Estimating peak oxygen uptake based on postexercise measurements in swimming
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This study evaluated methods for estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) based on post-exercise measurements in swimming. 31 elite swimmers performed a supramaximal swimming test while wearing a snorkel and valve system to measure oxygen uptake. Several estimation methods were evaluated, including linear backward extrapolation and a new mathematical modeling procedure. Results showed some post-exercise methods predicted VO2peak accurately, while others over- or underestimated. The new modeling procedure based on post-exercise oxygen uptake and heart rate measurements provided the most valid VO2peak estimates with good accuracy compared to direct measurement. This avoids biases of other estimation methods.
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Estimating peak oxygen uptake based on postexercise measurements in swimming
- 1. Estimating peak oxygen uptake based on postexercise measurements in swimming Chaverri D.1, Iglesias X.1, Schuller T.2, Hoffmann U.2, Rodríguez F. A.1 1 INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 2 Institut für Physiologie und Anatomie, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Cologne, Germany
- 2. Measurement during exercise: swimming snorkel (e.g. Keskinen et al. 2003) Postexercise measurements: face mask (e.g. Rodríguez 1995) Measuring oxygen uptake in swimming
- 3. Utilitzant tubs respira El consum d'oxigen en natació Changes in performance (Barbosa et al. 2000) ↑ T100 using swimming snorkels Changes mechanical efficiency (Keskinen et al. 2001) Moderate ↑ SR, ↓ SL ↑ ↑ at higher speeds, +SL Limitations using a swimming snorkel Keskinen et al. ECSS 2001
- 4. Utilitzant tubs respira El consum d'oxigen en natació Changes in respiratory pattern (Kapus et al. 2006) ↑ respiratory rate Impossible flip turns and subaquatic phases Kapus et al. BMS 2006 Limitations using a swimming snorkel
- 5. Linear backward extrapolation (BE) t=0 of postexercise VO2 in submaximal exercise (di Prampero et al. 1976) Validated in treadmill running (Léger et al. 1980) Applied to swimming during an incremental test (Montpetit et al. 1981) Douglas bags Utilitzant tubs respira El consum d'oxigen en natacióEstimations based on postexercise VO2 measurements Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Time (s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise
- 6. Utilitzant tubs respira El consum d'oxigen en natació Overestimation of VO2peak (~20%) after a 400-m all-out swim (Lavoie et al. 1983) Time delay at onset of the VO2 recovery curve (di Prampero et al. 1973) Time delay confirmed using BxB during a 400-m all-out swim (Rodríguez 1995) Rodríguez, FINA Congress 1995 Estimations based on postexercise VO2 measurements
- 7. Q = SV · HR · VO2 = Q · diff a-v O2 · · - Diff a-v O2 = CaO2 – CvO2 - New estimation model - Fick, Phil Mag Jour Sci 1855
- 8. New estimation model Q = SV · HR · VO2 = Q · diff a-v O2 · · - Diff a-v O2 = CaO2 – CvO2 - k≅ k≅ - Fick, Phil Mag Jour Sci 1855
- 9. New mathematical model 𝑝 𝑉o2 𝑡 = HR(end−exercise) )HR(t · 𝑉o2 𝑡 𝑠 2 Chaverri et al. IJSPP 2016
- 10. Utilitzant tubs respira El consum d'oxigen en natacióObjectiusAims To assess the validity of postexercise measurements in estimating VO2peak To determine the most accurate procedure to estimate VO2peak after a supramaximal swimming
- 11. Subjects 31 elite M/F swimmers VO2 Swimming snorkel and valve system Telemetric gas analyser (K4 b2, Cosmed) HR RR Intervals (CardioSwim, Freelap) Measures 1 min before, during and 3 min after exercise Data processing HR and VO2 were 1-s interpolated and synchronized to time 0 Methods ∼2 min
- 12. Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Time (s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise Methods ∼2 min
- 13. Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Time (s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise Methods ∼2 min
- 14. Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Time(s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise Methods ∼2 min
- 15. Methods Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Time (s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise ∼2 min
- 16. Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Time(s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise Methods ∼2 min
- 17. Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Time (s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise Methods ∼2 min
- 18. Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Time (s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise Methods ∼2 min
- 19. Results and discussion Technique Procedure Peak Mean diff. r2 SEE Significance* (ml·min-1) (ml·min-1) (%) (ml·min-1) (%) (p-value) Exercise (criterion) VO2peak(-20-0) 3531 ± 738 - - - - - - VO2peak(NLR) 3479 ± 727 -52 -1.5 0.977 113.5 3.2 1.000 Lineal BE VO2peak(0-20) 3378 ± 698 -153 -4.5 0.969 132 3.7 <0.001* BE20 3617 ± 708 86 2.4 0.956 216 5.6 0.393 BE20 3658 ± 719 127 3.5 0.967 136 3.6 0.001* BE(3x20) 3828 ± 762 297 7.8 0.950 169 4.8 <0.001* BE(4x20) 3763 ± 780 232 6.2 0.924 207 5.9 <0.001* BE(3U4x20) 3823 ± 746 292 7.6 0.946 175 5.0 <0.001* Semilogarithmic LOG(20) 3627 ± 711 96 2.6 0.949 169 4.8 0.301 BE LOG(30) 3686 ± 722 155 4.2 0.958 154 4.3 <0.001* LOG(3x20) 4175 ± 768 644 15.4 0.863 278 7.9 <0.001* LOG(4x20) 4400 ± 884 869 19.7 0.688 420 11.9 <0.001* LOG(3U4x20) 4302 ± 819 771 17.9 0.772 358 10.1 <0.001* Modelling pVO2peak(0-20) 3571 ± 735 40 1.1 0.962 146 4.1 1.000
- 20. Time delay at the onset of the VO2 recovery curve (∼9 s) (di Prampero et al. 1973; Rodríguez 1997, 1999) Overestimation of VO2peak by BE (Lavoie et al. 1983) Underestimation of VO2peak by first 20-s averaged values (Chaverri et al. 2016) Utilitzant tubs respira El consum d'oxigen en natacióResults and discussion Posexercici 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 VO2(ml·min-1) Temps (s) Exercise ⎯VO2 direct measured • BE(3x20) • BE(3U4x20) texercise
- 21. Conclusions Some, but not all, postexercise estimation methods predict exercise VO2peak with good accuracy The new modelling procedure based on postexercise VO2 and HR measurements provides the most valid and accurate VO2peak estimates in supramaximal swimming and avoids bias yielded by other methods 1 2
- 22. Estimating peak oxygen uptake based on postexercise measurements in swimming Chaverri D.1, Iglesias X.1, Schuller T.2, Hoffmann U.2, Rodríguez F. A.1 1 INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 2 Institut für Physiologie und Anatomie, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Cologne, Germany
Editor's Notes
- Thank you mister chairman. Dear all, oxygen uptake is a key parameter on swimming performance
- However, measuring oxygen uptake in swimming is a complex and cumbersome procedure. To main approaches have been used to collect respiratory air in swimming. Measurements during exercise, using a swimming snorkels and Post-exercise measurements using face masks.
- The use of swimming snorkels might involve chances certain limitations in the measurements. The most important is changes in swimming performance, increasing the time needed to swim a distance. The second limitation is related with changes in the mechanical efficiency. Increasing the stroke rate and decreasing the stroke length. This changes are higher at high speeds. Specially in stroke length
- Other limitations when the swimmers performed with the swimming snorkel, like changes in the respiratory pattern can be observed, where the swimmer increase the respiratory at the same time that the swimming distance increase. Moreover, the use of swimming snorkels do impossible the flip turns and subaquatic phase.
- To overcome these limitations different procedures based on postexercise VO2 measurements were developed. The most commonly used was the backward extrapolation method. This method consist in the lineal backward extrapolation to time 0 of postexercise VO2 measurements. This method was described first by di Prampero in a submaximal exercise and posteriorly validate by leger and applied to swim by Montpetit. These studies were carried out using the Douglas bag technique.
- Posteriorly Lavoie observed an overestimation near to 20% on the VO2peak estimated using the backward extrapolation technique after an 400-m all-out. This overestimation might be caused by the existents of a time delay at the onset of the VO2 recovery curve. This phenomenon was descried first by di Prampero and then confirmed by rodriguez using breath by breath measurements.
- Our group developed a new model to estimate exercise VO2peak using post exercise VO2 values and Heart rate kinetics. This model relays on the Fick’s principle with two assumptions.
- These assumptions consist in that systolic volume and arteriovenous difference remain constant during the first seconds of the recovery period.
- As can be observed in the figure the Vo2 estimated by the new procedure (in red dots) remains at exercise level during the first seconds of the recovery period. The Hr can be used as a proxy for estimate exercise VO2
- The ais of the study were... To assess the validity of postexercise measurements in estimating VO2peak and To determine wich is the most valid and accurate procedure to estimate VO2peak after a supramaximal swmming
- Thirty one swimmers performed a standard competition warm up followed by a 200-m supramaximal swim where, Vo2 was measured 1 min before, during and 3 min after exercise using a telemetric portable gas analyser and a swimming snorkel. Hr was also measured beat by beat during the same time intervals using a waterproof monitor. After that, HR and VO2 were 1-s interpolated and synchronized to time o
- Exercise Vo2 peak was determined by the single mean of the vo2 values measured during the last 20 seconds of exercise. And was used as a criterion (craitirion) for comparisons
- Estimated vo2peak by the BE to time 0 of the first 20 seconds averaged values
- The estimated value calculated by BE to time 0 of the first 20-s of breath by breath values of the Vo2 recovery curve
- The estimated value calculated by BE to time 0 of the first 30-s of breath by breath values of the Vo2 recovery curve
- Estimated Vo2peak by BE value calculated from the first three 20s average values of the vo2 recovery curve
- Estimated Vo2peak by BE value calculated from the first four 20s average values of the vo2 recovery curve
- Estimated Vo2peak by BE value calculated of the best linear regression fit, first three or four 20s average values.
- Only three procedures non differed with the criterion value, BE20, LOG20 and the new model. However the best predictive capacity was showed by the new model with a high correlation, a low mean difference (1.1%) and a low standard error of the estimate (4.1%)
- We conclude that, some, but not all, postexercise VO2peak estimation techniques allowed to predict exercise VO2peak with good accuracy. And The new modelling procedure based on postexercise VO2 and HR measurements provides the most valid and accurate procedure for estimating VO2peak in supramaximal swimming whilst avoiding the estimation bias produced by other methods.