Setting up an Ebola Treatment Centre (ETC) requires careful planning and design to mitigate the risk of infection. Key requirements include:
1) Locating the ETC near existing health facilities for easier patient triage and laboratory access.
2) Designing separate areas for suspect and confirmed patients, with strict controls on staff and patient flow to prevent cross-contamination.
3) Ensuring adequate water, sanitation and waste management facilities as well as personal protective equipment for staff.
4) Establishing a Rapid Response Team of medical staff to oversee operations and ensure all services meet safety standards for both staff and patients.
This document provides guidelines for resuming business operations post-lockdown by ensuring safety measures like social distancing, proper sanitization, and establishing norms. It recommends strategies for social distancing at entrances, elevators, cafeterias, and other common areas. It also provides guidance on sanitizing high-touch surfaces, improving ventilation, managing waste, and the use of the Aarogya Setu app to help curb the spread of COVID-19 after reopening facilities. The safety and hygiene of internal and external customers will remain a top priority as organizations restart operations.
The document discusses the key functions and design considerations for a hospital mortuary. It notes that a mortuary is important for preserving bodies for forensic investigation and allowing identification. Key areas of a mortuary include storage chambers, an autopsy room treated like an operating theater, facilities for handling bodies, and administrative spaces. Design priorities include ventilation, drainage, and segregation from patient areas. The mortuary aims to respectfully care for the deceased while facilitating medical examination and handling until final disposal.
The document discusses health and safety risks in a mortuary environment. It identifies potential biological hazards from human remains including bacteria, infectious spores, and chemical residues. Pathogens can be transmitted through air, direct contact, or mucous membranes. The document provides guidelines for proper personal protective equipment, hygiene practices, illness prevention through vaccinations, safe preparation and storage of remains, and equipment handling to reduce health and safety risks for mortuary workers.
This document provides information on the departments, norms, and infrastructure requirements for a hospital library study. It includes sections on departments like OPD, IPD, emergency, labs, ICU, and mortuary. It also discusses areas in the hospital, services, water supply, waste management, sanitation, housekeeping, fire protection, and maintenance. Specific requirements are outlined for circulation, staircases, ramps, firefighting installations, waste management, electrical systems, HVAC, ventilation, and water supply. Departments covered include cardiology, ophthalmology, dermatology, and others.
The document provides information about mortuary services at Sanjeevani Hospital in Jaipur, India. It includes a list of mortuary staff, an introduction on the functions of mortuaries and morgues, and the importance of well-planned mortuary facilities. The document then describes the proposed layout, physical facilities, staffing, equipment, and policies and procedures for the mortuary at Sanjeevani Hospital. It also summarizes two research papers on occupational health hazards of mortuary workers and serious incidents occurring after patient death.
The document discusses infection prevention (IP) practices. It outlines two main aims of IP principles: to reduce infection transmission to patients and protect healthcare providers. Universal precautions are the minimum level of IP required in all healthcare settings. These include good hygiene, safe handling of sharps, cleaning, cleanliness, and waste disposal. Handwashing is emphasized as the most important way to reduce infection spread. Proper use of gloves, goggles, masks and aprons during procedures is also discussed. The document provides guidance on processing soiled instruments, which involves decontamination, cleaning, and sterilization or high-level disinfection.
This document provides guidelines for resuming business operations post-lockdown by ensuring safety measures like social distancing, proper sanitization, and establishing norms. It recommends strategies for social distancing at entrances, elevators, cafeterias, and other common areas. It also provides guidance on sanitizing high-touch surfaces, improving ventilation, managing waste, and the use of the Aarogya Setu app to help curb the spread of COVID-19 after reopening facilities. The safety and hygiene of internal and external customers will remain a top priority as organizations restart operations.
The document discusses the key functions and design considerations for a hospital mortuary. It notes that a mortuary is important for preserving bodies for forensic investigation and allowing identification. Key areas of a mortuary include storage chambers, an autopsy room treated like an operating theater, facilities for handling bodies, and administrative spaces. Design priorities include ventilation, drainage, and segregation from patient areas. The mortuary aims to respectfully care for the deceased while facilitating medical examination and handling until final disposal.
The document discusses health and safety risks in a mortuary environment. It identifies potential biological hazards from human remains including bacteria, infectious spores, and chemical residues. Pathogens can be transmitted through air, direct contact, or mucous membranes. The document provides guidelines for proper personal protective equipment, hygiene practices, illness prevention through vaccinations, safe preparation and storage of remains, and equipment handling to reduce health and safety risks for mortuary workers.
This document provides information on the departments, norms, and infrastructure requirements for a hospital library study. It includes sections on departments like OPD, IPD, emergency, labs, ICU, and mortuary. It also discusses areas in the hospital, services, water supply, waste management, sanitation, housekeeping, fire protection, and maintenance. Specific requirements are outlined for circulation, staircases, ramps, firefighting installations, waste management, electrical systems, HVAC, ventilation, and water supply. Departments covered include cardiology, ophthalmology, dermatology, and others.
The document provides information about mortuary services at Sanjeevani Hospital in Jaipur, India. It includes a list of mortuary staff, an introduction on the functions of mortuaries and morgues, and the importance of well-planned mortuary facilities. The document then describes the proposed layout, physical facilities, staffing, equipment, and policies and procedures for the mortuary at Sanjeevani Hospital. It also summarizes two research papers on occupational health hazards of mortuary workers and serious incidents occurring after patient death.
The document discusses infection prevention (IP) practices. It outlines two main aims of IP principles: to reduce infection transmission to patients and protect healthcare providers. Universal precautions are the minimum level of IP required in all healthcare settings. These include good hygiene, safe handling of sharps, cleaning, cleanliness, and waste disposal. Handwashing is emphasized as the most important way to reduce infection spread. Proper use of gloves, goggles, masks and aprons during procedures is also discussed. The document provides guidance on processing soiled instruments, which involves decontamination, cleaning, and sterilization or high-level disinfection.
The document summarizes the key planning and design considerations for an emergency department. It outlines the major functional areas that should be included like triage, treatment areas, and diagnostic spaces. It describes optimal patient flows through signage and separate entrances. Key locational factors are discussed like being ground level with direct access to important inpatient units. Detailed requirements are provided for treatment spaces, equipment, and environmental factors.
The document provides information on the administration and management of a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). It discusses the purposes of a PICU, including providing specialized care for critically ill children and continuing education. It also outlines recommendations for the design of a PICU, including having 8 beds, adequate space around each bed for procedures, direct visibility from the nursing station, and crash cart accessibility. Proper unit design takes patient volume and available services into account.
Terminologies of Community Health Centre NIKITA SHARMA
This document provides information on the different zones and areas within a community health center (CHC). It begins by defining a CHC as a community-based healthcare organization that serves populations with limited access to care. It then outlines 7 main zones within a CHC - the entrance zone, administrative zone, diagnostic zone, intermediate zone, critical zone, service zone, and ambulatory zone. For each zone, it describes the different rooms and functions housed in that area. It also provides definitions of common medical terms like outpatient, inpatient, and nursing station. Overall, the document serves as a guide for understanding the layout and organization of spaces within a CHC.
Cleaning and disinfection waste management disposalGerinorth
This document summarizes best practices for infection control related to waste management, cleaning and disinfection, sharps management, and linen management in a nursing home setting. The key points covered include:
- Proper segregation of waste types and use of color-coded bags and bins for hazardous, infectious, and general waste.
- Cleaning and disinfection techniques including types of cleaning, frequency of routine cleaning for high-touch and low-touch areas, and steps for terminal cleaning.
- Safe practices for sharps disposal and management of needlestick injuries.
- Segregation of clean, used, soiled and infectious linen and proper handling, transportation, and storage.
2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL INFECTION RISKS AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES.pptRehmat18
This document discusses environmental infection risks and prevention strategies in healthcare facilities. It covers principles of facility design including traffic flow, ventilation, and separating clean and dirty areas. It also discusses cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and equipment, with a focus on high-touch areas. Proper handling and laundering of reusable textiles is emphasized to prevent transmission of infections.
The engineer's secrets for prevention of hospital acquired infectionsLallu Joseph
Engineering controls to be put in place in hospitals to prevent hospital acquired infections- HAI
Areas covered- Hand Hygiene Infrastructure, Reprocessing, Environmental Controls, Isolation Rooms, Operating Rooms, CSSD, Emergency Rooms, ICRA,
This document provides guidelines for maintaining a sterile environment in an operating theatre (OT) to prevent surgical site infections. It outlines policies for OT staff dress code and conduct, including proper hand hygiene and restricting access. The OT layout separates zones by sterility. Cleaning procedures are described for daily cleaning between surgeries, deep weekly cleaning, and handling soiled equipment and laundry. Standard infection control precautions like proper disinfectant use and spills management are also covered.
Project Management- Hospital and Healthcare Management NaheedaFatimaKhan
Planning 25 bed hospital in an emergency to be used as an isolation facility for patients of covid-19 in a rural area.
Elaboration for staffing and other requirements
This document discusses infection control in the operating room and burn unit. It outlines the basic principles of operating room environment including design, traffic patterns, and divisions. It emphasizes maintaining cleanliness, proper airflow, and minimizing traffic. Guidelines are provided for staff attire and conduct, handling infectious patients, and environmental cleaning. Definitions of burn wound infections are given and sites of environmental contamination in burn units are identified. Modes of transmission and patient susceptibility factors are discussed.
This document provides guidance for care homes on changing the environment to prevent transmission of COVID-19 infections. It recommends identifying areas for donning and doffing PPE, increasing cleaning of frequently touched surfaces, and cleaning rooms of COVID-19 residents last using disposable cloths and mop heads. For residents who have died from COVID-19, it advises cleaning all surfaces thoroughly, including mattresses and fabrics, and properly disposing of waste and laundering linen. Staff are instructed to change uniforms daily and wash hands before and after work. Useful contacts for public health authorities and the NHS are also listed.
IC in ICU.pdf infections in icu and how to deal with it perfectlyswiftkeys339
This document discusses infection control in the ICU. It outlines several factors that increase patients' risk of infection, including therapeutic interventions, host factors like compromised immune systems, and environmental issues. To reduce risk, it recommends measures related to host factors like proper isolation and antibiotic use. It also suggests improving therapeutic practices through antibiotic stewardship, medical/surgical asepsis, and medication preparation. Additionally, it advises environmental strategies like ensuring proper ICU design with adequate space, traffic flow, and ventilation; regularly cleaning patient equipment and the environment; and maintaining appropriate liquid container hygiene. The goal is to break the chain of infection through multidisciplinary preventative measures.
The document outlines the organization and personnel roles in the operating room (OR). It discusses the physical areas of the OR including design, equipment, and traffic flow. It describes the roles of the sterile team including the surgeon, assistants, and scrub nurse who maintain the sterile field. The roles of the unsterile team including the anesthesia provider and circulating nurse who prepare supplies and equipment are also outlined. Specific responsibilities for each role in pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative periods are provided. Item counts are performed before and after procedures for patient and personnel safety.
This module is designed for BSc Nursing students to foster opportunity to learn the core fundamental concepts nursing by applying the basic and advanced nursing care of clients operating room (OR). The module describes the core nursing care of clients in pre, Intra and post-operative room. The module also enables learners with adequate knowledge, skill and attitude required to apply in pre, Intra and post-operative room care for patients using nursing process as a framework.
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND INFECTION PREVENTION-Biomedical waste management is a systematic process .
Depending on the category of waste, according to the policy and planning of BMWM of a healthcare setting-the treatment, destruction and disposal method, many methods are adopted to treat and destroy or dispose of BMW-onsite or offsite.
Disinfection-The aim of disinfection is to eliminate microorganisms or at least reduce their numbers to a satisfactory level.
Chemical treatment: The types of chemicals used for disinfection of health-care waste are mostly aldehydes, chlorine compounds, sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, ammonium salts and phenolic compounds.
On-Site Biomedical Waste Disposal
Autoclave:
Microbiological and biotechnological waste, waste sharps, soiled and solid wastes are treated in an autoclave.
It is ideal for treating all infectious waste (except anatomical and cytotoxic waste) even bulk liquid and pathological.
Hydroclave- It is an advanced autoclave with consistently high sterility and much more uniform heat penetration.
Microwave treatment: Microwave of the frequency of about 2450 MHz are used to decontaminate medical waste.
The waste to be treated must be humid as in presence of moisture, microwaves penetrate and sterilize the material.
This document discusses the planning and design considerations for hospital wards. It describes different ward layout designs including open hall, bay, and linear designs. The linear design with nursing stations in the center and beds on either side is described as the most suitable layout, as it allows nurses to easily monitor all patients while working from the central nursing station. Key considerations for ward design include the size and facilities required per bed, as well as ensuring adequate space for patient care and staff work areas.
The Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) is responsible for receiving, processing, sterilizing, storing, and distributing medical equipment and supplies. It aims to provide safe sterile supplies and reduce hospital-acquired infections. CSSD developed from the need for aseptic techniques after the discovery of microorganisms. It has specific areas for receiving, cleaning, sterilizing, storing and distributing supplies following a one-way workflow. CSSD uses various sterilization methods like heat, ETO, radiation and chemicals depending on the item to be sterilized. Regular bacteriological testing of sterilizers is done to ensure sterility.
The document discusses layouts and design considerations for operating theaters (OTs) and intensive care units (ICUs). It describes the ideal size, zoning, and facilities for OTs such as scrub areas, lighting, ventilation etc. Different types of OTs like hybrid, integrated and digital ORs are explained. ICU layouts aim to provide specialized care and monitoring of critically ill patients. Design features like positive pressure systems and laminar airflow are recommended for infection control in clinical areas like OTs and ICUs.
1) A hospital provides specialized health care through staff and equipment divided into operational areas.
2) Functional planning norms divide hospitals into categories based on bed count, with guidelines for treatment rooms, wards, and other spaces.
3) Key areas include outpatient departments, inpatient wards, emergency, radiology, operating theaters, and intensive care, each with their own space and connectivity needs to support patient care.
The document summarizes the key planning and design considerations for an emergency department. It outlines the major functional areas that should be included like triage, treatment areas, and diagnostic spaces. It describes optimal patient flows through signage and separate entrances. Key locational factors are discussed like being ground level with direct access to important inpatient units. Detailed requirements are provided for treatment spaces, equipment, and environmental factors.
The document provides information on the administration and management of a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). It discusses the purposes of a PICU, including providing specialized care for critically ill children and continuing education. It also outlines recommendations for the design of a PICU, including having 8 beds, adequate space around each bed for procedures, direct visibility from the nursing station, and crash cart accessibility. Proper unit design takes patient volume and available services into account.
Terminologies of Community Health Centre NIKITA SHARMA
This document provides information on the different zones and areas within a community health center (CHC). It begins by defining a CHC as a community-based healthcare organization that serves populations with limited access to care. It then outlines 7 main zones within a CHC - the entrance zone, administrative zone, diagnostic zone, intermediate zone, critical zone, service zone, and ambulatory zone. For each zone, it describes the different rooms and functions housed in that area. It also provides definitions of common medical terms like outpatient, inpatient, and nursing station. Overall, the document serves as a guide for understanding the layout and organization of spaces within a CHC.
Cleaning and disinfection waste management disposalGerinorth
This document summarizes best practices for infection control related to waste management, cleaning and disinfection, sharps management, and linen management in a nursing home setting. The key points covered include:
- Proper segregation of waste types and use of color-coded bags and bins for hazardous, infectious, and general waste.
- Cleaning and disinfection techniques including types of cleaning, frequency of routine cleaning for high-touch and low-touch areas, and steps for terminal cleaning.
- Safe practices for sharps disposal and management of needlestick injuries.
- Segregation of clean, used, soiled and infectious linen and proper handling, transportation, and storage.
2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL INFECTION RISKS AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES.pptRehmat18
This document discusses environmental infection risks and prevention strategies in healthcare facilities. It covers principles of facility design including traffic flow, ventilation, and separating clean and dirty areas. It also discusses cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and equipment, with a focus on high-touch areas. Proper handling and laundering of reusable textiles is emphasized to prevent transmission of infections.
The engineer's secrets for prevention of hospital acquired infectionsLallu Joseph
Engineering controls to be put in place in hospitals to prevent hospital acquired infections- HAI
Areas covered- Hand Hygiene Infrastructure, Reprocessing, Environmental Controls, Isolation Rooms, Operating Rooms, CSSD, Emergency Rooms, ICRA,
This document provides guidelines for maintaining a sterile environment in an operating theatre (OT) to prevent surgical site infections. It outlines policies for OT staff dress code and conduct, including proper hand hygiene and restricting access. The OT layout separates zones by sterility. Cleaning procedures are described for daily cleaning between surgeries, deep weekly cleaning, and handling soiled equipment and laundry. Standard infection control precautions like proper disinfectant use and spills management are also covered.
Project Management- Hospital and Healthcare Management NaheedaFatimaKhan
Planning 25 bed hospital in an emergency to be used as an isolation facility for patients of covid-19 in a rural area.
Elaboration for staffing and other requirements
This document discusses infection control in the operating room and burn unit. It outlines the basic principles of operating room environment including design, traffic patterns, and divisions. It emphasizes maintaining cleanliness, proper airflow, and minimizing traffic. Guidelines are provided for staff attire and conduct, handling infectious patients, and environmental cleaning. Definitions of burn wound infections are given and sites of environmental contamination in burn units are identified. Modes of transmission and patient susceptibility factors are discussed.
This document provides guidance for care homes on changing the environment to prevent transmission of COVID-19 infections. It recommends identifying areas for donning and doffing PPE, increasing cleaning of frequently touched surfaces, and cleaning rooms of COVID-19 residents last using disposable cloths and mop heads. For residents who have died from COVID-19, it advises cleaning all surfaces thoroughly, including mattresses and fabrics, and properly disposing of waste and laundering linen. Staff are instructed to change uniforms daily and wash hands before and after work. Useful contacts for public health authorities and the NHS are also listed.
IC in ICU.pdf infections in icu and how to deal with it perfectlyswiftkeys339
This document discusses infection control in the ICU. It outlines several factors that increase patients' risk of infection, including therapeutic interventions, host factors like compromised immune systems, and environmental issues. To reduce risk, it recommends measures related to host factors like proper isolation and antibiotic use. It also suggests improving therapeutic practices through antibiotic stewardship, medical/surgical asepsis, and medication preparation. Additionally, it advises environmental strategies like ensuring proper ICU design with adequate space, traffic flow, and ventilation; regularly cleaning patient equipment and the environment; and maintaining appropriate liquid container hygiene. The goal is to break the chain of infection through multidisciplinary preventative measures.
The document outlines the organization and personnel roles in the operating room (OR). It discusses the physical areas of the OR including design, equipment, and traffic flow. It describes the roles of the sterile team including the surgeon, assistants, and scrub nurse who maintain the sterile field. The roles of the unsterile team including the anesthesia provider and circulating nurse who prepare supplies and equipment are also outlined. Specific responsibilities for each role in pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative periods are provided. Item counts are performed before and after procedures for patient and personnel safety.
This module is designed for BSc Nursing students to foster opportunity to learn the core fundamental concepts nursing by applying the basic and advanced nursing care of clients operating room (OR). The module describes the core nursing care of clients in pre, Intra and post-operative room. The module also enables learners with adequate knowledge, skill and attitude required to apply in pre, Intra and post-operative room care for patients using nursing process as a framework.
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND INFECTION PREVENTION-Biomedical waste management is a systematic process .
Depending on the category of waste, according to the policy and planning of BMWM of a healthcare setting-the treatment, destruction and disposal method, many methods are adopted to treat and destroy or dispose of BMW-onsite or offsite.
Disinfection-The aim of disinfection is to eliminate microorganisms or at least reduce their numbers to a satisfactory level.
Chemical treatment: The types of chemicals used for disinfection of health-care waste are mostly aldehydes, chlorine compounds, sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, ammonium salts and phenolic compounds.
On-Site Biomedical Waste Disposal
Autoclave:
Microbiological and biotechnological waste, waste sharps, soiled and solid wastes are treated in an autoclave.
It is ideal for treating all infectious waste (except anatomical and cytotoxic waste) even bulk liquid and pathological.
Hydroclave- It is an advanced autoclave with consistently high sterility and much more uniform heat penetration.
Microwave treatment: Microwave of the frequency of about 2450 MHz are used to decontaminate medical waste.
The waste to be treated must be humid as in presence of moisture, microwaves penetrate and sterilize the material.
This document discusses the planning and design considerations for hospital wards. It describes different ward layout designs including open hall, bay, and linear designs. The linear design with nursing stations in the center and beds on either side is described as the most suitable layout, as it allows nurses to easily monitor all patients while working from the central nursing station. Key considerations for ward design include the size and facilities required per bed, as well as ensuring adequate space for patient care and staff work areas.
The Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) is responsible for receiving, processing, sterilizing, storing, and distributing medical equipment and supplies. It aims to provide safe sterile supplies and reduce hospital-acquired infections. CSSD developed from the need for aseptic techniques after the discovery of microorganisms. It has specific areas for receiving, cleaning, sterilizing, storing and distributing supplies following a one-way workflow. CSSD uses various sterilization methods like heat, ETO, radiation and chemicals depending on the item to be sterilized. Regular bacteriological testing of sterilizers is done to ensure sterility.
The document discusses layouts and design considerations for operating theaters (OTs) and intensive care units (ICUs). It describes the ideal size, zoning, and facilities for OTs such as scrub areas, lighting, ventilation etc. Different types of OTs like hybrid, integrated and digital ORs are explained. ICU layouts aim to provide specialized care and monitoring of critically ill patients. Design features like positive pressure systems and laminar airflow are recommended for infection control in clinical areas like OTs and ICUs.
1) A hospital provides specialized health care through staff and equipment divided into operational areas.
2) Functional planning norms divide hospitals into categories based on bed count, with guidelines for treatment rooms, wards, and other spaces.
3) Key areas include outpatient departments, inpatient wards, emergency, radiology, operating theaters, and intensive care, each with their own space and connectivity needs to support patient care.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
1. General Process Overview: Setting up an Ebola Treatment Centre (ETC)
Joint discussion with WCO/WR & MOH to brief on
current situation and map out important local
structures, community points of contact, etc..
WHO/MOH engagement & discussion with
community leaders to gain acceptance and
cooperation needed to carry out effective needs
assessment
Joint Needs Assessment ( carried out by WHO/MOH
with assistance from local community leaders)
Determine number of beds needed and size of ETCs
(based on needs assessment, epi data, and other
knowledge of the situation and local area/structure)
Map-based Site Scoping: Through discussion with
MOH, identify possible suitable sites
Social
mobilisation
and
messaging
with
community
for
acceptance
of ETC
Physical Site Scoping and
Ground Assessment: In-
person visits to identified
possible sites
Contains existing water points
Close proximity to health facilities
Large, flat area that can be easily paved in short time frame
Potential ground preparation needed: Earth-exposed (to
use gravel) or Green field (to be paved)
Security assessment of site location
Road access : flooding, security, ability to receive supply
trucks, ambulance, etc.
2. & generator
Key
Considerations
in ETC design &
planning
Water treated to 0.5%
and 0,05% chlorine
Laboratory location (ideally adjacent or within short drive from ETC)
Green Zone
Yellow Zone
Red Zone
External: Triage
Potable Water
Storage/Management
Patient Latrines &
showers (separate
for suspect &
confirmed
patients, and large
enough for staff
access if patient
collapses)
Staff Latrines
(separate from
patient areas)
Low-risk area waste
disposal/management
and Incineration
Safe staff
changing,
shower, & rest
areas
“Cool Room” (air-
conditioning in seated rest
area) for cooling &
hydration of staff that
have just exited PPE
Separation of
suspect &
confirmed
cases
High-risk area waste
management &
incineration
LABORATORY
WATER
STAFF IPC SAFETY
STAFF FLOW & PATIENT FLOW
SECURITY
Reticulated supply to all
areas & zones of the
ETC (staff, suspect, and
confirmed areas)
De-contamination
(spray areas)
DEAD BODIES: SAFE HANDLING/PREPARATION AND BURIAL/CREMATION
Site location &
community
acceptance
Secure physical
perimeter barrier
(including guards)
Flood lighting
& generator
maintenance
Clear
communication
channels across site
Staff security & safety
protocols adhered to
and strictly monitored
3. Contracting of local builders, building equipment &
supplies
Site & planning agreement with MOH, other Ministries,
and local community
Ensure supply line will be available for constructed site
once completed; Ensure partner for staffing and
management of ETC are identified (or begin
discussion/identification process)
Begin construction
Continued
social
mobilisation
and community
messaging
throughout
building process
(as community
fears, rumours,
and Ebola
stigma can
affect building
arrangements)
Continued communication with MOH, other Ministries, local authorities and community
throughout building process to ensure political, security, environmental, social,
economic, etc.. issues that might affect the construction are understood and addressed
effectively.
Construction completed
Procurement of supplies to be delivered in time for completion of construction
Preparation of staffing and management partner (including training) /or continued
partner identification process (if site does not yet have)
During Construction:
Opening of ETC (slowly making beds available in increments to ensure staff
operational confidence and safety)
4. Setting up an Ebola Treatment Centre (ETC)
ETC requirements
ETCs design and planning follows the following principles:
ETCs are best placed near existing health facilities to allow triage of Ebola and non-Ebola
presentations more easily, and to allow those testing negative for Ebola to be admitted to
the adjacent hospital.
Laboratory access for Ebola testing is crucial for the functioning of ETCs. Ideally laboratories
should be available adjacent or within a short drive from ETCs.
ETCs are best placed in tented facilities, but occasionally facilities are found that are readily
adapted to two separate and distinct wards (suspect and confirmed) as is the case in option
4 above.
ETCs must have strict access control, triage and security.
ETC staff and logistics areas must be separate from the patient areas.
ETC infection control procedures must be of the highest standard, with the design and flow
of staff and patients pre-designed to mitigate against contamination.
Large volumes of water and waste must be managed on-site and with infection control
principles applied strictly.
Water treated to 0.5% and 0.05% Chlorine, and potable water in large volumes must be
available, with an estimated daily consumption of at least 20,000 Litres. (stored on site and
delivered by either mains or truck).
Latrines must be separate for suspect and confirmed and completely separate from staff
latrines. They should be large enough to allow access for staff in case of collapse by patients.
Waste management from suspect area, confirmed area and all discarded PPE and other
contaminated material must be incinerated on site in the “high risk” area. Sharps
management must be as per WHO standard. (high temperature incineration)
Separate low risk waste management must occur in the low risk area.
Staff ratios and numbers are very large, and staff must be afforded safe changing and rest
areas, and where relevant (eg remote or rural sites) safe accommodation and food etc.
Staff should have access to a “cool room”, providing air-conditioning in a seated rest area,
for use and reserved for those who have just exited PPE and require cooling and hydration.
5. Ideal ETU sites are located close to health facilities, provide a large flat area that can be
easily paved in 2-3 days, and contain existing water points.
6. Use of gravel to prepare the ground for ETU construction on earth-exposed areas
7. Key areas and facilities required: High Risk Area
o 4 Patient ward areas in large Mass Storage Unit (MSU) tents of either 24 x 10 or 32 x
10 metres. Concrete floor with basic drainage to outside spoon drains. Each ward
will start with no more than 25 patients and expand to higher numbers if considered
safe.
Simple stretchers, mattresses etc will be procured through WHO and
partners
o Separate ward and open areas for both suspect and confirmed patients must be
provided, with flow of staff in the direction from suspect to confirmed, never
reversed. All waste and other materials must move in this same direction.
o Separate latrines, showers, laundry and rest/recreation areas are required in both
suspect and confirmed areas, without cross-over of patients.
o It is recommended a convalescent area in a separate tent, beyond the confirmed
area is established for those patients who are recovering from Ebola but who have
not yet received negative test results (i.e. are still infective).
o A high risk incinerator is required within the confirmed area, as well as capability to
burn sharps to required heat
o A Morgue or body holding tent is required, as well as body preparation and bagging
area and possibly a cool storage area while awaiting transfer to the crematorium or
for burial depending on access and location.
o Visitor areas are required separated at least 2 metres from the perimeter fence to
prevent accidental exposure of the public/visitors, for both suspect and confirmed
patient areas.
Key areas and facilities required: Low risk area
o Spraying of shoes on entry and exit, as well as security control is required at the
main entrance to the site through the low risk area.
o Major facility tents (or other temporary structures) required:
Male changing room
Female changing room
PPE donning room
Entry point and final check area before entry to suspect area
Exit point and spraying area on exit from confirmed side
PPE removal area, inspection staff area and safe disposal of PPE into
infected waste zone.
Staff toilets and showers, male and female
Staff cooling room in air-conditioning if possible, with cool fluids/ORS etc.
available (demountable building)
Office and administration area (demountable building)
Staff outdoor rest area
Laundry for staff uniforms (ideally two washers two dryers)
Kitchen area
8. Food storage
General and heavy logistics storage
PPE and consumables storage
Pharmacy storage
o Fuel and generator area (with enough power for flood lighting, patient area lighting,
air-conditioning and machinery/pumps and appliances).
o Water storage and ready access to either mains or trucked supply.
10,000 Litre fresh water tank
4 x 5,000 Litre tanks
2 x 0.5% Chlorine
2 x 0.05% Chlorine
Reticulated supply of fresh, 0.5% and 0.05% to at least 3 sites across area
(low risk, and high risk suspect and confirmed areas)
Reticulated supply of fresh water to shower areas on site (staff, suspect and
confirmed)
o Incinerator and garbage disposal area for low risk waste
o Optional staff sleeping areas
o Optional staff training areas/meeting room
Key areas and facilities required: External areas
o Triage manned 24/7
o Vehicle and ambulance spraying area
o Family psycho-social tented area for interview, support and education on home
cleaning, including giving of equipment and PPE for this task.
o Side entrance for confirmed patients acceptance direct into confirmed zone
o Rear exit from morgue area
o External perimeter guards
o Vehicles for use by staff and for logistics etc
9. Infection Control in and around the ETC
Ebola Virus Disease: Occupational Safety and Health - http://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/ebola_osh/en/
ETC design and clear delineation of Green and Red zone dramatically decreases the risk of infection
to Health staff. The design allows staff entering to work to be in a safe “green zone” which is kept
secure from the general public and from patients. They dress to scrub suits in gender specific change
areas before attending briefings and/or teaching sessions etc and getting dressed in their PPE using a
buddy system and using mirrors and other tools to ensure correct PPE donning. Staff flow is from
suspect to confirmed areas to ensure less cross contamination between patients. On finishing a
rotation staff doff in the specifically designed PPE removal areas with close supervision by the spray
team. All contaminated single use PPE is left within the red zone bins while reusable equipment is
placed in buckets of chlorine, boots are dipped and hands are washed.
Red zone waste must remain and be destroyed within the red zone including all unused food and
materials that have had patient contact are not amenable to cleaning. Green zone waste is generally
managed in the green zone or nearby. The emergency response requires extraordinary measures,
including burning of all waste, but a transition to more environmentally acceptable practices is
encouraged over time. This may include high rather than low temperature incineration and the use
of autoclave/shredder systems for the destruction of high volume plastic waste. Test systems will be
placed in country with the assistance of UN agencies (UNDP) and if found suitable will be rolled out
across multiple sites.
Infection control procedures and significant breaches will be investigated with assistance by the
WHO ETC/RRT coordination team. This team will also provide clinical and other practical advice and
assistance on frequent site visits and on request by the RRT.
10.
11. ETU infection control procedures must be of the highest standard, with the design and
flow of staff and patients pre-designed to mitigate against contamination.
Water treated to 0.5% and 0.05% Chlorine
LOGISTICS: Supplies used in an ETC
WHO Essential Medicines and Health Products Department:
http://www.who.int/medical_devices/meddev_ebola/en/
12. Staffing requirements for 100 bed facility
Managerial staff with austere medical deployment experience and camp management skills.
Experience with strict Infection control procedures is required within the management team,
or can be requested through WHO for technical IPC support. Suggested senior staff include
overall team leader, clinical lead, nursing lead, logistics and WASH lead plus external liaison
below. WHO liaison and technical expert staff on secondment should contribute to the
management team. It is strongly suggested a partnership arrangement is established with
MoH for the provision of local medical and nursing staff/hygienists to work as part of the
deployed team.
Liaison and point of contact for external relations and in particular for linkage with other
medical teams, WHO and Ministry of Health representatives and staff co-deployed.
Clinical team (for 24 hour cover) with mixture of national (MoH) and international staff
o Nurses and or paramedics to at least 50.
o Hygienists and nurses aids to at least 50.
o Doctors at least 10.
Support staff (at least 100) as follows
o Logistics supervisors
o Water and sanitation
o Power and fuel management
o Camp waste team (including trained team for body prep and bagging for collection)
o Sprayers and clean-up crews
o Cooks
o Laundry and cleaners
o Security guards
o Drivers
13. How does a Rapid Response Team (RRT) fit into the structure of an ETC?
Ebola Treatment Centre
(ETC)
Rapid Response Team
Services
provided
In-patient care providing:
Intravenous and/or oral
rehydration therapy.
Essential care of
significant co-
infections in Ebola
patients.
Isolation/quarantine
(including separation of
suspected from
confirmed cases).
Strict infection control
measures.
In-patient sustenance
(provision of food &
water).
Proper waste disposal.
Handling of dead
bodies.
RRT to lead and ensure all services are provided to safety standards for both staff and patients in the ETC.
WHO Guidelines & electronic links:
1. Ebola Virus Disease: Occupational Safety and Health -
http://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/ebola_osh/en/
2. Infection prevention and control (IPC) Guidance Summary -
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/131828/1/WHO_EVD_Guidance_IPC_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1
3. Interim Infection Prevention and Control Guidance for Care of Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Filovirus
Haemorrhagic Fever in Health-Care Settings, with Focus on Ebola -
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130596/1/WHO_HIS_SDS_2014.4_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1&ua=1
4. WHO Clinical Management of Patients with Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: A Pocket Guide for the Front Line Health
Worker - http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130883/2/WHO_HSE_PED_AIP_14.05.pdf?ua=1
5. Ebola and Marburg virus disease epidemics: preparedness, alert, control and evaluation – Interim manual version 1.2
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/130160/1/WHO_HSE_PED_CED_2014.05_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
Staffing Medical staff required
(comprised of FMT
International staff and
National staff) Average total of
200-250 staff per 100 bed ETC
Minimum 1
Nurse/Paramedic per
patient bed
Suggested that at least 10% of total ETC clinical staff are provided by RRT (estimated minimum of 10-15
nurses + 3-5 doctors)
International RRT of at least 25 personnel is best:
Designated Leadership Positions (5)
Team Leader, deputy team leader and leaders of medical, nursing and logistics
14. Minimum 1 Doctor per ten
Nurses.
For example:
100 bed ETC = 100
Nurses/Paramedics/Hygienists & 10
Doctors
Logistic support staff
(over 100 national staff, led by
FMT technical experts in
logistics, water and sanitation
in field hospitals)
Cleaners
Sprayers
Security
Drivers
Laundry
Cooks
Etc…
Other roles required:
Infection control
Psychological support
Community liaison (5)
Etc….
Nurses (and or paramedics) (10-20)
Experience in emergency and/or critical care, with ability to insert peripheral intra-venous catheters. At
least two should be experts in infection control measures. At least one per shift should have experience
in paediatric practice.
1 Nurse per 4 beds per shift, allowing for breaks due to PPE requirements in hot and humid conditions.
Doctors (3-5)
Expertise in infectious disease management, acute/critical care, emergency medicine or similar. Ideally
several will have specific tropical medicine experience and all should be clinically current to practice
and of senior or specialist level.
Ratio of 5-10 Nurses to every 1 Doctor.
Logistics, Water & Santiation, and Security (3-5)
Technical experts in logistics, water and sanitation in field hospitals to lead national staff, and oversee and
ensure
The final set-up of ETC, and water, sanitation, & power to the unit.
The security of the ETC (to ensure red and green zones are controlled and theft is discouraged).
Infection
Control
Equipment to ensure hygiene
and infection control, Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE),
and extensive supplies of such
equipment for several months
of activity.
Team competent in PPE and infectious control measures appropriate for the ETC as per published
WHO standard, for the duration of deployment.
Specialised water & sanitation support for the treatment/isolation unit.
Ambulance capacity or through national providers.
Safe dead body handling protocol must be adhered to.
Logistics &
Equipment
Field hospital facilities, beds,
and equipment including all
medical equipment for
Medical supplies and consumables required to run an inpatient facility with case load can be delivered
through logistics support (eg UNMEER) if required and articulated by RRT.
RRTs will ensure that all pharmaceutical products and equipment they bring comply with international
15. supportive clinical care of
severe gastro intestinal
infection and fluid losses. This
will be provided for the
responding FMT by Donor
Government and UN partners to
ensure smooth functioning of
the facility.
quality standards and drug donation guidelines.
Laboratory
Support
Each ETC has an identified
laboratory designated to
provide Ebola testing services
to the ETC as required. These
laboratories are in separate
locations from the ETC itself.
Laboratory- point of care and rapid testing for electrolytes, Malaria etc. (Ebola testing done by specialised
labs and is not the responsibility of the RRT).