CHAPTER 2
ETHICAL THEORY
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ETHICS AND NURSINGIt is through the intimacy and trust of the nurse-patient relationship that nurses become critical participants in the process of ethical decision making.By developing a working knowledge of ethical theory, nurses can make clear and consistent decisions.
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PHILOSOPHYThe intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions.It gives coherence to the whole realm of thought and experience and offers principles for deciding what actions and qualities are most worthwhile.It gives shape to what would otherwise be a chaos of thoughts, beliefs, assumptions, values, contradictions, and superstitions.
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MORAL THEORYProvides a framework for cohesive and consistent ethical reasoning and decision making. The best moral theories are part of larger integrated philosophies. Two moral theories having the greatest influence on contemporary bioethics and nursing: utilitarianism and deontology.
MORALS AND ETHICSMoral philosophy is the philosophical discussion of what is considered good or bad, right or wrong, in terms of moral issues.Moral issues are those which are essential, basic, or important and deal with important moral issues.Ethics is a formal process making logical and consistent decisions, based upon moral philosophy.
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ETHICAL THEORIESEthical theories explain values and behavior related to cultural and moral norms.As a morally central health care profession, nursing requires astuteness concerning moral and ethical issues.Professional codes of ethics provide a formal process for applying moral philosophy and ethics.
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NATURALISMRegards ethics as dependent upon nature and psychology.Proposes that nearly all people have a tendency to make similar ethical decisions despite differences in culture.Sympathy is a motivating factor in moral decision making.
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RATIONALISMRationalists believe feelings or perceptions, though they may seem similar in many people, may not actually be similar in all people.Believe there exist universal truths, independent from humans, that can be known through the process of reasoning.
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UTILITARIANISMSometimes called consequentialism, holds that an action is judged as good or bad in relation to the consequence, outcome, or end result that is derived from it.Holds that no action is in itself either good or bad.Mill believed it to be in the spirit of the golden rule, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”
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TYPES OF UTILITARIANISMAct-utilitarianism: people choose actions that will, in a given circumstance, increase the overall good. Allows for different, sometimes opposing, action in different situations.Rule-utilitarianism: people choose rules in all situations that increase the overall good. Rules that maximize happiness and reduce unhappiness.Rules are easy to learn and should be strictly followed.
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DEONTOLOGYDeontology is based upon the idea that rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of ...
This is the course on Medical/clinical ethics presented to the MBE (Master of Bioethics) students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. It includes the main topics only. Please note that the sources of almost all slides are listed as links at the bottom of the slide itself.
Chapter 15Healthcare EthicsLearning Objectives (1 of 2).docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 15
Healthcare Ethics
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
Describe the concepts of ethics and morality.
Describe how an understanding of ethical theories, principles, virtues, and values is helpful in resolving ethical dilemmas.
Explain the relationship between spirituality and religion.
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
Discuss situational ethics and how one’s moral character can change as circumstances change.
Explain how one’s reasoning skills influence the decision-making process.
Discuss the purpose of an ethics committee and its consultative role in the delivery of patient care.
Any Good I Can Do
I expect to pass through the world but once.
Any good therefore that I can do, or any kindness I can show to any creature, let me do it now.
Let me not defer it, for I shall not pass this way again.
—Stephen Grellet, French-American Religious Leader (1773–1855)
Words Are “Tools of Thought”
The following is true of the study of any new subject:
New vocabulary and an understanding of abstract theories and principles of ethics will be necessary.
Such knowledge will arm the decision maker with the information necessary to help make difficult care decisions.
Ethics
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with values relating to human conduct with respect to rightness and wrongness of actions and goodness and badness of motives and ends.
It involves the study of morality, virtues, and values, and how they affect one’s character.
It involves how individuals decide to live within accepted boundaries and how we live in harmony with one another and nature.
Scope of Ethics
Micro-ethics: Individual’s view of right and wrong
Macro-ethics: Global view of right and wrong
Ethics from Various Perspectives
Ethics is used in different but related ways.
Philosophical ethics involves inquiry about ways of life and rules of conduct.
Ethics may also be a general pattern or way of life (e.g., religious ethics).
Ethics may refer to moral codes.
Why Study Ethics?
To recognize healthcare dilemmas
To provide tools for constructive deliberation and conflict resolution
To make sound judgments
To better understand the goodness and badness of motives and ends
Morality
Aim above Morality.
Be not simply good;
be good for something.
—Henry David Thoreau
What Is Morality?
Morality is a code of conduct.
It implies the quality of being in accord with standards of right and good conduct.
It describes a class of rules held by society to govern the conduct of its individual members.
Morals
Ideas about what is right and wrong
Guides to behavior that rational persons put forward for governing their behavior
Moral Judgments (1 of 3)
Judgments concerned with what an individual or group believes to be right or proper behavior in a given situation
Involve assessment of another person’s moral character based on how he or she conforms to moral convictions established by the individual and/or group
Moral Judgments (2 of 3)
Lack of conformity ...
This document discusses key concepts in medical ethics. It defines ethics and moral agents, and discusses particular moralities like a physician's role to provide competent care. It outlines ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. The main ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice are explained. Applications to professional responsibilities, research ethics, and resolving conflicts between principles like beneficence and autonomy are covered. Key terms are defined at the end.
This document provides an overview of healthcare ethics and moral principles. It begins by laying out learning objectives about ethics, morality, ethical theories and dilemmas. It then defines ethics as the study of right and wrong conduct and morality as codes of conduct. It discusses major ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology and situational ethics. It provides examples of ethical dilemmas in healthcare like end of life decisions and allocating scarce resources. The document aims to provide a foundation for applying ethical theories and principles to resolve practical healthcare dilemmas.
Session 1 introduction to ethics convertedsherkamalshah
This document provides an introduction to nursing ethics. It defines key terms like morals, ethics, values, beliefs, and attitudes. It discusses important ethical concepts like ethical dilemmas, principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. It also identifies common nursing ethics dilemmas and discusses the importance and role of ethics in nursing practice.
The document discusses ethics and ethical principles in healthcare. It defines ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with human conduct and behavior. It outlines several key ethical principles for healthcare like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for persons. It also discusses the importance of ethics in healthcare, noting that healthcare workers must make moral judgments and decisions while providing care within legal boundaries. Maintaining professional ethics and codes is important for competent, integrity-based practice in nursing and healthcare.
Medical ethics aims to define right and wrong in medical practice. It draws on ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and situational ethics. Key principles of medical ethics include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and informed consent. Doctors have a duty to treat patients compassionately and respect their rights and privacy. Ethical issues arise when there are conflicts between values or responsibilities. Medical ethics provides frameworks for resolving dilemmas in a fair and just manner.
This is the course on Medical/clinical ethics presented to the MBE (Master of Bioethics) students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. It includes the main topics only. Please note that the sources of almost all slides are listed as links at the bottom of the slide itself.
Chapter 15Healthcare EthicsLearning Objectives (1 of 2).docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 15
Healthcare Ethics
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
Describe the concepts of ethics and morality.
Describe how an understanding of ethical theories, principles, virtues, and values is helpful in resolving ethical dilemmas.
Explain the relationship between spirituality and religion.
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
Discuss situational ethics and how one’s moral character can change as circumstances change.
Explain how one’s reasoning skills influence the decision-making process.
Discuss the purpose of an ethics committee and its consultative role in the delivery of patient care.
Any Good I Can Do
I expect to pass through the world but once.
Any good therefore that I can do, or any kindness I can show to any creature, let me do it now.
Let me not defer it, for I shall not pass this way again.
—Stephen Grellet, French-American Religious Leader (1773–1855)
Words Are “Tools of Thought”
The following is true of the study of any new subject:
New vocabulary and an understanding of abstract theories and principles of ethics will be necessary.
Such knowledge will arm the decision maker with the information necessary to help make difficult care decisions.
Ethics
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with values relating to human conduct with respect to rightness and wrongness of actions and goodness and badness of motives and ends.
It involves the study of morality, virtues, and values, and how they affect one’s character.
It involves how individuals decide to live within accepted boundaries and how we live in harmony with one another and nature.
Scope of Ethics
Micro-ethics: Individual’s view of right and wrong
Macro-ethics: Global view of right and wrong
Ethics from Various Perspectives
Ethics is used in different but related ways.
Philosophical ethics involves inquiry about ways of life and rules of conduct.
Ethics may also be a general pattern or way of life (e.g., religious ethics).
Ethics may refer to moral codes.
Why Study Ethics?
To recognize healthcare dilemmas
To provide tools for constructive deliberation and conflict resolution
To make sound judgments
To better understand the goodness and badness of motives and ends
Morality
Aim above Morality.
Be not simply good;
be good for something.
—Henry David Thoreau
What Is Morality?
Morality is a code of conduct.
It implies the quality of being in accord with standards of right and good conduct.
It describes a class of rules held by society to govern the conduct of its individual members.
Morals
Ideas about what is right and wrong
Guides to behavior that rational persons put forward for governing their behavior
Moral Judgments (1 of 3)
Judgments concerned with what an individual or group believes to be right or proper behavior in a given situation
Involve assessment of another person’s moral character based on how he or she conforms to moral convictions established by the individual and/or group
Moral Judgments (2 of 3)
Lack of conformity ...
This document discusses key concepts in medical ethics. It defines ethics and moral agents, and discusses particular moralities like a physician's role to provide competent care. It outlines ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. The main ethical principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice are explained. Applications to professional responsibilities, research ethics, and resolving conflicts between principles like beneficence and autonomy are covered. Key terms are defined at the end.
This document provides an overview of healthcare ethics and moral principles. It begins by laying out learning objectives about ethics, morality, ethical theories and dilemmas. It then defines ethics as the study of right and wrong conduct and morality as codes of conduct. It discusses major ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology and situational ethics. It provides examples of ethical dilemmas in healthcare like end of life decisions and allocating scarce resources. The document aims to provide a foundation for applying ethical theories and principles to resolve practical healthcare dilemmas.
Session 1 introduction to ethics convertedsherkamalshah
This document provides an introduction to nursing ethics. It defines key terms like morals, ethics, values, beliefs, and attitudes. It discusses important ethical concepts like ethical dilemmas, principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. It also identifies common nursing ethics dilemmas and discusses the importance and role of ethics in nursing practice.
The document discusses ethics and ethical principles in healthcare. It defines ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with human conduct and behavior. It outlines several key ethical principles for healthcare like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for persons. It also discusses the importance of ethics in healthcare, noting that healthcare workers must make moral judgments and decisions while providing care within legal boundaries. Maintaining professional ethics and codes is important for competent, integrity-based practice in nursing and healthcare.
Medical ethics aims to define right and wrong in medical practice. It draws on ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and situational ethics. Key principles of medical ethics include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and informed consent. Doctors have a duty to treat patients compassionately and respect their rights and privacy. Ethical issues arise when there are conflicts between values or responsibilities. Medical ethics provides frameworks for resolving dilemmas in a fair and just manner.
This document discusses several key concepts in nursing ethics including:
- Definitions of ethics and codes of ethics in nursing.
- Ethical principles like respect for persons, autonomy, and beneficence that guide nurses' decisions.
- Common ethical dilemmas nurses face and the importance of ethical decision making.
- Major ethical theories in nursing including teleology, deontology, intuitionism, and caring/agapeistic theories that provide frameworks for understanding ethical issues.
This document defines nursing ethics and discusses several key ethical principles for nurses. It begins by defining ethics as rules that define right and wrong conduct. It then states that nursing ethics concerns activities in nursing and shares principles with medical ethics like beneficence and respect for autonomy, while emphasizing relationships, dignity, and collaborative care. The document goes on to explain several important ethical principles for nurses, including autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, confidentiality, veracity, and accountability. It stresses that nurses must respect patient autonomy, do no harm, help patients meet all their needs, treat all individuals equally, keep promises and responsibilities, keep patient information private, be truthful, and take responsibility for
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholderI Morals & Ethical Pri.docxphilipnelson29183
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholder
I Morals & Ethical Principles
II Ethical Decision Making in Business
(Why good people do bad things)
Greg Smith
Choice of
Ethical
Perspective
Morality:
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
When we make a decision or take an action we can be:
Moral - in compliance with moral standards
key operating questions of management is "is this action or decision fair to us and all stakeholders involved?"
Immoral - in opposition to moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision regardless of what it takes?"
Amoral - without consideration of moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision?"
Nonmoral - outside the sphere of moral concern
Moral standards get confused with:
Law Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional Codes
Religion
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard independent of culture, no universal definition of right or wrong.
polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another
Moral Universalism is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right?
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep
an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Compromise position is Moral Perspectivalism,
the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
*
1. Preconventional Level:
- how we behave as infants & children
- emphasis in decisions is on ourselves
Stage 1 - Reaction to punishment - pain avoidance
Stage 2 - Seeking of rewards - praise, candy, trip to a movie
2. Conventional Level:
- child learns the importance of conforming to norms of society
Stage 3 - Good boy/nice girl morality - rewards such as feelings of warmth, loyalty acceptance from family & peers
Stage 4 - Law and order morality - certain norms are expected in society - individual sees himself as part of a larger social system
3. Postconventional Level:
- a more advanced notion of right or wrong than that which is conventionally articulated
- moral principles are internalized, seen as "right"
- focus is on humanity as a whole
- f.
Introduction to the concept of ethics.pptxRavenMiradora
This document provides an introduction to ethics by exploring several key concepts and topics. It begins by defining ethics as the study of moral principles that guide human behavior. The origin of the word and some definitions are then given. The document outlines several contexts and branches of ethics including global ethics, environmental ethics, and business ethics. It also briefly defines ethical dilemmas. Several major areas of ethics are then explored such as meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Major ethical theories like utilitarianism and deontology are also summarized. The document differentiates between concepts like value and good. It also discusses morals, moral issues in the Philippines, and moral dilemmas and agents. Key terms are concisely defined throughout
The document provides an overview of the content of a course on communication skills and medical ethics. It discusses several units that will be covered, including the philosophical basis and principles of medical ethics. It examines key concepts like ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. It also outlines the four main principles of medical ethics: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. The document delves into philosophical perspectives like Kantian deontology and utilitarianism as put forth by philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It also notes some limitations of utilitarian thinking.
This document provides an overview of medical ethics for second year psychiatry students. It defines ethics and discusses key ethical principles like respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. It also covers ethical theories like utilitarianism, deontology, and ethical decision making models. An example ethical dilemma is presented and walked through the steps of assessing the problem, considering alternatives based on ethical principles, selecting a course of action, implementing it, and evaluating the outcome.
Introduction to ethics. The study of ethics and its principles, including deo...jeandedios1991
This document provides an introduction to ethics, covering key concepts and theories. It defines ethics, morality, norms and values. It discusses approaches like virtue ethics and action-based ethics. It outlines major ethical theories like utilitarianism, deontological ethics and moral relativism. It also differentiates between types of ethical reasoning and situations like moral issues, decisions, judgments and dilemmas. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive overview of the study of ethics.
This document provides an overview of different ethical theories:
1. Utilitarianism determines right and wrong based on outcomes and producing the greatest good for the greatest number. However, it can be difficult to predict consequences and harming minorities is problematic.
2. Deontology uses rules to determine right and wrong, such as not lying or stealing. Actions are defined by intentions rather than consequences. However, rigidly following rules can produce unacceptable results.
3. Virtue ethics examines character rather than actions. It considers traits like temperance and intelligence when evaluating unethical behavior. Advantages include a broader conception of ethics focused on relationships.
4. Relativism deems moral obligations and beliefs
The document discusses several key concepts in healthcare ethics including principles of ethical decision making (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, etc.), approaches to ethical problem solving, and forces ensuring ethics will be important in management decision making. It provides definitions and discussions of concepts like paternalism, justice, veracity and models for ethical decision making. Professionalism in healthcare is said to require striving for excellence in altruism, accountability, excellence, duty, honor and integrity, and respect for others.
This document discusses the theoretical foundations of ethics and morality in nursing. It defines morality and describes moral development as a complex lifelong process. Two major theories of moral development are described: Kohlberg's theory which focuses on justice and rights, and Gilligan's theory which emphasizes care and responsibility. The document also discusses approaches to moral reasoning, including Rest's four component model and various methods for clarifying values when conflicts arise.
The document provides an overview of nursing jurisprudence, ethics, and values. It defines key terms like jurisprudence, ethics, morality, values, and ethical dilemmas. It discusses the Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses and variables that can influence ethical decisions. Nurses may encounter ethical dilemmas and conflicts between personal values and situations requiring certain actions. Critical thinking is important to recognize differences and find ways to deal with value conflicts.
The document provides an overview of nursing jurisprudence, ethics, and values. It defines key terms like jurisprudence, ethics, morality, values, and ethical dilemmas. It discusses the code of ethics for Filipino nurses and variables that affect ethical decision making for nurses. Nurses may encounter conflicts between their personal values and what is required in certain clinical situations.
This document discusses several topics related to human values and professional ethics in engineering, including:
1. It defines key terms like morals, ethics, integrity, and work ethic. It also discusses the need for ethics and different classifications of ethics.
2. It explores various human values like love, truth, right conduct, peace, and non-violence. It discusses foundations and classifications of human values.
3. It describes concepts like civic virtue, respect for others, service learning, and living peacefully as important human values for professionals.
The document discusses ethics from an Islamic perspective. It defines ethics and distinguishes it from morals, noting that ethics refer to external rules while morals are internal principles. It then examines four components of ethical behavior: moral sensitivity, moral judgement, moral motivation, and moral character. For moral judgement, it explains Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development. The document also compares conventional and Islamic views of management, noting that conventional management aims for profit while Islamic management aims to serve Allah. Key differences in objectives, sources, and organizational control are outlined. Finally, the importance of Islamic management is discussed as fulfilling the role of vicegerent, implementing Islam as a way of life, and achieving well-being in this life and
Ethics is concerned with concepts of right and wrong and standards for human conduct. It has three major subdisciplines: metaethics examines the nature of moral judgments, normative ethics develops rules for determining right and wrong action, and applied ethics addresses real-world moral issues. Applied ethics includes fields like healthcare ethics, environmental ethics, and technology ethics that examine moral issues in those domains. Personal and professional ethics guide individuals' decisions and behaviors.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Capture and analyze your feelings in personal moral experiences;
2. compare reasonable and emotional responses;
3. check real-life cases against the 7-step model;
Ethics refers to standards of right and wrong that prescribe how humans should act. These standards are based on virtues like honesty and compassion, as well as rights and obligations. Ethics also involves studying and examining one's moral beliefs and actions. There are several approaches to determining ethical standards, including considering the consequences of actions (utilitarianism), respecting individual rights, fairness and justice, the common good of society, and virtues of good character. While these approaches don't always agree, together they provide a framework for ethical decision making.
The document discusses morals, ethics, and key ethical concepts relevant to nursing. It defines morals as based on religious beliefs and social norms, while ethics refers to the standards and methods of a profession. Key ethical concepts for nursing discussed include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, fidelity, veracity, and rights. Autonomy involves respecting a patient's right to make their own decisions. Beneficence means doing good, while nonmaleficence means avoiding harm. Justice refers to fairness, and fidelity means fulfilling one's responsibilities.
This document provides an introduction to nursing ethics. It defines key terms like ethics, values, morals, and ethical dilemmas. It discusses the importance of ethics in nursing, noting that nurses must respect patients' dignity and rights. The document also outlines the characteristics expected of professional nurses, such as being caring, honest, and maintaining high ethical standards.
Individual Project
Medical Technology
Wed, 9/6/17
Numeric
100
0
4–6 pages not including title page and reference page.
View objectives for this assignment
My Work:
Assignment Description
The use of health information technology (HIT) has increased dramatically over the past decade, resulting in the federal government enacting several pieces of legislation such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009. Continuing to build on your proposal for a healthcare facility from Weeks 1 and 2, you are assigned to research and discuss the following:
Discuss the financial and health benefits that can be realized by implementing an electronic health record (EHR).
Research and explain the estimated cost of implementing an EHR and the estimated cost of managing an EHR over the long run.
Discuss current security concerns surrounding HIT and the EHR.
Discuss how electronic health records can be used for decision-making and problem-solving.
Choose 1 piece of federal legislation (e.g., HIPAA, HITECH Act, Meaningful Use), and discuss the requirements that legislation imposes on the use of HIT and the EHR.
Note:
You must use at least 4 scholarly references.
.
Individual Project
The Post-Watergate Era
Wed, 3/8/17
Numeric
250
0
2-3 pages
View objectives for this assignment
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Reading Assignment
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Online Deliverables:
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Assignment Details
Assignment Description
There’s an old adage that says that history is always written by the winners. Although this is not always the case, it is true that people's sense of historical events is often influenced by the viewpoints of the historians who write about them.
During the Watergate scandal in 1974, many policy pundits wrote columns demanding that President Richard Nixon resign from the presidency because he was, in their view, clearly culpable for the Watergate break-ins. Not all pundits felt this way, however. Click
here
and
here
to read articles that offer differing views of President Nixon at the height of the Watergate scandal.
Complete the following for this assignment:
Step 1:
Summarize the arguments made in each of the two articles regarding the conduct of President Nixon. How might each of the author’s views impact the reader’s understanding of the Watergate crisis?
Step 2:
Describe how the Watergate events changed American views toward politics and politicians. In your view, how did these events change the press coverage of politicians?
Step 3:
Speculate about how the Watergate event coverage might have been different (better or worse) in the age of social media and smartphones. Would it have lasted as long? Why or why not? Are these innovations in technology helpful or harmful to the way that people understand current events?
At least 2 credible sources are required for this assignment. Your sources should be cited using APA format; both in-text citations and references. Please use the CTU Undergraduate Writing Style Guide for assistance on APA formatting.
References
Burch, D. (1974, May 14).
In defense of Richard Nixon
. Retrieved from The Harvard Crimson Web site: http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/5/14/in-defense-of-richard-nixon-pithe/
The Washington Post. (1973, May 1).
Editorial: Watergate: The unfinished business
. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/050173-2.htm
Other Information
Instructor's Comments:
Unit 3 Individual Project Essentials
Due Wednesday, March 8 by 11:59 PM Central Time
2 – 3 pages of content (your writing, not including references, headers, etc. )
Double-spaced, 12 pt font, Times New Roman
2 credible references (in addition to the two articles you must read), so 4 sources in total
In-text citations AND reference list
Summarize the arguments in each article and how they might impact a person’s view of Watergate
Describe how Watergate impacted how politicians and politics are viewed by Americans and how the press report on politicians.
How would Watergate be covered in the age of social media and smartphones?
.
More Related Content
Similar to CHAPTER 2ETHICAL THEORYETHICS AND NURSI
This document discusses several key concepts in nursing ethics including:
- Definitions of ethics and codes of ethics in nursing.
- Ethical principles like respect for persons, autonomy, and beneficence that guide nurses' decisions.
- Common ethical dilemmas nurses face and the importance of ethical decision making.
- Major ethical theories in nursing including teleology, deontology, intuitionism, and caring/agapeistic theories that provide frameworks for understanding ethical issues.
This document defines nursing ethics and discusses several key ethical principles for nurses. It begins by defining ethics as rules that define right and wrong conduct. It then states that nursing ethics concerns activities in nursing and shares principles with medical ethics like beneficence and respect for autonomy, while emphasizing relationships, dignity, and collaborative care. The document goes on to explain several important ethical principles for nurses, including autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, confidentiality, veracity, and accountability. It stresses that nurses must respect patient autonomy, do no harm, help patients meet all their needs, treat all individuals equally, keep promises and responsibilities, keep patient information private, be truthful, and take responsibility for
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholderI Morals & Ethical Pri.docxphilipnelson29183
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholder
I Morals & Ethical Principles
II Ethical Decision Making in Business
(Why good people do bad things)
Greg Smith
Choice of
Ethical
Perspective
Morality:
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
When we make a decision or take an action we can be:
Moral - in compliance with moral standards
key operating questions of management is "is this action or decision fair to us and all stakeholders involved?"
Immoral - in opposition to moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision regardless of what it takes?"
Amoral - without consideration of moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision?"
Nonmoral - outside the sphere of moral concern
Moral standards get confused with:
Law Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional Codes
Religion
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard independent of culture, no universal definition of right or wrong.
polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another
Moral Universalism is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right?
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep
an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Compromise position is Moral Perspectivalism,
the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
*
1. Preconventional Level:
- how we behave as infants & children
- emphasis in decisions is on ourselves
Stage 1 - Reaction to punishment - pain avoidance
Stage 2 - Seeking of rewards - praise, candy, trip to a movie
2. Conventional Level:
- child learns the importance of conforming to norms of society
Stage 3 - Good boy/nice girl morality - rewards such as feelings of warmth, loyalty acceptance from family & peers
Stage 4 - Law and order morality - certain norms are expected in society - individual sees himself as part of a larger social system
3. Postconventional Level:
- a more advanced notion of right or wrong than that which is conventionally articulated
- moral principles are internalized, seen as "right"
- focus is on humanity as a whole
- f.
Introduction to the concept of ethics.pptxRavenMiradora
This document provides an introduction to ethics by exploring several key concepts and topics. It begins by defining ethics as the study of moral principles that guide human behavior. The origin of the word and some definitions are then given. The document outlines several contexts and branches of ethics including global ethics, environmental ethics, and business ethics. It also briefly defines ethical dilemmas. Several major areas of ethics are then explored such as meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Major ethical theories like utilitarianism and deontology are also summarized. The document differentiates between concepts like value and good. It also discusses morals, moral issues in the Philippines, and moral dilemmas and agents. Key terms are concisely defined throughout
The document provides an overview of the content of a course on communication skills and medical ethics. It discusses several units that will be covered, including the philosophical basis and principles of medical ethics. It examines key concepts like ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. It also outlines the four main principles of medical ethics: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. The document delves into philosophical perspectives like Kantian deontology and utilitarianism as put forth by philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It also notes some limitations of utilitarian thinking.
This document provides an overview of medical ethics for second year psychiatry students. It defines ethics and discusses key ethical principles like respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. It also covers ethical theories like utilitarianism, deontology, and ethical decision making models. An example ethical dilemma is presented and walked through the steps of assessing the problem, considering alternatives based on ethical principles, selecting a course of action, implementing it, and evaluating the outcome.
Introduction to ethics. The study of ethics and its principles, including deo...jeandedios1991
This document provides an introduction to ethics, covering key concepts and theories. It defines ethics, morality, norms and values. It discusses approaches like virtue ethics and action-based ethics. It outlines major ethical theories like utilitarianism, deontological ethics and moral relativism. It also differentiates between types of ethical reasoning and situations like moral issues, decisions, judgments and dilemmas. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive overview of the study of ethics.
This document provides an overview of different ethical theories:
1. Utilitarianism determines right and wrong based on outcomes and producing the greatest good for the greatest number. However, it can be difficult to predict consequences and harming minorities is problematic.
2. Deontology uses rules to determine right and wrong, such as not lying or stealing. Actions are defined by intentions rather than consequences. However, rigidly following rules can produce unacceptable results.
3. Virtue ethics examines character rather than actions. It considers traits like temperance and intelligence when evaluating unethical behavior. Advantages include a broader conception of ethics focused on relationships.
4. Relativism deems moral obligations and beliefs
The document discusses several key concepts in healthcare ethics including principles of ethical decision making (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, etc.), approaches to ethical problem solving, and forces ensuring ethics will be important in management decision making. It provides definitions and discussions of concepts like paternalism, justice, veracity and models for ethical decision making. Professionalism in healthcare is said to require striving for excellence in altruism, accountability, excellence, duty, honor and integrity, and respect for others.
This document discusses the theoretical foundations of ethics and morality in nursing. It defines morality and describes moral development as a complex lifelong process. Two major theories of moral development are described: Kohlberg's theory which focuses on justice and rights, and Gilligan's theory which emphasizes care and responsibility. The document also discusses approaches to moral reasoning, including Rest's four component model and various methods for clarifying values when conflicts arise.
The document provides an overview of nursing jurisprudence, ethics, and values. It defines key terms like jurisprudence, ethics, morality, values, and ethical dilemmas. It discusses the Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses and variables that can influence ethical decisions. Nurses may encounter ethical dilemmas and conflicts between personal values and situations requiring certain actions. Critical thinking is important to recognize differences and find ways to deal with value conflicts.
The document provides an overview of nursing jurisprudence, ethics, and values. It defines key terms like jurisprudence, ethics, morality, values, and ethical dilemmas. It discusses the code of ethics for Filipino nurses and variables that affect ethical decision making for nurses. Nurses may encounter conflicts between their personal values and what is required in certain clinical situations.
This document discusses several topics related to human values and professional ethics in engineering, including:
1. It defines key terms like morals, ethics, integrity, and work ethic. It also discusses the need for ethics and different classifications of ethics.
2. It explores various human values like love, truth, right conduct, peace, and non-violence. It discusses foundations and classifications of human values.
3. It describes concepts like civic virtue, respect for others, service learning, and living peacefully as important human values for professionals.
The document discusses ethics from an Islamic perspective. It defines ethics and distinguishes it from morals, noting that ethics refer to external rules while morals are internal principles. It then examines four components of ethical behavior: moral sensitivity, moral judgement, moral motivation, and moral character. For moral judgement, it explains Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development. The document also compares conventional and Islamic views of management, noting that conventional management aims for profit while Islamic management aims to serve Allah. Key differences in objectives, sources, and organizational control are outlined. Finally, the importance of Islamic management is discussed as fulfilling the role of vicegerent, implementing Islam as a way of life, and achieving well-being in this life and
Ethics is concerned with concepts of right and wrong and standards for human conduct. It has three major subdisciplines: metaethics examines the nature of moral judgments, normative ethics develops rules for determining right and wrong action, and applied ethics addresses real-world moral issues. Applied ethics includes fields like healthcare ethics, environmental ethics, and technology ethics that examine moral issues in those domains. Personal and professional ethics guide individuals' decisions and behaviors.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Capture and analyze your feelings in personal moral experiences;
2. compare reasonable and emotional responses;
3. check real-life cases against the 7-step model;
Ethics refers to standards of right and wrong that prescribe how humans should act. These standards are based on virtues like honesty and compassion, as well as rights and obligations. Ethics also involves studying and examining one's moral beliefs and actions. There are several approaches to determining ethical standards, including considering the consequences of actions (utilitarianism), respecting individual rights, fairness and justice, the common good of society, and virtues of good character. While these approaches don't always agree, together they provide a framework for ethical decision making.
The document discusses morals, ethics, and key ethical concepts relevant to nursing. It defines morals as based on religious beliefs and social norms, while ethics refers to the standards and methods of a profession. Key ethical concepts for nursing discussed include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, fidelity, veracity, and rights. Autonomy involves respecting a patient's right to make their own decisions. Beneficence means doing good, while nonmaleficence means avoiding harm. Justice refers to fairness, and fidelity means fulfilling one's responsibilities.
This document provides an introduction to nursing ethics. It defines key terms like ethics, values, morals, and ethical dilemmas. It discusses the importance of ethics in nursing, noting that nurses must respect patients' dignity and rights. The document also outlines the characteristics expected of professional nurses, such as being caring, honest, and maintaining high ethical standards.
Similar to CHAPTER 2ETHICAL THEORYETHICS AND NURSI (20)
Individual Project
Medical Technology
Wed, 9/6/17
Numeric
100
0
4–6 pages not including title page and reference page.
View objectives for this assignment
My Work:
Assignment Description
The use of health information technology (HIT) has increased dramatically over the past decade, resulting in the federal government enacting several pieces of legislation such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009. Continuing to build on your proposal for a healthcare facility from Weeks 1 and 2, you are assigned to research and discuss the following:
Discuss the financial and health benefits that can be realized by implementing an electronic health record (EHR).
Research and explain the estimated cost of implementing an EHR and the estimated cost of managing an EHR over the long run.
Discuss current security concerns surrounding HIT and the EHR.
Discuss how electronic health records can be used for decision-making and problem-solving.
Choose 1 piece of federal legislation (e.g., HIPAA, HITECH Act, Meaningful Use), and discuss the requirements that legislation imposes on the use of HIT and the EHR.
Note:
You must use at least 4 scholarly references.
.
Individual Project
The Post-Watergate Era
Wed, 3/8/17
Numeric
250
0
2-3 pages
View objectives for this assignment
Go To:
Assignment Details
Scenario
Learning Materials
Reading Assignment
My Work:
Online Deliverables:
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Assignment Details
Assignment Description
There’s an old adage that says that history is always written by the winners. Although this is not always the case, it is true that people's sense of historical events is often influenced by the viewpoints of the historians who write about them.
During the Watergate scandal in 1974, many policy pundits wrote columns demanding that President Richard Nixon resign from the presidency because he was, in their view, clearly culpable for the Watergate break-ins. Not all pundits felt this way, however. Click
here
and
here
to read articles that offer differing views of President Nixon at the height of the Watergate scandal.
Complete the following for this assignment:
Step 1:
Summarize the arguments made in each of the two articles regarding the conduct of President Nixon. How might each of the author’s views impact the reader’s understanding of the Watergate crisis?
Step 2:
Describe how the Watergate events changed American views toward politics and politicians. In your view, how did these events change the press coverage of politicians?
Step 3:
Speculate about how the Watergate event coverage might have been different (better or worse) in the age of social media and smartphones. Would it have lasted as long? Why or why not? Are these innovations in technology helpful or harmful to the way that people understand current events?
At least 2 credible sources are required for this assignment. Your sources should be cited using APA format; both in-text citations and references. Please use the CTU Undergraduate Writing Style Guide for assistance on APA formatting.
References
Burch, D. (1974, May 14).
In defense of Richard Nixon
. Retrieved from The Harvard Crimson Web site: http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/5/14/in-defense-of-richard-nixon-pithe/
The Washington Post. (1973, May 1).
Editorial: Watergate: The unfinished business
. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/050173-2.htm
Other Information
Instructor's Comments:
Unit 3 Individual Project Essentials
Due Wednesday, March 8 by 11:59 PM Central Time
2 – 3 pages of content (your writing, not including references, headers, etc. )
Double-spaced, 12 pt font, Times New Roman
2 credible references (in addition to the two articles you must read), so 4 sources in total
In-text citations AND reference list
Summarize the arguments in each article and how they might impact a person’s view of Watergate
Describe how Watergate impacted how politicians and politics are viewed by Americans and how the press report on politicians.
How would Watergate be covered in the age of social media and smartphones?
.
Individual ProjectArticulating the Integrated PlanWed, 31.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Project
Articulating the Integrated Plan
Wed, 3/15/17
Numeric
150
0
See assignment details
Assignment Objectives
Demonstrate understanding of the use of a broad set of digital communication tools.
Determine the use of available tools for integrated marketing on the internet.
Assess which tools should be the most effective for promoting their specific new business ventures.
Create a digital marketing plan for inclusion into the business plan.
Key Assignment Draft
Throughout this course, you have articulated several aspects of marketing your planned new venture. Compile all of your writing and research, and insert it into your business plan framework. This compilation should include the following sections:
Expanded Market Environment
Marketing Mix
Digital Marketing Plan
Social Media Strategy
Financials (adjusted and expanded to account for marketing expense and success)
Be sure to integrate your mission and vision into your marketing plan. Consistency is important to your success.
Add the following sections to your plan:
Digital Marketing Policy (content standards, disclosure requirements, and other standards)
At least 1 of the following:
Philanthropy
People
Participation
Note:
Each section should be no longer than 1,500 words. Depending on the venture marketing approach, the marketing mix and digital marketing strategy documents will vary in length, detail, and complexity. In general terms, most business plan sections should be between 500–1,000 words.
.
Individual Multilingualism Guidelines1)Where did the a.docxEstelaJeffery653
The document provides questions about a study on individual multilingualism. It asks about the location of the study, languages spoken there, the author's argument on bilingual abilities compared to older views, major linguistic patterns at home, an example of code switching by a subject between Spanish and English, and a factor for the continued influence of Spanish vs increased use of English among studied families.
Individual Implementation Strategiesno new messagesObjectives.docxEstelaJeffery653
The document outlines objectives for an additional project management paper describing implementation strategies. It instructs the individual to develop a communication plan, describe required documentation, explain the change control process, and evaluate outsourcing options. The paper should be 3 to 4 additional pages long, incorporate previous feedback, follow APA formatting, and include an updated project plan. The completed assignment should be zipped and submitted.
Individual Refine and Finalize WebsiteDueJul 02View m.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual: Refine and Finalize Website
Due
Jul 02
View more
»
Expand view
Simple web forms can be used for order forms, a subscription to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
Using the course software,
refine
and
finalize
your website by doing the following:
Add a simple web form.
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
Finalize a navigation system between the pages.
Note
: Utilizing the server-side elements offered in the textbook for testing forms is allowable.
Validate
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
Submit
your website files in a compressed (zipped) folder to the Assignment Files tab.
.
Individual Cultural Communication Written Assignment (Worth 20 of .docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Cultural Communication Written Assignment (Worth 20% of Final Grade)
Complete a written paper (on a word document) about your culture. This paper requires correct grammar, punctuation, and APA format.
Requirements:
Use the following questions below as a template and address all questions within your written assignment.
The paper is worth 100 points (20%) of your course grade. A minimum of
Three (3)
references are required. References can come from a refereed journal article, course textbook, and or an Internet source.
You are expected to report on your cultural topic in a Four -Five pages (
Excluding Title and Reference Page
) typed word document. The assignment should be typed out on a Word Document with no larger than size 12 font, font names that should be used, times new roman or
Calabria
(not both), normal margins (no more than 1 inch), double spaced.
The following should be included in your assignment.
Assignment Layout:
1. Title Page:
Student Name (First and Last), Student Panther ID Number and Title
2. Introduction:
Describe what is Cultural Competency
Identify and describe your cultural ancestry. If you have more than one cultural ancestry, chose the one with which you most closely associate.
3. Assignment Content (Body of Paper):
Explore and describe the willingness of individuals in your culture to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas. Can you identify any area of discussion that would be considered taboo?
Explore and describe the practice and meaning of touch in your culture. Include information regarding touch between family members, friends, members of the opposite sex, and health-care providers.
Identify and describe personal spatial and distancing strategies used when communicating with others in your culture. Discuss differences between friends and families versus strangers.
Discuss your culture’s use of eye contact. Include information regarding practices between family members, friends, strangers, and persons of different age groups.
Explore and describe the meaning of gestures and facial expressions in your culture. Do specific gestures or facial expressions have special meanings? How are emotions displayed?
Discuss if there are acceptable ways of standing and greeting people in your culture?
Discuss the prevailing temporal relation of your culture. Is the culture’s
worldview
past, present, or future oriented? Prevailing temporal relations meaning, how do your culture perceive
healthcare
in general. Does your culture utilize certain remedies? Are they more relax about receiving proper
healthcare
? Do they seek a
healthcare
provider if their health is failing? How often they try to seek medical attention?
Discuss the impact of your culture in
healthcare
or within a
healthcare
setting.
4. Conclusion (Closing thoughts):
Discuss your closing thoughts (hypnotically), on how will your culture perceive
healthcare
in the future.
Discuss how being culturally competent will have an effect on you as a f.
Individual Project
The Basic Marketing Plan
Wed, 3/1/17
Numeric
100
0
1,200–1,500 words
Assignment Objectives
Demonstrate understanding of the use of a broad set of digital communication tools.
Determine the use of available tools for integrated marketing on the internet.
Assess which tools should be the most effective for promoting their specific new business ventures.
For this assignment, you will create a marketing mix document with the following 5 sections:
Product:
This section includes features, options, brand name, packaging, and service characteristics.
Price:
This section includes a pricing schedule, discounts, relative pricing, payment terms, and credit.
Place:
This section includes location, channels, in-store, on-shelf locations, on-site locations, and market coverage.
Promotion:
This section includes promoting, public relations (PR), and selling.
People, participation, or philanthropy:
This section includes information of your choosing.
.
Individual ProjectFinancial Procedures in a Health Care Organiza.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Project
Financial Procedures in a Health Care Organization
Wed, 7/26/17
2–3 pages; APA format, no errors. 100% turnitin check. NO Plagerism. On time.
healthinsurance companies provide the majority of the payment for medical services that clinics and physicians deliver. After the care has been delivered, the medical record is reviewed for completeness, codes are applied, and the billing office submits the claim to the insurance company or other third party payer for payment. There are several steps to take when submitting a claim form to the insurance company for reimbursement. The result of a clean claim is proper reimbursement for the services the facility has provided.
Discuss the following:
What does it mean to submit a clean claim?
List all of the information that is important before the claim can be submitted.
Discuss some of the reasons why a claim may be rejected.
State various reasons for the importance of a clean claim submission.
Address the consequences of not submitting a clean claim.
What steps should be taken to check the claim status?
As the practice manager, how would you ensure that the claims process results in clean claim submission and very few claim rejections.
.
Individual Expanded Website PlanView more »Expand view.docxEstelaJeffery653
A site map is a visual diagram that shows how the pages of a website are linked together, similar to an organizational chart. It is recommended to add a site map to a website plan to map out how the different pages will connect and relate to each other. A site map helps plan and organize the structure and flow of a website.
Individual Expanded Website PlanDueJul 02View more .docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual: Expanded Website Plan
Due
Jul 02
View more
»
Expand view
Expand
your website plan.
Select
at least three interactive features that could be added to your site.
Identify
the following:
What purpose would each feature serve for your site and its visitors?
How would you construct these features?
Note
: The form created in the next individual activity, "Individual: Refine and Finalize Website" can be included as one of the interactive features.
.
Individual Communicating to Management Concerning Information Syste.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual: Communicating to Management Concerning Information Systems
Due
Apr 17, 11:59 PM
View more
»
Expand view
Resources:
"Presentation Fundamentals" with Tatiana Kolovou on Lynda.com, Instructions for Completing a Video
Technology managers look for three critical fundamental skills from the IT professions hired today:
The ability to communicate effectively both verbally and in writing across all stakeholder levels
The ability to work in a team
The ability to think critically
You are on your second interview for a position in an Information Services Department. You will be presenting to a group of your peers, so they can see if you have good presentation skills. Your task is to:
Create a presentation containing eight to ten presentation slides including Introduction, Conclusion, and Reference slides.
Include speaker notes with each slide.
Describe one of the following type of systems:
A Transaction Processing System (For example, POS, ATM, Online Ordering)
A Functional Department System (For example, HRIS, Finance, CRM)
An Enterprise Resource Planning System
Describe the components or subsytems of the system and what business function they address.
Identify one vendor or open source solution for the system you chose to describe.
Discuss why you chose this system and how it will affect the overall business functions of the organization.
Note.
Be sure to include supportive graphics and appropriate backgrounds and styles. All references need to adhere to APA guidelines and images should not be copyrighted unless cited properly.
.
Individual Case Analysis-MatavIn max 4 single-spaced total pag.docxEstelaJeffery653
Individual Case Analysis-
Matav
In max 4 single-spaced total pages, please answer the following questions:
What is Matav’s strategy? Has it been successful?
Does Matav have competitive advantages in its domestic market?
Do Matav’s international expansion plans make sense?
If you were a member of the strategy group, what would you recommend to Andras Balogh?
DUE SUNDAY APRIL 2, 2017.
.
Individual Assignment Report Format• Report should contain not m.docxEstelaJeffery653
The report should be no more than 2,000 words excluding certain sections and indicate the total word count at the end. It should use 12-point Arial font, 1.5 line spacing, and be saved in MS Word format with 1-inch margins on all sides of an A4 page. Sources should be listed in a reference page.
Include LOCO api that allows user to key in an address and get the d.docxEstelaJeffery653
Include LOCO api that allows user to key in an address and get the directions on geolocation from their current location to the entered location. Most features that needs to be added is included in the attachment. Basic layout is provided. Application must work on phonegap. Uses only javascript and jquery. Let me know if interested then i will upload the basic layout
.
Include the title, the name of the composer (if known) and of the .docxEstelaJeffery653
Include the title, the name of the composer (if known) and of the performer. Describe the singing style.
Comment on the vocalist’s
breath control and vowel placement. Was there use of chest voice or
falsete
?
Comment on the lyrics (see translations in course reader) . Is the song
defiant, tender, passionate, remorseful, detached? Is there any imagery used? Is there any message? Identify the type of instrumental accompaniment.
required 4 pages
2 pages : track 16,
La Barca de Guaymas (Linda Ronstadt)
2 pages : track 19,
Paloma Negra
(Lola Beltrán)
I have the songs but i can't upload them
.
include as many events as possible to support your explanation of th.docxEstelaJeffery653
The document provides an essay question asking students to explain why historians believe European civilization dominated the world economically, politically, and culturally at the beginning of the 20th century and whether the phrase "a global village" accurately describes the 21st century world. Students are instructed to include as many events as possible and provide details and specifics in their response.
Incorporate the suggestions that were provided by your fellow projec.docxEstelaJeffery653
Incorporate the suggestions that were provided by your fellow project managers into your final
Project Management Plan
.
Finalize your Project Staffing subsection. This will be part of your Human Resource Management section or appendix.
Determine the number of resources that will be provided from within the enterprise and from outside contractors. Explain the reasoning behind the determination of the source for the personnel resources.
Make the necessary adjustments to the budget and the schedule, therefore establishing the baseline for those 2 areas.
An explanation will be required regarding the source of those personnel and why the use of that specific provider is necessary.
Thoroughly review your deliverable for spelling errors and correct word usage, grammar, and formatting.
**Please make sure to complete sections 3.0 (Human Resource Management) and 4.0 (Risk Management) of the Project Management Plan.
.
inal ProjectDUE Jun 25, 2017 1155 PMGrade DetailsGradeNA.docxEstelaJeffery653
inal Project
DUE: Jun 25, 2017 11:55 PM
Grade Details
Grade
N/A
Gradebook Comments
None
Assignment Details
Open Date
May 1, 2017 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
.
include 1page proposal- short introduction to research paper and yo.docxEstelaJeffery653
include: 1page proposal- short introduction to research paper and your intention. 2 page Annotated bibliography - Summary of Books and articles and relationship to your project(at least one book and 2 scholarly articles).
Main htings to consider the concept of ; ethos, building, dwelling and thinking, path.
think about the four elements of the fourfold; earth sky/hoorizon, mortals and divinities.
.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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CHAPTER 2ETHICAL THEORYETHICS AND NURSI
1. CHAPTER 2
ETHICAL THEORY
*
ETHICS AND NURSINGIt is through the intimacy and trust of
the nurse-patient relationship that nurses become critical
participants in the process of ethical decision making.By
developing a working knowledge of ethical theory, nurses can
make clear and consistent decisions.
*
PHILOSOPHYThe intense and critical examination of beliefs
and assumptions.It gives coherence to the whole realm of
thought and experience and offers principles for deciding what
actions and qualities are most worthwhile.It gives shape to what
would otherwise be a chaos of thoughts, beliefs, assumptions,
values, contradictions, and superstitions.
*
2. MORAL THEORYProvides a framework for cohesive and
consistent ethical reasoning and decision making. The best
moral theories are part of larger integrated philosophies. Two
moral theories having the greatest influence on contemporary
bioethics and nursing: utilitarianism and deontology.
MORALS AND ETHICSMoral philosophy is the philosophical
discussion of what is considered good or bad, right or wrong, in
terms of moral issues.Moral issues are those which are
essential, basic, or important and deal with important moral
issues.Ethics is a formal process making logical and consistent
decisions, based upon moral philosophy.
*
ETHICAL THEORIESEthical theories explain values and
behavior related to cultural and moral norms.As a morally
central health care profession, nursing requires astuteness
concerning moral and ethical issues.Professional codes of ethics
provide a formal process for applying moral philosophy and
ethics.
*
3. NATURALISMRegards ethics as dependent upon nature and
psychology.Proposes that nearly all people have a tendency to
make similar ethical decisions despite differences in
culture.Sympathy is a motivating factor in moral decision
making.
*
RATIONALISMRationalists believe feelings or perceptions,
though they may seem similar in many people, may not actually
be similar in all people.Believe there exist universal truths,
independent from humans, that can be known through the
process of reasoning.
*
UTILITARIANISMSometimes called consequentialism, holds
that an action is judged as good or bad in relation to the
consequence, outcome, or end result that is derived from
it.Holds that no action is in itself either good or bad.Mill
believed it to be in the spirit of the golden rule, “Do unto others
as you would have them do unto you.”
*
4. TYPES OF UTILITARIANISMAct-utilitarianism: people choose
actions that will, in a given circumstance, increase the overall
good. Allows for different, sometimes opposing, action in
different situations.Rule-utilitarianism: people choose rules in
all situations that increase the overall good. Rules that
maximize happiness and reduce unhappiness.Rules are easy to
learn and should be strictly followed.
*
DEONTOLOGYDeontology is based upon the idea that
rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the
act, rather than its consequences.Ethical rules are universal, and
humans can derive certain consistent principles to guide
action.Moral rules are absolute and apply to all people.
*
KANTIANISMKantianism is a particular deontological theory
developed by Immanuel Kant.The categorical imperative
assumes that if an action is morally right, it is reasonable to
imagine it as a strict universal law. The practical imperative
requires that one treat others always as an end and never as a
means only.
5. *
VIRTUE ETHICSNo rules or principles. Rather, actions are
based upon a degree of innate moral virtue.A moral virtue is a
character trait that is morally valued.A virtuous person has
consistent moral action and morally appropriate desire and will
naturally choose the morally correct action.
*
FOCAL VIRTUESAlthough people have different character
traits, all have the capacity to learn or cultivate those that are
important to
morality.CompassionDiscernmentTrustworthinessIntegrity
*
COMPASSIONThe ability to imagine oneself in the situation of
anotherAn attitude of active regard for another’s welfare with
an imaginative awareness and emotional response of deep
sympathy
*
6. DISCERNMENTA sensitive insight involving acute judgment
and understanding, and eventuating in decisive actionAllows us
to see appropriate actions in a given situation and requires
sensitivity and attention attuned to the demands of a particular
context
*
TRUSTWORTHINESSA confident belief in and reliance upon
the ability and moral character of another personEntails a
confidence that another will act with the right motives in accord
with moral norms
*
INTEGRITYMoral integrity means soundness, reliability,
wholeness, and an integration of moral character.Refers to our
continuing to follow moral norms over time.One with integrity
has the consistency of convictions, actions, and emotions and is
trustworthy.
*
7. MORAL PARTICULARISM Embraces the uniqueness of
particular cases including the context, culture, situations,
relationships, and individuals involvedRecognizes the need for
rules that allow for exceptions in situations that deviate from
the normRelies on other relevant moral principles for the
starting point of judgment
THINK ABOUT IT AND DISCUSSIdentify specific ethical
codes, including professional codes. What ethical theory is
seen in the code?List virtues you feel are important for nurses
to attain, and describe why you feel they are important.Can
different ethical theories be utilized in making an ethical
decision? Why or why not?
*
Chapter 3
Ethical Principles
*
8. Ethical PrinciplesBasic and obvious moral truths that guide
deliberation and actionPresuppose a basic respect for
personsIncluded in moral theories, although sometimes in
different ways
*
Respect for AutonomyDefinition: self-governingFreedom to
make decisions about issues that affect one’s life free from lies,
restraint, or coercion.
The autonomous personIs respectedIs able to determine personal
goalsHas the capacity to decide upon a plan of actionIs free to
act on choices
*
Think About ItA homeless psychotic man stops his anti-
psychotic medication because it makes him sleepy. How do you
view this man’s autonomy?Are there subtleties of autonomy in
this case?
*
Think About ItIs autonomy good?Should patients be
9. autonomous? How far should autonomy go?Can you reconcile
the concepts of personal autonomy and noncompliance?
*
AutonomyValue of autonomy is culturally dependent.Some
cultures don’t regard all people as of equal value.Some cultures
value social structure over individual rights.Respect for
autonomy does not require respect for all autonomous
decisions.Must uphold respect for self and others who might be
harmed by another’s choices.Respect the principle rather than
each action or choice.
Informed Consent Practical application of the principles of
respect for autonomy.Demonstrates legal protection of personal
autonomy in regard to specific medical treatments and
procedures Contemporary informed consent is a direct outcome
of past research atrocities.
Paternalism and AdvocacyPaternalism: places power in the
hands of the person who is making the decision for the patient.
Implies that the decision maker knows what is best.Advocacy:
ensures the patient’s welfare and respects the patient’s
autonomy because it aims to act according to the patient’s
values.May unwittingly cross from advocacy to paternalism
10. NoncomplianceLack of participation in a regimen that has been
planned by the health care professional but must be carried out
by the patient. Patient must have autonomous participation in
plan formationNurse must assess the patient’s ability to carry
out the planUltimately, choices about health care practices
belong to the patient.
BeneficenceRequires one to act in a way that benefits
others:Do or promote goodPrevent harmRemove evil or harm
*
Do or Promote GoodAsk yourself:How does one decide what is
good?When people disagree, who gets to decide?Should other
ethical principles, such as truthfulness and autonomy, be
violated in the process of doing good?
*
Prevent HarmAsk yourself:In what instances might a nurse be
compelled to prevent harm?How far should a nurse go to
prevent harm?
11. *
Remove Evil or HarmAsk yourself:In what type of situations
would a nurse need to remove harm?What are the risks to the
nurse?What characteristics does a nurse need in order to remove
harm in a difficult situation?
*
NonmaleficenceRequires one to refrain from causing harm,
including:Deliberate harmRisk of harmHarm that occurs during
the performance of beneficial acts
*
Think About ItDoing good often includes causing harm; for
instance, a surgeon might save a life (doing good) by
amputating a limb (causing harm). How does one balance good
and harm?When the outcome is unsure, who decides?
*
12. VeracityDefinition: telling the truthImplies respect for others.Is
required of those who support autonomy of others.Authorities
disagree on the absolute necessity of truth telling in all
instances.
*
ConfidentialityDefinition: nondisclosure of private or secret
information about another personA traditional tenet of nursing
and medical ethicsA legal mandate in nearly all casesIs
sometimes limited by harm and vulnerabilityFlows from respect
for persons and their autonomy
*
JusticeRelates to fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in
light of what is due or owed to personsRecognizes that giving to
some will deny receipt to others who might otherwise have
received these things
*
13. Distributive JusticeApplication of the principle of justice that
focuses on distribution of goods and servicesTo each equallyTo
each according to needTo each according to meritTo each
according to social contributionTo each according to the
person’s rightsTo each according to individual effortTo each as
you would be done byTo each according to the greatest good to
the greatest number
*
Material Rules of
Distributive JusticeSystematic means of deciding such as:Give
to each person equallyGive to those who need it mostGive to
those who deserve it mostGive to those who can pay for itGive
to those who arrive first
*
Use of Material RulesWhich material rule is used when:Private
hospitals turn away indigent patients?Immunizations are given
to all fifth graders?A free clinic accepts only the first 30
patients? Scholarships go to those with low incomes?
*
14. Class DiscussionA patient smells of alcohol and marijuana. She
drove herself to the clinic and admits to beer and a “herbal
remedy” today. She refuses blood and urine tests and demands a
refill of her “nerve” pills. “I’m leaving. Send me my refills in
the mail.”
*
FidelityDefinition: faithfulness and promise keepingNurses
must faithfullyUphold the profession’s code of ethicsPractice
within established scope of practicePractice competentlyKeep
promises to patients
*
Think and DiscussWhat are the ethical principles and
implications?Should the nurse notify security of the potential
hazards of patient endangering self and others?How does the
nurse express fidelity, confidentiality, beneficence,
nonmaleficence, autonomy, respect for persons, veracity, and
justice in this situation?
*
15. Plaintiffs Susan and Larry Oswald have been married for ten
years and are the parents of two healthy sons. During Susan's
third pregnancy, she began experiencing bleeding and painful
cramping just prior to her five-month checkup. At that time, she
was under the care of a family practice physician, defendant
Barry Smith. He ordered an ultrasound test and Susan was then
examined in his office by one of his colleagues, defendant Larry
LeGrand, an obstetrician. Neither the test nor the examination
revealed an explanation for the bleeding and Susan was
instructed to go home and stay off her feet. Later that day,
however, Susan began to bleed heavily. She was taken by
ambulance to defendant Mercy Health Center. The bleeding
eventually stopped, Dr. Smith's further examination failed to
yield a cause of the problem, and Susan was discharged the
following day with directions to take it easy.
The following day, Susan's cramping and bleeding worsened.
Susan thought she was in labor and feared a miscarriage. She
was unable to reach Dr. Smith by telephone and so Larry drove
her to the emergency room at Mercy. There Dr. Christopher
Clark, another physician in association with Smith and
LeGrand, examined her. He advised her there was nothing to be
done and she should go home. Larry was angered by this
response and insisted Susan be admitted to the hospital. Dr.
Clark honored this request and Susan was transferred to the
labor and delivery ward.
In considerable pain and anxious about her pregnancy, Susan's
first contact on the ward was with a nurse who said, "What are
you doing here? The doctor told you to stay home and rest."
Susan felt like "a real pest." A short while later, while attached
to a fetal monitor, Susan was told by another nurse that if she
miscarried it would not be a baby, it would be a "big blob of
blood." Susan was scared.
The next morning, an argument apparently ensued over which
physician was responsible for Susan's care. Standing outside
Susan's room, Dr. Clark yelled, "I don't want to take that
patient. She's not my patient and I am sick and tired of Dr.
16. Smith dumping his case load on me." At the urging of Larry and
a nurse, Dr. Clark apologized to Susan for this outburst. He
assured her that he would care for her until he left for vacation
at noon that day when he was scheduled to go "off call" and Dr.
LeGrand would take over.
Around 9:00 a.m. Susan began experiencing a great deal of pain
that she believed to be labor contractions. Dr. Clark prescribed
Tylenol and scheduled her for an ultrasound and amniocentesis
at 11:00 a.m. By that time, Susan was screaming in pain and
yelling that she was in labor. Dr. Clark arrived in the x-ray
department halfway through the ultrasound procedure and
determined from viewing the sonogram that there was
insufficient fluid in the amniotic sac to perform an
amniocentesis. He told the Oswalds that the situation was
unusual but did not reveal to them his suspicion *637 that there
was an infection in the uterus. He examined Susan abdominally
but did not do a pelvic exam. By all accounts, Susan was
hysterical and insisting she was about to deliver. Dr. Clark
wanted her transferred upstairs for further monitoring. He told
Larry to calm her down. Then he left on vacation,
approximately one-half hour before the end of his scheduled
duty.
Within minutes, Susan began delivering her baby in the hallway
outside the x-ray lab. When Larry lifted the sheet covering
Susan and "saw [his] daughter hanging from her belly" he
kicked open a glass door to get the attention of hospital
personnel. Susan was quickly wheeled to the delivery room
where two nurses delivered her one-pound baby girl at 11:34
a.m.
After visually observing neither a heartbeat nor any respiratory
activity, one of the nurses announced that the baby was
stillborn. The nurse wrapped the infant in a towel and placed
her on an instrument tray. Ten minutes later, Dr. LeGrand
arrived and delivered the placenta. At Susan's request, he
checked the fetus for gender. He made no further examination
of the infant, assuming it to be a nonviable fetus. After assuring
17. himself that Susan was fine, and offering his condolences to the
disappointed parents, he returned to his office.
Meanwhile, Larry called relatives to advise them of the
stillbirth. Upon his return to Susan's room, he touched the
infant's finger. Much to his surprise, his grasp was returned.
Larry told a nurse in attendance that the baby was alive but the
nurse retorted that it was only a "reflex motion." The nurses
subsequently determined that the baby was alive. After having
left her on an instrument tray for nearly half an hour, the nurses
rushed the infant to the neonatal intensive care unit. The infant,
registered on her birth certificate as Natalie Sue, received
comfort support measures until she died about twelve hours
later. Further facts will be detailed as they become pertinent to
the issues on appeal.
III. In January 1987, the Oswalds sued the hospital and doctors
Clark, Smith and LeGrand on theories of negligence, negligent
loss of chance of survival, breach of implied contract and
breach of implied warranty. As to Dr. LeGrand and the hospital,
Oswalds additionally alleged gross negligence. Factually, these
causes of action were premised on violation of the standard of
prenatal care owed to Susan Oswald and alleged negligence in
the examination and treatment of Natalie Sue including failure
to recognize signs of an imminent premature birth, failure to
properly prepare for such delivery, and delaying timely and
vital treatment to the infant upon her birth. The Oswalds
claimed damages for Natalie Sue's lost chance to live, their loss
of society and companionship flowing from Natalie Sue's death,
severe emotional distress and anxiety resulting from the
defendants' negligence in the care of both Susan and Natalie
Sue, and severe emotional distress and mental anguish caused
by witnessing the negligent treatment of their newborn infant.
The parties engaged in substantial discovery and plaintiffs
successfully resisted two motions for summary judgment. In
September 1987, however, the defendants successfully moved to
bar the plaintiffs from offering independent expert testimony on
their malpractice claim due to plaintiffs' failure to designate an
18. expert witness within the 180-day limit prescribed by Iowa
Code section 668.11.[1] Defendants subsequently renewed their
motions for summary judgment, each claiming that plaintiffs'
*638 inability to produce expert testimony at trial would
preclude them from establishing the requisite standard of care
and its alleged breach. Following hearing on the motion, the
district court agreed.
Both before the district court, and now on appeal, the Oswalds
contend that their case comes within the "common knowledge"
exception to the rule requiring expert testimony in medical
malpractice actions. In the alternative, plaintiffs insist that they
can establish the relevant standard of care through the
defendants' admissions against interest, thus obviating the need
for independent expert testimony. They also assert that Iowa
Code section 668.11 is contrary to public policy.
IV. The case boils down to whether the trial court correctly
determined, as a matter of law, that the claims of negligence
surrounding the Oswald family's care and treatment are so
technical in nature as to require expert testimony to establish
the applicable standard of care and its breach. In considering
this question, we think it is useful to divide the case into three
logical components: (1) the professional care and treatme nt
accorded Susan prior to and during her delivery; (2) the
professional care and treatment given Natalie Sue upon her
birth; and (3) the emotional impact of (1) and (2) on Susan and
Larry as expectant parents. Within these categories, we think
the trial court correctly determined that certain conduct of the
physicians and hospital could only be properly challenged
through independent expert testimony, but that the principal
conduct about which plaintiffs complain falls within the
knowledge and experience of the average lay jury.
A. Evidence not within common knowledge. To begin, there is
no evidence in this record that more prompt or heroic efforts to
sustain Natalie Sue's life would have been successful. Such
evidence, if it could be obtained, would be of a technical nature
requiring expert testimony that plaintiffs cannot provide.
19. Plaintiffs are unable, under this record, to rebut the affidavit of
the attending pediatrician, Dr. Charles Winterwood, that stated
"Baby Girl Oswald" was an "extremely immature fetus ... not
sufficiently developed to survive." Neither can they rebut his
opinion that a gestational age of twenty-four weeks is medically
accepted as the earliest point at which infants have been shown
to have any chance of survival. Given this evidence, the trial
court properly dismissed Susan and Larry's claim of emotional
distress flowing from Natalie's lost chance of survival and all of
count II of the petition relating to pecuniary loss sustained by
Natalie's estate as a result of her wrongful death.
Similarly, the record contains no evidence that the doctors' or
hospital's treatment of Susan in any way prompted Susan's
premature delivery or could have, in any way, prevented it.
Such evidence, if it existed, would exceed the ordinary scope of
a layperson's knowledge and would require expert testimony.
Plaintiffs have come forth with no such proof in response to
defendants' motion. The trial court correctly dismissed all of
plaintiffs' claims against the defendants on this ground. Because
this was the only complaint against Dr. Smith, he has been
properly dismissed from the suit.
B. Evidence within the "common knowledge" exception. Beyond
these fundamental treatment issues, however, lie plaintiffs'
claims that the care provided by defendants Clark, LeGrand, and
Mercy Hospital fell below the standard of medical
professionalism understood by laypersons and expected by
them. Into this category fall Nurse Slater's unwelcoming
remarks upon Susan's arrival at the birthing area; Nurse
Gardner's deprecating description of a fetus as a "big blob of
blood"; Dr. Clark's tirade outside Susan's door; Dr. Clark's
insensitivity to Susan's insistence that she was in the final stage
of labor, leaving her in a hysterical state minutes before her
delivery in a hospital corridor while he went off call; Nurse
Flynn's determination that the fetus was stillborn, only to
discover it gasping for breath half-an-hour later; and Dr.
LeGrand's admitted failure to make an independent
20. determination of the viability of the fetus, conceding *639 it
was his obligation to do so. Larry and Susan contend that they
have suffered severe emotional distress as a result of these
alleged breaches of professional conduct.