Ethereum and Its Challenges
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This document discusses Ethereum and some of its key features and challenges. It begins by explaining that Ethereum allows for persistent accounts that can be controlled by humans or smart contracts. It then discusses how smart contracts enable any computation to theoretically be done, though in practice there are gas limits and constraints on block validation times. The document notes several problems Ethereum has faced, including errors in smart contracts that lost funds and spam attacks. It also discusses attacks in late 2016 related to mispriced instructions and concerns about heavy validation loads as the number of accounts grows. Overall, the document provides an overview of Ethereum while also raising several issues and open questions about its security and scalability.
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Ethereum and Its Challenges
- 2. Bitcoin: Cryptographically Protected Money pubkey_A
- 4. Bitcoin Script: P2PK Output script (proposition): OP_CHECKSIG Input script (proof): <sig> <pubkey>
- 5. Bitcoin Script: P2PKH Output script (proposition): OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG Input script (proof): <sig> <pubkey>
- 7. Ethereum: ● Persistent accounts ● Account can be human-controlled or contract-controlled ● Simple validation of a transaction (ECDSA signature validation) ● A transaction can create a contract or send message to a contract (+ tokens)
- 9. Ethereum: ● Theoretically, any computation can be done ● Practically, no, as there’s strict limit on block validation time ● So computations to be paid (“gas”) ● Also, gas limit per blocks
- 11. Ethereum “Decentralized World Computer” => “Replicated Programmable Calculator”
- 12. Ethereum Problems: ● It is easy to make errors: DAO (~$150M) и другие ● Spam attacks ● Harder verifiers’ dilemma ● Hard to say whether your code will work (Ambisafe case, Autumn 2016)
- 13. Autumn 2016 Attacks ● Mispriced instructions ● Creating account for very cheap ● Spam attacks targeting secondary-storage
- 14. Dark Side of a Cryptocurrency:
- 15. Dark Side of a Cryptocurrency: ● Bitcoin: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/CVE-2013-2293 ● Ethereum: with 18M accounts validation was very slow (validation state was too big to reside in RAM) ● Zero-value accounts were removed with the help of a hard- fork ● Now Ethereum has 4.22 million accounts, when we’ll get into heavy validation problem again?
- 16. More About Attacks ● https://www.bokconsulting.com.au/blog/ethereum-network-attacke rs-ip-address-is-traceable/ ● Most of blocks during attacks were empty
- 17. Blockchain Bloat
- 18. Fast Blocks
- 19. GHOST? ● Sompolinsky & Zohar “Accelerating Bitcoin's Transaction Processing Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains” ● Ethereum doesn’t really use GHOST, only GHOST-like rewards ● Even GHOST itself is debatable: Kiayias & Panagiotakos “On Trees, Chains and Fast Transactions in the Blockchain”
- 20. Bootstrapping ● No one is using full-node bootstrapping ● Headers-chain, then validation state snapshot from some time ago, then full blocks after it ● No security proof published (but we’re going to do that)