Ethical & professional issues in epidemiology
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This document discusses several ethical and professional issues in epidemiology. It addresses the importance of legal responsibilities, limitations of practice, and implications of actions for health professionals. It also covers specific issues like outbreak preparedness, research ethics, organ transplantation, bio-banking, immunization, abortion, end of life care, privacy, tuberculosis control, and the ethical challenges of big data and artificial intelligence in health.
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This document provides an overview of infectious disease epidemiology. It begins with a brief history of some major infectious disease outbreaks and their impacts. It then discusses concepts and definitions relevant to infectious disease epidemiology, including reservoirs, modes of transmission, epidemiological triad, and terminology. The document outlines the importance of studying infectious disease epidemiology and highlights current challenges like antimicrobial resistance and emerging/re-emerging pathogens. It also summarizes successes in disease eradication/elimination and the ongoing global burden of infectious diseases.
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Here are the key points to compare the different research methods:
Cross-sectional study:
- Advantages: Quick, easy, low cost, can study multiple factors at once
- Disadvantages: Cannot determine temporal sequence, prone to biases
- Requirements: Representative sample, standardized data collection
Case-control study:
- Advantages: Efficient to study rare diseases, can study multiple exposures
- Disadvantages: Prone to selection and recall biases, uncertain temporal sequence
- Requirements: Clear case definition, appropriate controls matched to cases
Cohort study:
- Advantages: Directly measures risk, establishes temporal sequence
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY
Ecological studies examine the relationship between risk factors and health outcomes across groups or populations rather than individuals. They use aggregate or group-level data that is often already collected. While easy and inexpensive to conduct, ecological studies are prone to bias and ecological fallacy since associations found at the group level may not apply to individuals. They are best used for initial exploratory analyses to generate hypotheses for further research with stronger study designs.
Global disease burden
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Public health deals with preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through organized community efforts. It focuses on groups of people rather than individuals. Key dimensions include health promotion, disease prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. Over time, public health has shifted focus from controlling infectious diseases to addressing chronic conditions and social determinants of health. Major milestones include sanitary reforms in the 19th century, establishing health services in the 20th century, and working towards "Health for All" globally by 2000.
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- Advantages: Quick, easy, low cost, can study multiple factors at once
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Case-control study:
- Advantages: Efficient to study rare diseases, can study multiple exposures
- Disadvantages: Prone to selection and recall biases, uncertain temporal sequence
- Requirements: Clear case definition, appropriate controls matched to cases
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- Advantages: Directly measures risk, establishes temporal sequence
- Disadvantages: Expensive, long follow up needed
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY
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- Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations, and is used to prevent and control health problems. It describes disease patterns and identifies risk factors.
- Epidemiological principles are applied in various areas like clinical research, disease prevention, and health services evaluation. Measurement tools include rates, ratios, and proportions to quantify disease frequency and burden.
- The scope of epidemiology includes measuring mortality, morbidity, disability, births, risk factors, and assessing health needs in populations. Different study designs are used to investigate disease etiology and evaluate interventions.
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Clinical Epidemiology is a vital science for understanding, control and prevention of health and production problems encountered daily be clinicians.
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Basic concepts of epidemiology
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution, patterns, and determinants in populations along with the application of this study to disease control and prevention. It discusses key epidemiological topics like descriptive epidemiology, analytical epidemiology, measures of disease frequency, and types of epidemiological study designs including case-control and cohort studies. The aims and scope of epidemiology are to describe disease burden in populations, identify risk factors, provide data to inform disease prevention and control, and evaluate health interventions.
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This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by outlining the objectives and key terms. It then provides background on how human diseases have changed as humans migrated and civilization developed. The document identifies several potential contributing factors to new diseases emerging, such as population growth, poverty, human behavior changes, and technological advances. It also discusses challenges like antibiotic resistance and how diseases spread through increased population movement and globalization. Finally, it examines the development of global surveillance networks and international agreements to control infectious diseases.
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Public Health policy development in developing countries is addressed by four policy questions:
1. Does the introduction of a health policy at national, international level imply corresponding improvement in the quality of health of a country/population?
2. For effective health systems with efficient outcome: should health related policies be locally/nationally or internationally motivated (initiated)?
3. Should developing countries rely on the West for changes in the health of their population?
4. What is the impact of health policies adopted at the international scene on the health of populations in developing countries?
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This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including SARS, MERS, Nipah virus, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Kyasanur forest disease. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures for each disease. It also discusses definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and factors responsible for their emergence or re-emergence such as rapid population growth, international travel, antibiotic resistance.
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This document provides an overview of epidemiology, including its basic concepts, principles, scope, and measurement tools. Some key points:
- Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations, and is used to prevent and control health problems. It describes disease patterns and identifies risk factors.
- Epidemiological principles are applied in various areas like clinical research, disease prevention, and health services evaluation. Measurement tools include rates, ratios, and proportions to quantify disease frequency and burden.
- The scope of epidemiology includes measuring mortality, morbidity, disability, births, risk factors, and assessing health needs in populations. Different study designs are used to investigate disease etiology and evaluate interventions.
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Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and their
This document provides an overview of clinical epidemiology and genetic epidemiology. Clinical epidemiology is the science of making predictions about individual patients by studying groups of similar patients, and is used to aid clinical decision making. It focuses on applying epidemiological methods to assess screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness. Genetic epidemiology studies the role of genetics in health and disease in families and populations, and the interaction between genetics and environment. Its goals are to discover genetic susceptibility and identify gene-environment interactions. Both fields are used for disease discovery, characterization, prevention and control.
Descriptive epidemiology
Descriptive epidemiology involves observing disease distribution in populations and identifying characteristics associated with disease. It defines the population and disease, then describes disease distribution by time, place and person. Disease occurrence is measured and compared to indices to formulate etiological hypotheses. Descriptive studies define populations and diseases, measure prevalence or incidence, and compare data to generate hypotheses about disease causation and distribution patterns over time, between locations, and among demographic groups. This allows identifying high-risk groups and clues about disease etiology.
Cohort and case-controls studies
This document compares cohort and case-control studies. Cohort studies follow groups forward in time from exposure to outcome, while case-control studies trace backwards from outcome to exposure. Cohort studies are better for studying incidence and natural history, but can be time-consuming and expensive. Case-control studies are efficient but prone to selection and recall bias. Key factors to consider in cohort studies include minimizing selection, information, and loss to follow-up bias. Case-control studies must carefully select cases and controls and address recall and confounding biases.
Principles of epidemiology
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Epidemiological study designs
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Field trial and community trail.pptx
Field trials involve assessing methods or procedures among individuals or groups in real-world settings to reduce disease risk. They can precisely evaluate single variables but require more subjects and are costly. Community trials allocate whole communities to interventions and focus on changing knowledge and attitudes through education. They are helpful for public health decisions but have risks of selection bias and controls receiving interventions. Both aim to test strategies under natural conditions.
Clinical epidemiology
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This document discusses improving how non-drug technologies are appraised in Ontario by revising the decision-making framework. It summarizes work done by various committees and working groups since 2007 to operationalize ethics and social values in the appraisal process. This includes identifying core social values, developing evaluative questions related to equity, patient-centered care and other domains, and proposing a methodology for systematic, evidence-based analysis of ethics and social values issues. The goal is to fully integrate such analyses into the technology appraisal process to make recommendations more responsive to patient and societal considerations.
Nuevas fronteras en cp
This research article examines the ethical dilemmas faced by palliative care physicians through surveys and interviews with 30 palliative care specialists in Mexico.
The study identified 113 common dilemmas, most frequently regarding sedation, home administration of opioids, and institutional regulations. It was observed that truth-telling and bidirectional trust between patients and providers are core to palliative medicine ethics. The most prominent virtues among participants were justice and professional humility. Physicians in palliative care see themselves most importantly as educators and advisers who provide medical assistance.
The research aims to better understand the values that guide decision-making in palliative care in order to improve care for patients at the end of life. It finds rediscovering virtues in clinical practice can
Ethico-moral responsibilities powerpoint
This document discusses the ethico-moral responsibilities of nurses regarding euthanasia. It outlines two end-of-life options: medical aid in dying, where a terminally ill patient self-administers medication to hasten death; and euthanasia, where someone else administers medication to hasten a patient's death. While euthanasia violates nursing ethics, nurses must have end-of-life conversations with patients and be aware of their own values regarding medical aid in dying. The document recommends nurses remain objective, be knowledgeable on the issue, and respect patients' choices and confidentiality.
Beneficence in Nursing practice and Human research
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Ethical & professional issues in epidemiology
- 1. Ethical & Professional Issues In Epidemiology Presented By: Student Of GM, BED & BPH
- 2. Importance of ethical and professional issues 1. Legal responsibilities 2. Limitations of practices 3. Implications of their actions 4. Protection of health professionals, patients, Co-workers, Faculty etc 5. Ethical behavior ensures: quality patient care, positive work relationships, well managed workplace
- 3. Outbreaks and emergencies - Ethical concerns associated with the planning, preparedness and response to future pandemics are important to consider, ensuring that response efforts are not hindered in the event of a pandemic
- 4. Power, Authority & Responsibilities • Professionals power and responsibilities like in PHC of Nepal Medical Officer HA CMA Co- worker SN ANM
- 5. Research and Experimental ethics - Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. - It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and welfare of research participants.
- 6. Human organ and tissue transplantation - Transplantation of human organs and tissues, which saves many lives and restores essential functions for many otherwise untreatable patients, both in developing and developed countries, has been a topic for ethical issues and health care policy-making for more than thirty years. - These issues include the source and manner of organ procurement, as well as the allocation of organs within health systems
- 7. Bio-banking - The collection, storage and dissemination of samples and specimen comes with a set of difficult issues regarding governance and ethical oversight
- 8. Health Systems and Implementation Research The planning and conduct of Health Systems and Implementation Research raise several distinct ethical issues, such as acceptable standards of care especially in control groups, ancillary care responsibilities , and community engagement.
- 9. Immunization Immunization raises a host of challenging ethical questions that researchers, governments, funders, pharmaceutical companies, and communities must confront
- 10. Abortion - The pregnancy must be under 12 weeks of gestation (Female should be above 16 years of age there should not require the permission of her husband). - In case of rape or incent, the pregnancy must be under 18 weeks of gestation
- 11. End of life/ Euthanasia • The act of ending the life of an individual in a patients manner • Individual is usually suffering from a terminal illness
- 12. Privacy of patients - Disease history - Protect patient information's
- 13. Tuberculosis care and control Ethical issues include questions about the equitable distribution of resources, protection of vulnerable groups, respect for patient choice of treatment options and solidarity between communities during outbreaks.
- 14. Big data and artificial intelligence - Big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI) promise great benefit to the practice of medicine and to the health of populations. - At the same time, escalating use of Big Data and AI poses many ethical challenges regarding governance, quality, safety, standards, privacy and data ownership and control.