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Ethical Challenges –
Killer Robots




 (Source :
 Autonomous Military Robotics – Risk, Ethics and Design – US
 Dept. of Navy – Lin, Bekey, Abney, 2008)
 Ronald Arkin – Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous robots
Case Studies
Source: (Ron Arkin: Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots)


  De-militarized Zone at the 38 ̊parallel –
   North and South Korea
  “Apache Rules the Night” – A popular
   video on YouTube that raised alarm on
   Military Ethics
Autonomous Robots
Autonomy (in machines). The capacity to operate in the real-world
environment without any form of external control, once the machine
is activated and at least in some areas of operation, for extended
periods of time.
Robots in Warfare
   By 2010, one third of Air-ware fare
    and by 2015, one third of Ground
    ware-fare would be unmanned
   12,000 robots of nearly two dozen
    varieties already operating in Iraq by
    2008




Source: Terminator Ethics, Thomas
Legal Challenges

 Unclear responsibility – To whom would we
  assign blame and punishment for improper
  conduct and unauthorized harms caused by an
  autonomous robot (whether by error or
  intentional):       the      designers,       robot
  manufacturer,      procurement      officer,  robot
  controller, and field commander, President of the
  United States or the robot itself? :D
 Refusing an order – If an ethical robot detects
  that there are children inside, how would it follow
  the order? Would this extend to human soldiers
  also refusing an order?
 Consent by soldiers to risks – Have they
  considered that robots can make mistake and kill
  them too!
Classification of Weapons in
 Warfare




Source: Terminator Ethics, Thomas
Just- War Challenges
 Attack decisions – LOW and ROE – how
  many decisions on attack can we give to a
  robot! (Critical decisions require eyes on
  target) [Rule of Discrimination]
 Lower barriers for war – using robots can
  increase risk taking and make wars and
  aggressive foreign policies into a normal
  situation – the idea of a just war will become
  a last resort as cost of war may decrease –
  Utilitarian perspective
 Imprecision in LOW and ROE – collateral
  damage and quantifying rules of engagement
Technical Challenges
    Discriminating among targets – It is too
    difficult to design a machine that can
    discriminate between a civilian and a
    combatant
    First-generation problem – Stakes are higher
    if first generation technical glitches occur
    Robots running amok – As depicted in
    science fiction novels and movies!
    Unauthorized overrides – Anyone can hack
    into it!
    Competing ethical frameworks – Which
    theory do we use when there is conflict of
    interest and a mutex is created
   Coordinated attacks – Hierarchy among
    robots
Human-Robot Challenges
  Effect on squad cohesion – Can they
  substitute human soldier bonding and
  cohesion
 Self Defence – Do they have self
  preservation for robots
 Winning hearts and minds
 Comfort     Robots-     Robots   can
  substitute women for pleasure
Societal Challenges
 Counter-tactics in asymmetric wars –
  Better technologies wins future wars
 Proliferation –
  The fear of Robotics Arms race with
  enormous costs
 Space Race
 Technology Dependency
 Civil Security and privacy
Future Challenges
 Co-opting of ethics effort by military for
  justification
 Robot rights
 The precautionary principle
Appendix
Three layer software architecture for autonomous
robots:-
Geneva Convention
 Ref: “Factsheet – Summary of the
  Geneva Conventions of 1949 and
  Their Protocols”
 First, Second, Third, Fourth
  Convention- 3 additional Protocols

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Ethical challenges

  • 1. Ethical Challenges – Killer Robots (Source : Autonomous Military Robotics – Risk, Ethics and Design – US Dept. of Navy – Lin, Bekey, Abney, 2008) Ronald Arkin – Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous robots
  • 2. Case Studies Source: (Ron Arkin: Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots)  De-militarized Zone at the 38 ̊parallel – North and South Korea  “Apache Rules the Night” – A popular video on YouTube that raised alarm on Military Ethics
  • 3. Autonomous Robots Autonomy (in machines). The capacity to operate in the real-world environment without any form of external control, once the machine is activated and at least in some areas of operation, for extended periods of time.
  • 4. Robots in Warfare  By 2010, one third of Air-ware fare and by 2015, one third of Ground ware-fare would be unmanned  12,000 robots of nearly two dozen varieties already operating in Iraq by 2008 Source: Terminator Ethics, Thomas
  • 5. Legal Challenges  Unclear responsibility – To whom would we assign blame and punishment for improper conduct and unauthorized harms caused by an autonomous robot (whether by error or intentional): the designers, robot manufacturer, procurement officer, robot controller, and field commander, President of the United States or the robot itself? :D  Refusing an order – If an ethical robot detects that there are children inside, how would it follow the order? Would this extend to human soldiers also refusing an order?  Consent by soldiers to risks – Have they considered that robots can make mistake and kill them too!
  • 6. Classification of Weapons in Warfare Source: Terminator Ethics, Thomas
  • 7. Just- War Challenges  Attack decisions – LOW and ROE – how many decisions on attack can we give to a robot! (Critical decisions require eyes on target) [Rule of Discrimination]  Lower barriers for war – using robots can increase risk taking and make wars and aggressive foreign policies into a normal situation – the idea of a just war will become a last resort as cost of war may decrease – Utilitarian perspective  Imprecision in LOW and ROE – collateral damage and quantifying rules of engagement
  • 8. Technical Challenges  Discriminating among targets – It is too difficult to design a machine that can discriminate between a civilian and a combatant  First-generation problem – Stakes are higher if first generation technical glitches occur  Robots running amok – As depicted in science fiction novels and movies!  Unauthorized overrides – Anyone can hack into it!  Competing ethical frameworks – Which theory do we use when there is conflict of interest and a mutex is created  Coordinated attacks – Hierarchy among robots
  • 9. Human-Robot Challenges  Effect on squad cohesion – Can they substitute human soldier bonding and cohesion  Self Defence – Do they have self preservation for robots  Winning hearts and minds  Comfort Robots- Robots can substitute women for pleasure
  • 10. Societal Challenges  Counter-tactics in asymmetric wars – Better technologies wins future wars  Proliferation – The fear of Robotics Arms race with enormous costs  Space Race  Technology Dependency  Civil Security and privacy
  • 11. Future Challenges  Co-opting of ethics effort by military for justification  Robot rights  The precautionary principle
  • 12. Appendix Three layer software architecture for autonomous robots:-
  • 13. Geneva Convention  Ref: “Factsheet – Summary of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Their Protocols”  First, Second, Third, Fourth Convention- 3 additional Protocols