Ethics in business leadership
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The document discusses several topics related to ethics including: - The objective of studying ethics in the classroom is to broaden students' thinking and enhance their ability to make decisions. - It examines different theories of ethical systems such as teleological and deontological theories. - It addresses issues like how ideologies shape ethics, ethics for extremists, justification of human rights, and ethics in areas like business, production, and entrepreneurship.
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Ethics Review
A revision ppt for my Senior College students, covers exam technique, deontology, situation ethics, natural law, utilitarianism, ethical egoism, virtue ethics.
Ethics Lecture 2012
This document discusses various ethical theories and concepts relevant to public relations, including:
1. Aristotle's virtue ethics and the concept of finding the moral mean between extremes. Virtue is developed through practice.
2. Kant's deontological ethics and the categorical imperative, which holds that people should be treated as ends rather than means. Actions must be universalizable.
3. Utilitarian ethics as developed by Bentham and Mill, which holds that the morally right action maximizes well-being and happiness for the greatest number of people. Consequences are most important.
4. Various criticisms of these approaches are also discussed, such as how utilitarianism could justify lying, stealing
Common_Ethical_Theories.ppt
This document provides an overview of several common ethical theories: deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics. It defines deontology as making moral judgments based on rules and duties rather than consequences. Utilitarianism is outlined as taking the approach of determining the morally right action as that which will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Virtue ethics focuses on developing good moral character and becoming the type of person who consistently does right actions. The document also notes some criticisms of each theory.
Chapter02
The document discusses several approaches to decision making in value issues and ethical dilemmas:
1) Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing happiness and pleasure for all affected parties by evaluating the consequences of different options.
2) Deontology or duty-based ethics, exemplified by Kant, focuses on adhering to universal moral rules and duties rather than consequences.
3) Virtue ethics examines what decision or action an ethical person of good character would take based on their virtues and moral traits.
4) Divine command ethics derives ethics from following rules set forth by a divine authority figure like God or scripture. The document analyzes the applications and criticisms of each approach.
Chapter02
The document discusses several approaches to decision making in value issues and ethical dilemmas:
1) Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing happiness and pleasure for all affected parties by evaluating the consequences of different options.
2) Deontology or duty-based ethics, exemplified by Kant, holds that the rightness of an action depends on its adherence to moral rules or duties, regardless of the consequences.
3) Virtue ethics emphasizes developing good character and moral habits to guide decision making based on traditional virtues of a profession.
4) Divine command ethics derives morality from following rules set forth by a divine authority as exemplified in religious scriptures.
Ethics and Educational Leaders (4)
This chapter discusses relativism, teleology, and several moral philosophers' theories. It explores the ideas that morals vary by society and time, and that utilitarianism aims to maximize happiness and minimize suffering. The chapter outlines egoism, act-utilitarianism, and rule-utilitarianism as common forms of teleology. It acknowledges arguments for and against relativism and teleology, such as how they promote tolerance but lack objective standards. The chapter concludes with a case study about a principal considering what to say in a reference about a teacher's health and likelihood to remain in a new position long-term.
TitleABC123 Version X1Strategic Management Framework.docx
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Strategic Management Framework
TMGT/550 Version 6
1
University of Phoenix MaterialStrategic Management Framework
I. Formulation
a. Analysis
i. Internal Environment
ii. Industry Environment
iii. External Environment
b. Strategy
i. Risks
ii. Corporate Strategy
iii. Scope
c. Goals
i. Policies
ii. Objectives
iii. Measurements, Metrics and Reporting
II. Implementation
a. Structure
i. Organizational Chart
ii. Initiatives/Programs
iii. Partners/Mergers/Acquisitions
b. Feedback
i. Budget
ii. Incentives
iii. Evaluation
Copyright © XXXX by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2016 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Can you identify any principles of justice which are being or may be violated by participants in the fast-fashion industry? What principles are violated by the corporate decision-makers? By the employees? By the consumers?
As demonstrated in the film, some economists argue that conditions in garment factories, bad as they may be, are better opportunities for workers in “developing” countries than they would have otherwise. After watching this film, do you buy this argument? Even if the argument is true, does that mean that conditions should not be improved? How are women’s rights particularly affected?
Compare the conditions for garment workers you saw in the film to those in factories in the U.S. in the early 20th century. How are they similar and how are they different? Compare the conditions for garment workers to conditions for factory workers in the United States and other Western countries today. What is the difference? What do you think makes conditions better in some countries? What allowed workers in the West to secure better working conditions, higher salaries, health insurance, and a chance at entering the middle class?
How important is collective bargaining to workers’ rights? When workers organized and protested the labor conditions in the film, they were met with a fierce backlash from their employers and state forces. Why is worker organizing and collective bargaining so threatening to employers and governments?
Given that labor and environmental laws are weaker in “developing” countries, are fast fashion companies’ voluntary codes of conduct sufficient to improve working conditions in garment factories? If not, how can domestic and international law be changed to make this improvement?
How can consumers affect change on this model? As experts posit in the film, consuming more can have a negative effect on your psyche. Can a change in your consumption habits improve your well-being? How can it improve the well-being of others?
As consumers what can we do? With so much recognized wrong in the world, how important are the issues raised here? Think about a single mother with four children to feed. Should she feel justified in shopping at Wal-Mart or elsewhere considering her kids will grow out of the clothes in a few months? If you are a univ ...
An introduction to medical ethics
Medical ethics aims to define right and wrong in medical practice. It draws on ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and situational ethics. Key principles of medical ethics include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and informed consent. Doctors have a duty to treat patients compassionately and respect their rights and privacy. Ethical issues arise when there are conflicts between values or responsibilities. Medical ethics provides frameworks for resolving dilemmas in a fair and just manner.
Recommended
Ethics Review
A revision ppt for my Senior College students, covers exam technique, deontology, situation ethics, natural law, utilitarianism, ethical egoism, virtue ethics.
Ethics Lecture 2012
This document discusses various ethical theories and concepts relevant to public relations, including:
1. Aristotle's virtue ethics and the concept of finding the moral mean between extremes. Virtue is developed through practice.
2. Kant's deontological ethics and the categorical imperative, which holds that people should be treated as ends rather than means. Actions must be universalizable.
3. Utilitarian ethics as developed by Bentham and Mill, which holds that the morally right action maximizes well-being and happiness for the greatest number of people. Consequences are most important.
4. Various criticisms of these approaches are also discussed, such as how utilitarianism could justify lying, stealing
Common_Ethical_Theories.ppt
This document provides an overview of several common ethical theories: deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics. It defines deontology as making moral judgments based on rules and duties rather than consequences. Utilitarianism is outlined as taking the approach of determining the morally right action as that which will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Virtue ethics focuses on developing good moral character and becoming the type of person who consistently does right actions. The document also notes some criticisms of each theory.
Chapter02
The document discusses several approaches to decision making in value issues and ethical dilemmas:
1) Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing happiness and pleasure for all affected parties by evaluating the consequences of different options.
2) Deontology or duty-based ethics, exemplified by Kant, focuses on adhering to universal moral rules and duties rather than consequences.
3) Virtue ethics examines what decision or action an ethical person of good character would take based on their virtues and moral traits.
4) Divine command ethics derives ethics from following rules set forth by a divine authority figure like God or scripture. The document analyzes the applications and criticisms of each approach.
Chapter02
The document discusses several approaches to decision making in value issues and ethical dilemmas:
1) Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing happiness and pleasure for all affected parties by evaluating the consequences of different options.
2) Deontology or duty-based ethics, exemplified by Kant, holds that the rightness of an action depends on its adherence to moral rules or duties, regardless of the consequences.
3) Virtue ethics emphasizes developing good character and moral habits to guide decision making based on traditional virtues of a profession.
4) Divine command ethics derives morality from following rules set forth by a divine authority as exemplified in religious scriptures.
Ethics and Educational Leaders (4)
This chapter discusses relativism, teleology, and several moral philosophers' theories. It explores the ideas that morals vary by society and time, and that utilitarianism aims to maximize happiness and minimize suffering. The chapter outlines egoism, act-utilitarianism, and rule-utilitarianism as common forms of teleology. It acknowledges arguments for and against relativism and teleology, such as how they promote tolerance but lack objective standards. The chapter concludes with a case study about a principal considering what to say in a reference about a teacher's health and likelihood to remain in a new position long-term.
TitleABC123 Version X1Strategic Management Framework.docx
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Strategic Management Framework
TMGT/550 Version 6
1
University of Phoenix MaterialStrategic Management Framework
I. Formulation
a. Analysis
i. Internal Environment
ii. Industry Environment
iii. External Environment
b. Strategy
i. Risks
ii. Corporate Strategy
iii. Scope
c. Goals
i. Policies
ii. Objectives
iii. Measurements, Metrics and Reporting
II. Implementation
a. Structure
i. Organizational Chart
ii. Initiatives/Programs
iii. Partners/Mergers/Acquisitions
b. Feedback
i. Budget
ii. Incentives
iii. Evaluation
Copyright © XXXX by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2016 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Can you identify any principles of justice which are being or may be violated by participants in the fast-fashion industry? What principles are violated by the corporate decision-makers? By the employees? By the consumers?
As demonstrated in the film, some economists argue that conditions in garment factories, bad as they may be, are better opportunities for workers in “developing” countries than they would have otherwise. After watching this film, do you buy this argument? Even if the argument is true, does that mean that conditions should not be improved? How are women’s rights particularly affected?
Compare the conditions for garment workers you saw in the film to those in factories in the U.S. in the early 20th century. How are they similar and how are they different? Compare the conditions for garment workers to conditions for factory workers in the United States and other Western countries today. What is the difference? What do you think makes conditions better in some countries? What allowed workers in the West to secure better working conditions, higher salaries, health insurance, and a chance at entering the middle class?
How important is collective bargaining to workers’ rights? When workers organized and protested the labor conditions in the film, they were met with a fierce backlash from their employers and state forces. Why is worker organizing and collective bargaining so threatening to employers and governments?
Given that labor and environmental laws are weaker in “developing” countries, are fast fashion companies’ voluntary codes of conduct sufficient to improve working conditions in garment factories? If not, how can domestic and international law be changed to make this improvement?
How can consumers affect change on this model? As experts posit in the film, consuming more can have a negative effect on your psyche. Can a change in your consumption habits improve your well-being? How can it improve the well-being of others?
As consumers what can we do? With so much recognized wrong in the world, how important are the issues raised here? Think about a single mother with four children to feed. Should she feel justified in shopping at Wal-Mart or elsewhere considering her kids will grow out of the clothes in a few months? If you are a univ ...
An introduction to medical ethics
Medical ethics aims to define right and wrong in medical practice. It draws on ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and situational ethics. Key principles of medical ethics include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and informed consent. Doctors have a duty to treat patients compassionately and respect their rights and privacy. Ethical issues arise when there are conflicts between values or responsibilities. Medical ethics provides frameworks for resolving dilemmas in a fair and just manner.
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For any updates to the slides, see my Google Drive where you can also download the PowerPoint version: https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/136lVYu2bsK_C5z6fCp3kqqVkuKdMoJjT
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Ethics: Lessons Learned and Best Practices
What is your personal philosophical approach to help you answer and deal with ethical questions? Do you notice co-workers behaving in ways you would never? How is it that in a professional environment in which everyone goes through a hiring process and a screening process, they behave so differently? Every person has a moral compass that guides his or her behavior
and ultimately shapes his or her personal code of ethics. The code of ethics will help
a person to recognize a problem and make decisions regarding the appropriate course of action.
How can you devise or define your own personal ethical statement of values and principles?
There are three primary ethical philosophies, each answering the fundamental question, “Do the ends justify the means?”
If you answered NO, then you are an absolutist (or legalist) and subscribe to deontological ethics (the ethics of duty). The ends never justify the means. One should discover the rules and follow them
If you answered YES, you are a relativist and subscribe to teleological ethics. This is the ethics of the finals ends, or of the consequences of the act. The end can and often does justify the means. Intention is critical.
If you answered MAYBE or SOMETIMES, then you subscribe to situational ethics. This is the ethics of specific acts. Does the end justify the means? It all depends. There are several thoughts of situational ethics. Below are just a few.
Antinominanism espouses that there are no moral absolutes. Every person and situation is unique. The one absolute is the Golden Rule: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. Always place people first; do what is best for people.
Deontelics, as put forth by philosopher John Merrill, holds that some acts, by their very nature, are unethical in most cases. The truth is paramount. Lying is unethical in most cases, but there are rare exceptions for good purposes
Utilitarianism believes that the best course of action is that which brings the most happiness to the greatest number of people. This is a philosophy of the greatest good (rather than the greatest happiness) over a long period of time.
Situational ethics reflected in Aristotle’s (384-322 B.C.) Golden Mean is a rational and moral position that is somewhere in between (though not necessarily in the middle). When found in an ethical dilemma, the following steps of principled reasoning are employed.
•Appraise the situation
•Identify your personal values
•Appeal to those ethical principles without abandoning your personal values
•Consider your loyalties
How would you describe yourself as a worker?
If you’ve never thought about this, theOccupational Work Ethic Inventory (OWEI)
will help you learn more about the type of worker you are.
Take some time to complete the inventory. What did you learn about yourself that you
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Historically, social responsibility was left to the non-profits
and not necessarily the business o ...
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3. Egoism and utilitarianism are discussed as versions of teleology, with egoism maximizing good for oneself and utilitarianism maximizing the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
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1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docx
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.
2) If you are unable to draw diagrams in Microsoft Word, you may use scanned copies of hand drawn diagrams.
3) Word count: The suggested word limit for each sub-question is 200-250 words. (1200 to 1500 words altogether)
4) You must clearly acknowledge all sources using Harvard referencing system including the textbook.
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(b) The latest electric car is expected to be released in Australia shortly at a very affordable price. What impact might this have on the market for cars which run on petrol? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
Question 2 (a) Australian government is encouraging young people to attend universities with a view to increase the proportion of educated youth workforce. While this policy certainly reduces the number of people available for work today it will increase their skills when they eventually complete their university degrees and enter the workforce. Use the production frontier model and graph to show the effects of such a policy on Australian output. (6 marks)
(b) What are the long-term determinants of economic growth and how can government influence economic growth. (4 marks)
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INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded da ...
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This document provides an introduction to business ethics. It defines ethics, values, and morals and explains that business ethics involves determining right and wrong in business. It discusses several ethical theories including moral relativism, altruism, egoism, and legalism. It notes the importance of ethics in business and challenges of ensuring ethical practices. Students are assigned to create a group presentation summarizing the key concepts from pages 3-13 and present next week.
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The document discusses various ethical theories and concepts including:
- Aristotle's view of virtue as a mean between extremes and that happiness comes from developing good character through practicing virtues.
- Kant's deontological view that ethics are absolute and based on universal rules like treating people as ends rather than means. Actions must be universally willable.
- Utilitarianism which assesses actions based on their consequences and producing the greatest good for the greatest number. It emphasizes ends over means.
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The document discusses several ethical theories and philosophers, including:
- Aristotle's view of virtue as a mean between extremes and the role of developing good habits and character.
- Kant's deontological view that ethics are absolute and based on universal rules like not lying or stealing, as determined through reason alone.
- Utilitarianism as proposed by Bentham and Mill, where the morality of an action is determined by its consequences and producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
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The document discusses utilitarianism and Bentham's act utilitarian theory. It provides an overview of key concepts in Bentham's theory, including the principle of utility which states an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Bentham believed happiness was equivalent to pleasure and pain avoidance. His hedonic calculus provided a method to measure pleasure and pain from consequences to determine a morally right action. The document also discusses strengths and weaknesses of Bentham's utilitarian approach.
9.5 Moral TheoriesAll moral claims are grounded in some moral th.docx
9.5 Moral Theories
All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust.
The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claim that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong.
Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories.
Whether they know it or not, everyone has a moral theory. It is inescapable. Even if their moral theory is that there are no morals, that still represents a moral theory. But not all moral theories are equal—some hold up to critical thinking better than others.
You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it's important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it's helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ.
Theory
Criticisms
Kantian Ethics
· Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way.
· This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?”
Any two people who want to get married should be able to.
· This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense.
It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse.
Utilitarianism
· The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
· The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means).
· Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions.
· Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness to many others.
It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy, and only my neighbor would be harmed.
Ethical Egoism
· Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy.
· This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term.
· Can be used to justify terrible actions.
Ethical Altruism
· Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself.
· Some.
Business EthicsSession 2 Business Ethics Theories I
Business Ethics
Session 2: Business Ethics Theories I
Business Ethics Theories
1. Summary of Session I
2. Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
3. Business Ethics Theories (Part I)
4. Discussion: Wiki Leaks
5. Exercise: A Tale of Two Stories
6. The Paradise Papers
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Ethical Decision-Making
What to decide in ambitious/complicated
situations?
What to decide in a dilemma situation?
Ethical theory can help to find a solution.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
• Ethical Theories provides part of the solution when
decisions need to be made in situations where ethics
(right and wrong) play a role.
• Ethical theories provide guidelines.
• Each theory emphasizes different points:
– A different decision-making style, or
– A decision rule – eg to predict the outcome of the
decision and to follow duties to others in order to
reach what the said individual considers to be
ethically correct.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
In order to understand ethical decision-making,
it is important to acknowledge that not everyone makes
decisions in the same way by using exactly the same
information.
To further understand ethical theory, there must be a
common understanding of a common set of goals based
on ethical principles:
• Beneficence
• Least Harm
• Respect for autonomy
• Justice
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Beneficence
– Guides the decision-maker to do what is good and
right.
– « to do good » makes the possible solution to an
ethical dilemma acceptable
– The principle is related to utilty theory (we should
attempt to to generate the largest ration of good
over evil possible in the world.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Least Harm
– As in the case of beneficence, least harm deals
with situations in which no choice seems
beneficial.
– In these cases, decision-makers base their
decisions on doing the least harm to the greater
number of people.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Respect for autonomy
– This principle states that decision-making should
focus on allowing people to be autonomous – to be
able to make decisions that apply to their lives.
• Justice
– Decision-makers should focus on actions that are
fair to those involved.
Ethical Theories
I. Egoism/ Liberalism
II. Utilitarianism
III. Ethics of Duties/ Deontology/
Kantianism
IV. Natural Rights Theory
Business Ethics Theories
I. Egoism/ Liberalism
Implies that the individual follows his/her long-term interest.
Egoism is not selfishness.
Enlightened self-interest implies that, for example, CSR activities are
sometimes implemented, because they have a positive long-term impact on the
financial performance of a company.
Authors: Plato (470-399 BC), Adam Smith (1723-1790)
The logic of mark ...
ETHICAL THEORIES
Traditionally, normative ethics (also known as moral theory) was the study of what makes actions right and wrong. These theories offered an overarching moral principle one could appeal to in resolving difficult moral decisions.
Politics in 21st century
My observation about what is happening in Indian politics and where it is heading. Though it is India centric its scope is not limited to India only.
My Concern, www.jitendrarajaram.com
The document discusses several concerns around supporting the growing global population including food security, education, health, civil security, terrorism, and potential solutions. It notes that thousands die of hunger daily while farmland is lost to urban development. Education outcomes are poor for many, and non-communicable and laboratory-made diseases are on the rise. The document promotes workshops and seminars on topics like motivation, ethics, leadership, and social entrepreneurship to discuss solutions to these issues. It provides contact information for Jitendra Rajaram Verma who leads Inspire Welfare Society and is offering these educational programs.
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Ethics
This document provides an overview of several ethical theories that can be used to guide ethical decision making:
1. Consequentialism focuses on the consequences of actions and suggests we should maximize good outcomes like happiness. However, it is difficult to measure consequences and predict unintended outcomes.
2. Deontology emphasizes duties and moral rules over consequences. Though it provides clear guidance, duties can conflict and rules may allow harm.
3. Principlism uses four principles - beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for autonomy. While a pragmatic approach, it is not a fully-formed ethical theory.
The document compares and contrasts these theories using examples and discusses their limitations in
PHI ethics2200C
The document provides an introduction to ethics and moral philosophy. It discusses what ethics involves, including examining questions about right and wrong conduct and good and bad values. It also outlines ethics' three basic aspects: human nature, theoretical approaches, and practical applications. Additionally, it addresses key topics in ethical language, dilemmas, reasoning, and distinguishing between values and preferences.
Module 1 - CSR and Good Governance
This document discusses the philosophical background of business ethics. It describes several philosophical schools of thought regarding ethics, including Greek/Roman ethics focusing on virtue, knowledge and moderation; Christian ethics based on loving God and others; Utilitarianism aiming to maximize pleasure for the most people; and Pragmatism viewing morality as resolving conflicts of desires. The document also discusses other approaches like Naturalism, Rationalism, Humanism and Hedonism. It notes that Confucius believed righteousness starts with self-governance by individuals. In the end, it poses debate questions about which ethical philosophy one would support or oppose, including justifications.
Virtue ethics & Effective Altruism: What can EA learn from virtue ethics?
Presentation held by Mikko Kangassalo at Effective Altruism Tampere (Finland), Topical Discussions, April 12, 2024
On the topic of what can Effective Altruism and people in general learn from virtue ethics. Gives insight into questions like: What normative ethics do Effective Altruists subscribe to? ; What is utilitarianism? ; What is virtue ethics? ; What can EAs learn from virtue ethics? (with general lessons, examples, six+ virtues for EAs) ; What is cosmopolitan virtue ethics?
Concludes that most EAs are currently consequentialists (utilitarians), yet virtue ethics can help us "do good even better". It helps us to stay good and be good in character, while pursuing doing good; it strengthens our will, improves instinctual habits, counteracts negative consequences of unvirtuousness. Moreover, cosmopolitan virtue ethics can help us map the possibility space for morals, wherein a lot of consequential discoveries can be made not only for our personal lives but for the interests of doing good in the world more broadly.
For any updates to the slides, see my Google Drive where you can also download the PowerPoint version: https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/136lVYu2bsK_C5z6fCp3kqqVkuKdMoJjT
Introduction Ethics & Morals.pptx presentation on ethics of research
This document defines ethics and discusses several key concepts in ethical theory. It explains that ethics considers what makes acts and people good or bad, and how we should act. There are theoretical questions about concepts and practical questions about moral reasoning. Ethical issues often involve disagreement, and people may disagree fundamentally. Moral theories provide principles to guide ethics, while approaches consider cases individually or emphasize cultural context over universal rules. The document also outlines major moral theories and challenges to morality like egoism, relativism, and skepticism.
Ethics Lessons Learned and Best PracticesWhat is your personal .docx
Ethics: Lessons Learned and Best Practices
What is your personal philosophical approach to help you answer and deal with ethical questions? Do you notice co-workers behaving in ways you would never? How is it that in a professional environment in which everyone goes through a hiring process and a screening process, they behave so differently? Every person has a moral compass that guides his or her behavior
and ultimately shapes his or her personal code of ethics. The code of ethics will help
a person to recognize a problem and make decisions regarding the appropriate course of action.
How can you devise or define your own personal ethical statement of values and principles?
There are three primary ethical philosophies, each answering the fundamental question, “Do the ends justify the means?”
If you answered NO, then you are an absolutist (or legalist) and subscribe to deontological ethics (the ethics of duty). The ends never justify the means. One should discover the rules and follow them
If you answered YES, you are a relativist and subscribe to teleological ethics. This is the ethics of the finals ends, or of the consequences of the act. The end can and often does justify the means. Intention is critical.
If you answered MAYBE or SOMETIMES, then you subscribe to situational ethics. This is the ethics of specific acts. Does the end justify the means? It all depends. There are several thoughts of situational ethics. Below are just a few.
Antinominanism espouses that there are no moral absolutes. Every person and situation is unique. The one absolute is the Golden Rule: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. Always place people first; do what is best for people.
Deontelics, as put forth by philosopher John Merrill, holds that some acts, by their very nature, are unethical in most cases. The truth is paramount. Lying is unethical in most cases, but there are rare exceptions for good purposes
Utilitarianism believes that the best course of action is that which brings the most happiness to the greatest number of people. This is a philosophy of the greatest good (rather than the greatest happiness) over a long period of time.
Situational ethics reflected in Aristotle’s (384-322 B.C.) Golden Mean is a rational and moral position that is somewhere in between (though not necessarily in the middle). When found in an ethical dilemma, the following steps of principled reasoning are employed.
•Appraise the situation
•Identify your personal values
•Appeal to those ethical principles without abandoning your personal values
•Consider your loyalties
How would you describe yourself as a worker?
If you’ve never thought about this, theOccupational Work Ethic Inventory (OWEI)
will help you learn more about the type of worker you are.
Take some time to complete the inventory. What did you learn about yourself that you
Social Responsibility, continued
Historically, social responsibility was left to the non-profits
and not necessarily the business o ...
Ethics, Lesson 5_ Elements of Normative Ethical Theories.pdf
1. The document discusses the key elements of normative ethical theories, including distinguishing intrinsic good from instrumental good, and comparing monism versus pluralism and deontology versus teleology.
2. It provides examples of intrinsic goods like happiness and instrumental goods like wealth. Monists believe there is one intrinsic good, while pluralists accept multiple intrinsic goods. Deontologists judge acts themselves rather than consequences, unlike teleologists.
3. Egoism and utilitarianism are discussed as versions of teleology, with egoism maximizing good for oneself and utilitarianism maximizing the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Lecture 1: Philosphical Ethics (Feister) Slides
The document outlines three major approaches to philosophical ethics: consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Consequentialism assesses the morality of actions based on their consequences, with the goal of maximizing good outcomes. Deontology evaluates actions based on duties and moral rules, regardless of consequences. Virtue ethics focuses on developing moral character and virtues rather than rules or outcomes.
Personal Ethical Statement Presentation(1).ppt
This document discusses approaches to developing a personal ethics statement. It outlines three primary ethical philosophies: absolutism, which holds that the ends never justify the means; relativism, which believes the ends can justify the means based on intention; and situational ethics, which says it depends on the situation. It explores various thinkers that exemplify each approach, such as Immanuel Kant for absolutism, John Stuart Mill for utilitarianism as a form of situational ethics, and John Rawls' veil of ignorance. The document emphasizes finding an approach that incorporates principled reasoning based on one's identified personal values and consideration of loyalties to make informed ethical choices.
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1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.2) If you .docx
1) You must clearly label the answer to each question.
2) If you are unable to draw diagrams in Microsoft Word, you may use scanned copies of hand drawn diagrams.
3) Word count: The suggested word limit for each sub-question is 200-250 words. (1200 to 1500 words altogether)
4) You must clearly acknowledge all sources using Harvard referencing system including the textbook.
Question 1 (a) Explain, with the aid of diagrams, how an outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East might be expected to impact the Australian markets for petrol and passenger cars with large engines that run on petrol. (6 marks)
(b) The latest electric car is expected to be released in Australia shortly at a very affordable price. What impact might this have on the market for cars which run on petrol? Justify your answer. (4 marks)
Question 2 (a) Australian government is encouraging young people to attend universities with a view to increase the proportion of educated youth workforce. While this policy certainly reduces the number of people available for work today it will increase their skills when they eventually complete their university degrees and enter the workforce. Use the production frontier model and graph to show the effects of such a policy on Australian output. (6 marks)
(b) What are the long-term determinants of economic growth and how can government influence economic growth. (4 marks)
Question 3 (a) Suppose the government is thinking of imposing a sales tax on all brands of cigarettes. What will be the likely impact of this tax on the price of cigarettes and who will bear the major burden of the tax? How will your answer change if the tax was imposed on the consumption of coffee instead? Explain with the help of appropriate diagrams. (6 marks)
(b) Coles and Woolworths dominate the Australian supermarket/grocery sector. Which type of market structure does this sector resemble? Provide a brief explanation. Based on the concepts learnt in this unit explain the likely reasons for the prevalence of this market structure in the Australian supermarket sector. (4 marks)
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded da ...
Mod 1 notes
The document discusses teleological and deontological theories of ethics as applied to sport, with teleological theories focusing on outcomes and deontological theories on duties and rules. Utilitarianism and egoism are presented as teleological examples, while Kantian ethics and the golden rule represent deontological approaches. The document analyzes how these ethical theories can provide frameworks for evaluating different aspects of sport.
Introduction to ethics (Term 30/11/2012 to 7/4/2013)
This document provides an overview and syllabus for an Introduction to Ethics course at Paññāsāstra University of Cambodia. It includes information about the course lecturer, textbook, and topics that will be covered over the course of the semester. The course aims to provide students a fundamental understanding of major issues in ethics and help answer questions about morality, character, right and wrong actions, and living an examined life. It will examine theories of ethics and virtues, as well as issues of diversity, relativism, and religious ethics. The first chapter will define morality and ethics, and discuss morality in relation to self-interest.
Week 1 p ps
This document provides an introduction to business ethics. It defines ethics, values, and morals and explains that business ethics involves determining right and wrong in business. It discusses several ethical theories including moral relativism, altruism, egoism, and legalism. It notes the importance of ethics in business and challenges of ensuring ethical practices. Students are assigned to create a group presentation summarizing the key concepts from pages 3-13 and present next week.
Pr Ethics
The document discusses various ethical theories and concepts including:
- Aristotle's view of virtue as a mean between extremes and that happiness comes from developing good character through practicing virtues.
- Kant's deontological view that ethics are absolute and based on universal rules like treating people as ends rather than means. Actions must be universally willable.
- Utilitarianism which assesses actions based on their consequences and producing the greatest good for the greatest number. It emphasizes ends over means.
P R Ethics
The document discusses several ethical theories and philosophers, including:
- Aristotle's view of virtue as a mean between extremes and the role of developing good habits and character.
- Kant's deontological view that ethics are absolute and based on universal rules like not lying or stealing, as determined through reason alone.
- Utilitarianism as proposed by Bentham and Mill, where the morality of an action is determined by its consequences and producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
benthamsactutilitarianism-151012092058-lva1-app6892.pdf
The document discusses utilitarianism and Bentham's act utilitarian theory. It provides an overview of key concepts in Bentham's theory, including the principle of utility which states an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Bentham believed happiness was equivalent to pleasure and pain avoidance. His hedonic calculus provided a method to measure pleasure and pain from consequences to determine a morally right action. The document also discusses strengths and weaknesses of Bentham's utilitarian approach.
9.5 Moral TheoriesAll moral claims are grounded in some moral th.docx
9.5 Moral Theories
All moral claims are grounded in some moral theory. It is the nature of such claims that they are based on a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, just and unjust.
The table below lists a handful of the moral theories you are most likely to encounter in ethical arguments today. It’s important to note that each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Moral theories give you general guidelines, but you still usually have to apply moral reasoning in individual cases to test them out. For example, none of these theories explicitly claim that killing is wrong. The theories are more about how you would ground your claim that killing is wrong.
Moral theories are also not mutually exclusive. The argument that killing is wrong could be grounded in all of these theories.
Whether they know it or not, everyone has a moral theory. It is inescapable. Even if their moral theory is that there are no morals, that still represents a moral theory. But not all moral theories are equal—some hold up to critical thinking better than others.
You may see wisdom in all of these perspectives, or you may strongly identify with a single one. Regardless, it's important for you to recognize the potential weaknesses in any moral theory you favor, and it's helpful for you to understand why others find legitimacy in the moral theories they employ.
Theory
Criticisms
Kantian Ethics
· Immanuel Kant put forth the categorical imperative, which states that you should only act on moral principles that you would be willing to turn into universal laws mandating that everyone act the same way.
· This is a version of the question, “How would you like it if everyone did that?”
Any two people who want to get married should be able to.
· This theory is so absolute that it sometimes goes against moral common sense.
It’s wrong to kiss my spouse because I would not like it if everyone kissed my spouse.
Utilitarianism
· The morally right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
· The only thing that matters is the consequences of the action, not the intentions behind the action (the ends justify the means).
· Ignores people’s rights, duties, and intentions.
· Could be used to justify an act that most would consider morally wrong because it inflicts harm on one person unjustly, even if it brings great happiness to many others.
It’s okay to steal money from my neighbor and take my family on a vacation, because then my whole family would be happy, and only my neighbor would be harmed.
Ethical Egoism
· Doing whatever is best for your own interests or would make you happy.
· This is not necessarily the same thing as doing whatever you want in the moment, because that might not be in your best interests in the long term.
· Can be used to justify terrible actions.
Ethical Altruism
· Doing whatever is best for others or would bring the greatest amount of happiness to people besides yourself.
· Some.
Business EthicsSession 2 Business Ethics Theories I
Business Ethics
Session 2: Business Ethics Theories I
Business Ethics Theories
1. Summary of Session I
2. Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
3. Business Ethics Theories (Part I)
4. Discussion: Wiki Leaks
5. Exercise: A Tale of Two Stories
6. The Paradise Papers
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Ethical Decision-Making
What to decide in ambitious/complicated
situations?
What to decide in a dilemma situation?
Ethical theory can help to find a solution.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
• Ethical Theories provides part of the solution when
decisions need to be made in situations where ethics
(right and wrong) play a role.
• Ethical theories provide guidelines.
• Each theory emphasizes different points:
– A different decision-making style, or
– A decision rule – eg to predict the outcome of the
decision and to follow duties to others in order to
reach what the said individual considers to be
ethically correct.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
In order to understand ethical decision-making,
it is important to acknowledge that not everyone makes
decisions in the same way by using exactly the same
information.
To further understand ethical theory, there must be a
common understanding of a common set of goals based
on ethical principles:
• Beneficence
• Least Harm
• Respect for autonomy
• Justice
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Beneficence
– Guides the decision-maker to do what is good and
right.
– « to do good » makes the possible solution to an
ethical dilemma acceptable
– The principle is related to utilty theory (we should
attempt to to generate the largest ration of good
over evil possible in the world.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Least Harm
– As in the case of beneficence, least harm deals
with situations in which no choice seems
beneficial.
– In these cases, decision-makers base their
decisions on doing the least harm to the greater
number of people.
Introduction to Business Ethics Theories
Common set of goals based on ethical principles:
• Respect for autonomy
– This principle states that decision-making should
focus on allowing people to be autonomous – to be
able to make decisions that apply to their lives.
• Justice
– Decision-makers should focus on actions that are
fair to those involved.
Ethical Theories
I. Egoism/ Liberalism
II. Utilitarianism
III. Ethics of Duties/ Deontology/
Kantianism
IV. Natural Rights Theory
Business Ethics Theories
I. Egoism/ Liberalism
Implies that the individual follows his/her long-term interest.
Egoism is not selfishness.
Enlightened self-interest implies that, for example, CSR activities are
sometimes implemented, because they have a positive long-term impact on the
financial performance of a company.
Authors: Plato (470-399 BC), Adam Smith (1723-1790)
The logic of mark ...
ETHICAL THEORIES
Traditionally, normative ethics (also known as moral theory) was the study of what makes actions right and wrong. These theories offered an overarching moral principle one could appeal to in resolving difficult moral decisions.
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Business EthicsSession 2 Business Ethics Theories I
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Ethics in business leadership
- 1. Ethics
- 2. “The objective of studying ethics in the classroom is to broaden the thought process of new entrants to enhance their capacity of making decisions on real time situations.
- 5. How one should define the wrongs and rights on the basis of ethics? Correct? Incorrect?
- 7. When you deal with masses, your professional problems becomes your personal… and your professional decision becomes the outcome of your personal experiences…
- 8. Hard Questions How ideologies shape ethics?
- 9. Ethics for Extremists When one man/woman strongly believe about something that it is right… while rest of world says it is wrong.
- 11. Theories of Ethical System
- 12. Teleological Theory of Ethics Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832) & Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
- 13. Deontological Theory of Ethics German Philosopher Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804)
- 14. Hybrid Theories of Ethical System
- 15. Meta Physics of Morals Home Parent to Child Don’t Argue, Listen! Classroom Teacher to student Don’t Argue, understand! Defense Commander to Soldier Don’t argue, obey! Shop floor Supervisor to worker Don’t argue, work! Office Mange to assistant Don’t argue, Answer! Government Minister to Public Officer Don’t argue, Comply
- 16. Justification of Human Rights
- 18. International Ethical Standard For Business
- 19. Economy
- 21. Ethical Parameters of Business
- 22. Profit
- 23. Control
- 24. Resource Sharing
- 25. Welfare
- 29. Ethics of Human Resource
- 30. Ethics of Sales
- 33. Entrepreneurship
- 34. Scope of Ethics in Entrepreneurship
- 35. Anything begins to go wrong only if you surrender to the forces applied to deter you!
- 37. Jitendra Rajaram (Trainer & Author) www.jitendrarajaram.com Jitendrarajaram @jiendrarajaram www.fb.com/jitendrarverma Jitendrarajaram jitendrarajaram@gmail.com +91-9009036633
- 38. Jitendra Rajaram (Trainer & Author) www.jitendrarajaram.com Jitendrarajaram @jiendrarajaram www.fb.com/jitendrarverma Jitendrarajaram jitendrarajaram@gmail.com +91-9009036633