardless of medium.
This document discusses principles of journalism ethics and good practice for journalists. It outlines standards like accuracy and fact-checking, fairness, transparency, and independence. It emphasizes verifying details with credible sources, representing all sides fairly, disclosing biases or conflicts of interest, and prioritizing the public interest over private interests. The document also notes that as UGRAD-Pakistan journalists, their role is to track and communicate the successes of UGRAD-Pakistan alumni rather than serve as a traditional news agency, so not all standards may fully apply. It asks what an appropriate code of ethics would be for UGRAD-Pakistan journalists.
The document discusses the doctrine of separation of powers and the role of media in a democratic government. It defines the separation of powers as allocating specific functions to distinct institutions like the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It then describes the roles and composition of each branch according to the Kenyan constitution. The document also discusses how the media is crucial in a democracy by informing the public, challenging those in power, and allowing for open communication and accountability. Social media in particular has become an alternative information source and way to actively engage in debates.
The document summarizes Richard Becker's presentation on integrating social media into strategic communication. It discusses how social media has changed communication by allowing people to interact openly online. It describes the current social media environment and challenges organizations face with communication silos. Becker advocates developing a strategic communication plan that identifies key publics, messages, and timing across different technologies and social networks to ensure relevance, reach, and delivering the right message at the right time.
Responsibility of a Journalist and Code of EthicsShin Evangelista
Every staff should have a code of ethics to guide responsible journalism. The Society of Professional Journalists code is a good model, addressing accuracy, objectivity, balance, fairness and other ethical standards. A staff code should also specify guidelines in sensitive areas like privacy, libel, and treating people with respect.
This document outlines 9 principles of journalism according to Ani Asatiani's public relations course. The principles are: 1) Journalism's first obligation is to truth 2) Its first loyalty is to citizens 3) Its essence is discipline of verification 4) It must maintain independence 5) It serves as an independent monitor of power 6) It provides a forum for public criticism 7) It makes the significant interesting 8) It keeps news comprehensive and proportional 9) Its practitioners exercise personal conscience. The document then provides further explanation and context for each principle.
The document discusses three models of strategic communication: linear, adaptive, and interpretive. The linear model views strategy as long-term planning by top managers to achieve goals through rational decision making. The adaptive model focuses on continuously adjusting the organization to its dynamic environment through co-alignment. The interpretive model views strategy as managing meanings and symbols to legitimize the organization through shared understandings. It then covers characteristics like public communication, the communication source, and a transactional approach. Finally, it discusses the traditional perspective on internal communication topics like orientation, morale, and change, and external communication topics like public relations, issues management, and advocacy.
Strategic communication, news media and influencePOLIS LSE
This document discusses strategic communication and the influence of news media in the current digital information environment. It notes that news is now networked across varied platforms and blended into a mixed media ecology. This has led to both opportunities like direct communication but also challenges like echo chambers, verification problems during breaking events, and the spread of "fake news." The document provides recommendations for journalists, networks, authorities and citizens to help address these issues, including promoting news literacy, transparency, and high quality curated content while maintaining the democratic aspects of digital media.
Citizen (Digital) Media Ethics for Blogger, Citizen Journalist and Informatio...ICT Watch - Indonesia
Citizen (Digital) Media Ethics for Blogger, Citizen Journalist and Information Activist.
This is presentation about the citizen and digital (online) media fundamental ethics which is divided into 4 main cases: identity of self, context of communication, copyright-copyleft and freedom of expression.
This document summarizes the role of electronic media in Pakistan. It discusses the evolution of media from the eras of Ayub Khan, Zia-ul-Haq, and Pervez Musharraf. It outlines the purposes of media as informing, entertaining, and advertising. It also examines both the negative impacts of media such as westernization and exaggeration, as well as positive effects such as promoting democracy and covering natural disasters. The conclusion states that Pakistani media should resolve matters with a positive attitude and work to promote an accurate, positive image of Pakistan.
A Refreshing Approach to Strategic Communication Planning by Robin Russell Mc...IABC Houston
* step-by-step through a modern, uncomplicated planning process;
* gather data to ensure measurable impact in audience actions & behaviors;
* use social media tools to promote and persuade
by Robin Russell McCasland, Brain Biscuits Strategic Communication, Dallas TX
Electronic and print media have risen significantly in Pakistan since independence in 1947. Radio Pakistan was established in 1947 and began broadcasting from stations across Pakistan from 1948 onwards. Television was first introduced in 1955 but the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) was officially established in 1964, launching stations in major cities. PTV now operates several channels and provides satellite broadcasts domestically and internationally. Private channels began in 1990 and expanded greatly after 2002, with over 100 channels now available. Print media also grew, with Dawn established in 1942 and Jang in 1947, which now has a large media group including Geo TV. Both electronic and print media provide news and entertainment across the country in multiple languages.
The document discusses the role and impact of various types of media in India. It notes that print media like newspapers and magazines reach over 78.8 million and 41.6 million people daily/weekly respectively. There are 665 television channels and 65 million internet users. The media serves important functions like reporting news, setting agendas, and socializing people, but some outlets provide sensationalized or discouraging content. To maximize its benefits, the media should encourage positive and constructive discussions while providing factual information to build up the nation.
The document discusses ethics in journalism according to the Society of Professional Journalists' Code of Ethics. It outlines 10 fundamental rules for journalists: 1) Don't fabricate information, 2) Don't plagiarize, 3) Use exact quotes accurately, 4) Avoid conflicts of interest, 5) Be fair and neutral, 6) Identify yourself as a journalist, 7) Use anonymous sources sparingly and disclose their identities to editors, 8) Follow recording protocol laws, 9) Admit mistakes promptly, and 10) Have fun. Adhering to these ethical standards helps ensure journalistic integrity and credibility.
The document discusses the role and importance of media in society. It outlines both the advantages and disadvantages of media. Media is seen as an integral part of modern life that helps spread awareness and bring people together through communication. However, media also has the potential for negative impacts. The document stresses that media has a duty to be truthful, fair, and represent the public interest while also highlighting its ability to enact social change.
The document discusses the evolution and current state of print media in Pakistan. It covers the establishment of major print media groups like Dawn, Jang, and Nawa-i-Waqt. It also discusses factors affecting print media like economic challenges, technological changes, and government regulations. Benedict Anderson's theory of print culture and nationalism is also summarized, relating how the growth of print helped develop national identity in Pakistan.
The document discusses the role of electronic media in Pakistan. It outlines the evolution of media from the establishment of Pakistan Television Corporation under Ayub Khan to the proliferation of private channels today. It notes both positive and negative impacts of media. Positively, media can promote democracy, raise awareness of social issues, and expose corruption. However, it can also sensationalize news, spread exaggerated or one-sided information, and be influenced by powerful groups. The conclusion calls for media to project a positive image of Pakistan while prioritizing accuracy over viewership.
This document outlines the key principles of journalistic ethics: seek truth and report it, minimize harm, act independently, and be accountable. It discusses rules like avoiding plagiarism, staging events, or stereotyping. It examines past ethics scandals at the New York Times and Washington Post to show how credibility can be damaged. The document also presents hypothetical scenarios around publishing offensive content, sensitive information, and conflicts of interest to explore the boundaries of ethical reporting.
This document discusses guidelines for responsible and ethical journalism from the National Union of Journalists (NUJ). It provides guidance on avoiding biased or harmful representations of groups in writing, and on sensitive topics like mental health, suicide, and immigration. It emphasizes using accurate, truthful language and considering alternative perspectives. Guidelines include avoiding offensive terms for mental illness, not defining people by their conditions, and describing suicide attempts factually rather than with value judgments. The NUJ aims to promote media freedom and ethical standards while protecting journalists' rights.
The document discusses responsible and ethical journalism. It outlines guidelines from the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) for reporting on topics sensitively and without bias or harmful stereotypes. These include guidance on language used for groups like those with mental health issues or who attempt suicide. Journalists are told to avoid terms with negative connotations and consider alternative perspectives to provide balanced coverage. Accuracy, truthfulness, and fairness are also highlighted as important principles for credible reporting. Newspapers may still show political or ideological biases in how certain topics are portrayed.
This document discusses the Rolling Stone magazine cover featuring Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and the controversy it caused. It summarizes the key reactions and viewpoints in the debate. Many felt the cover glamorized terrorism and focused too much attention on the criminal instead of the victims. Rolling Stone defended their decision as serious journalism, but the mayor of Boston and victims' families were deeply offended by choosing to feature the bomber on the coveted magazine cover.
This document discusses several examples of how social media and crowdsourcing have been used both positively and negatively:
1. A disabled Australian man who asked a question about inequality was ridiculed in the media, but then received over $60,000 in donations from crowdsourcing in response.
2. An Australian woman who stole tampons valued at $6.75 was fined $500, but a crowdsourcing campaign raised over $3,900 for her legal fees.
3. The hashtag #IllStandWithYou trended on Twitter as a show of solidarity with Muslims after the Sydney siege, starting from a Facebook post by a woman who helped another feeling isolated on a train.
The document discusses the concept of moral panics and provides examples of how they occur. A moral panic typically follows a cycle of 1) a deviant act or crime occurring, 2) the media identifying and negatively portraying a subversive minority group as responsible, 3) a public outcry and demand for action, 4) the causes being oversimplified to find simple fixes, and 5) crackdowns on the minority group through new laws or policies. This cycle then repeats itself with future incidents. Examples provided include reactions to school shootings, ecstasy use, and the murder of toddler James Bulger.
Media bias is a problem that people are often not aware of. We see bias in news, TV shows, and newspapers, yet we often don't recognize it. Media bias shapes the impressions we form about people and issues. The media can propagate stereotypes through the stories and portrayals they choose. While media organizations claim to be unbiased, their choices about what to report and how to report it can influence the public's views.
This document discusses obscenity and immorality in media. It begins by defining obscenity as anything that tends to corrupt according to an 1873 US law. It then discusses various tests used to determine obscenity, including the Roth-Memoirs test and Miller's test which examine appeals to prurient interest and lack of social value. Specific examples are analyzed like ads featuring Brooke Shields, the TV show Skins, and music lyrics. The document considers what is acceptable in news and on the internet regarding obscenity. It concludes with discussion questions about analyzing ads and TV shows for obscenity.
The document discusses how media coverage of tragic events can often lead to moral panics. It provides examples of how the media simplified and exaggerated the causes of the Columbine shooting and the death of Leah Betts from ecstasy use. In both cases, the media focused on scapegoats like music or drugs while ignoring complex social factors. A similar pattern emerged from coverage of the murder of James Bulger, where the media blamed absent fathers and video violence despite little evidence directly linking them. In each case, the document argues the media inflated threats and issues to sensationalize stories while ignoring more nuanced analyses of underlying social problems.
The document discusses how media coverage of tragic events can often lead to moral panics. It provides examples of how the media simplified and exaggerated the causes of the Columbine shooting and the death of Leah Betts from ecstasy use. In both cases, the media focused on scapegoats like music or drugs while ignoring complex social factors. A similar pattern emerged from coverage of the murder of James Bulger, where the media blamed absent fathers and videos despite little evidence directly linking them. In each case, the media stirred public outrage in ways that did not accurately reflect the true causes.
The document discusses journalism ethics and how journalists should approach sensitive topics and stories. It emphasizes seeking the truth, minimizing harm, acting independently, being accountable, and covering difficult stories like suicide or disabilities in a sensitive manner. Journalists are encouraged to show compassion to victims, respect privacy, and deliver facts in an unbiased way when reporting on topics like crime or tragedies.
Essays On Childhood Obesity. Childhood obesity affects children and adolescen...Jami Nguyen
The Causes of Childhood Obesity Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. essay examples: childhood obesity essay. The Impact of Childhood Obesity on Health - Free Essay Example .... Childhood Obesity Essay | Essay on Childhood Obesity for Students and .... Childhood Obesity Speech - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. ≫ An End to Childhood Obesity Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Obesity in childhood - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Childhood obesity today - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Childhood obesity, Disease Control and Prevention - Free Essay Example ....
The document criticizes the growing acceptance of homosexuality in America. It argues that homosexuality is condemned by God, and that gay people bully Christians. It claims most serial killers were homosexual and that gay people advocate for sex with minors. It also argues that homosexuality spreads diseases and was wrongly removed as a mental illness due to political pressure.
Psychological changes and the acceptance of sex inJosh Kaye
This document discusses how media portrayals of sex have changed over time from the 1920s to present day. In the early 20th century, movies started including more sexual content but were still subject to censorship. By the 1950s, TV couples were not shown sharing a bed. Elvis Presley's performances were only shown from the waist up due to censorship. The sexual revolution of the 1960s challenged traditional sexual norms. Punk rock emerged in the 1970s as a rebellious genre. Scandals in the 1990s included celebrity sex tapes being stolen and publicized. More recent controversies featured wardrobe malfunctions and celebrity cheating scandals that were widely covered by the media. The document questions whether extensive media coverage of sex
How the lefts culture of fear and intimidation silences America.Giba Canto
Ben Shapiro analyzes how the political left uses fear and intimidation tactics to silence opposing views in his book "Bullies". He discusses the various "bully gangs" that have developed in American culture, including the media, academia, unions, and political parties. Shapiro argues that the left has created a political environment that suppresses conservative and religious voices through labels, epithets, and character assassination. He urges conservatives to adopt counter tactics used by Saul Alinsky and Andrew Breitbart to apply constant pressure on the opposition and maintain ubiquity in the public discourse.
This document provides instructions and examples for calculating and reporting percentages and percentage changes. It defines key terms like percent, explains how to calculate a percent of a whole, and demonstrates how to calculate percentage increases or decreases when comparing two numbers over time. Examples include calculating the percentage of males in a class and the percentage increase in new voter registrations between two election cycles.
AP Style provides standardized guidelines for referencing people, places, dates, and other elements in news writing. Key points include using full names on first reference and last names only thereafter, placing the person's name before "said," and abbreviating months in dates except when they stand alone. Additional guidelines cover times, addresses, titles, and noting political affiliations.
This course introduces students to writing for the mass media. These forms include: (1) news and feature stories for print and broadcast; (2) advertising and public relations copy; and (3) screenwriting. Assignments will introduce the fundamentals of reporting and newsgathering. Fundamentals of Media Writing will also survey news styles, policy, ethics, and legal issues associated with delivering news and entertainment in diverse forms.
This presentation discusses how to teach students to conduct real research in the age of Wikipedia, YouTube and other distractions from genuine references.
This document provides an overview of how a professor at Morgan State University successfully uses Facebook to engage students in her journalism courses. She created a Facebook group for each class to post course materials like syllabi and assignments, link to relevant videos and podcasts, and continue class discussions online. Students were more likely to participate actively on Facebook than the university's learning management system. The professor found that using Facebook enhanced student learning by allowing seamless integration of course content into students' daily lives and encouraging ongoing dialogue between classes.
The advent of cable news has created a "news of ideology." This means that each of the major networks (CNN, Fox News and MSNBC) all present the news from a strong political standpoint. This lecture discusses what it means to be on the left and on the right--and the objectivity troubles journalists often face in this news climate.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.