This document is a research paper that analyzes the biomechanics of javelin throwing technique. It describes a study that filmed 6 javelin throwers from Aligarh Muslim University in India using high-speed cameras. The study found a significant positive correlation between throwing distance and initial javelin velocity at release. It found insignificant correlations between distance and other release parameters like angle, height, etc. The results suggest throwers should achieve high acceleration during their run-up and carry the javelin at optimal angles to maximize distance.
Three dimensional biomechanical analysis of the drag in penalty corner drag f...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the biomechanics of the penalty corner drag flick in field hockey through 3D motion analysis. It studied four specialized male drag flickers from two universities. Video analysis captured joint angles, velocities and accelerations during the drag flick. Statistical analysis found several kinematic variables differed significantly between the universities, including drag distance, shoulder and pelvis linear velocities, and angular velocities and accelerations of various joints. This suggests differences in drag flick technique influence accuracy. The study aimed to provide biomechanical information to help coaches and players enhance drag flick performance.
1) Gait analysis provides quantitative measures of walking ability, but the measures need to accurately detect meaningful changes for clinical use.
2) The Gait Profile Score (GPS) summarizes overall gait deviation and has a Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) of 1.6 degrees, meaning changes less than this are not noticeable.
3) An analysis of children who underwent surgery found that 66% improved over the MCID, 32% saw no meaningful change, and 2% deteriorated, showing the ability of GPS to evaluate the effects of interventions.
Applied Biomechanics – a multifaceted approach to answering human movement qu...InsideScientific
Experts review the basic principles of biomechanics and how the study of human movement has evolved over time. Presenters highlight examples in applied kinematics, applied kinetics and applied neuromuscular/motor control and demonstrate how methodologies vary depending on the field of study or area of expertise.
6 general measures of walking (nov 2014)Richard Baker
- Gait analysis measures walking capacity in an ideal environment rather than real-world performance. It only evaluates a small part of a person's overall health condition.
- Common gait measures include temporal-spatial parameters like walking speed, stride length, and cadence. Walking speed tests like the 6-minute walk are also used.
- Gait indices like the Gait Profile Score (GPS) and Gait Deviation Index (GDI) summarize gait quality in a single number for comparison to norms. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 1.6° for the GPS is used to determine if interventions meaningfully change gait.
1) Gait analysis uses temporal-spatial parameters like walking speed and gait indices to evaluate outcomes. Walking speed is best measured independently of gait labs using walk tests.
2) Gait indices like the Gait Profile Score (GPS) and Gait Deviation Index (GDI) provide a single number to reflect gait quality, with GPS above 6 degrees considered abnormal.
3) Studies have found the minimal clinically important difference for the GPS is 1.6 degrees, and that 66% of children improved over this threshold after surgery like single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS), while 2% deteriorated.
Futuristic Smart Seat Design for Mining Trucks(VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS)
Masters thesis: Analyzed the vibration on the seat of an underground loader trucks which were operational at the mining site of Mandalay Resources, a company based in Victoria and recommended seat and cabin design to mitigate the harmful vibrations experienced by the operators.
Three dimensional biomechanical analysis of the drag in penalty corner drag f...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the biomechanics of the penalty corner drag flick in field hockey through 3D motion analysis. It studied four specialized male drag flickers from two universities. Video analysis captured joint angles, velocities and accelerations during the drag flick. Statistical analysis found several kinematic variables differed significantly between the universities, including drag distance, shoulder and pelvis linear velocities, and angular velocities and accelerations of various joints. This suggests differences in drag flick technique influence accuracy. The study aimed to provide biomechanical information to help coaches and players enhance drag flick performance.
1) Gait analysis provides quantitative measures of walking ability, but the measures need to accurately detect meaningful changes for clinical use.
2) The Gait Profile Score (GPS) summarizes overall gait deviation and has a Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) of 1.6 degrees, meaning changes less than this are not noticeable.
3) An analysis of children who underwent surgery found that 66% improved over the MCID, 32% saw no meaningful change, and 2% deteriorated, showing the ability of GPS to evaluate the effects of interventions.
Applied Biomechanics – a multifaceted approach to answering human movement qu...InsideScientific
Experts review the basic principles of biomechanics and how the study of human movement has evolved over time. Presenters highlight examples in applied kinematics, applied kinetics and applied neuromuscular/motor control and demonstrate how methodologies vary depending on the field of study or area of expertise.
6 general measures of walking (nov 2014)Richard Baker
- Gait analysis measures walking capacity in an ideal environment rather than real-world performance. It only evaluates a small part of a person's overall health condition.
- Common gait measures include temporal-spatial parameters like walking speed, stride length, and cadence. Walking speed tests like the 6-minute walk are also used.
- Gait indices like the Gait Profile Score (GPS) and Gait Deviation Index (GDI) summarize gait quality in a single number for comparison to norms. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 1.6° for the GPS is used to determine if interventions meaningfully change gait.
1) Gait analysis uses temporal-spatial parameters like walking speed and gait indices to evaluate outcomes. Walking speed is best measured independently of gait labs using walk tests.
2) Gait indices like the Gait Profile Score (GPS) and Gait Deviation Index (GDI) provide a single number to reflect gait quality, with GPS above 6 degrees considered abnormal.
3) Studies have found the minimal clinically important difference for the GPS is 1.6 degrees, and that 66% of children improved over this threshold after surgery like single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS), while 2% deteriorated.
Futuristic Smart Seat Design for Mining Trucks(VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS)
Masters thesis: Analyzed the vibration on the seat of an underground loader trucks which were operational at the mining site of Mandalay Resources, a company based in Victoria and recommended seat and cabin design to mitigate the harmful vibrations experienced by the operators.
Internal and external load in biomechanicsMauro Testa
In this presentation we can see how we can link external to internal load during training. One of the major problem for injuries is overload during training session, to have the possibility to analyze training load with these two different possibility is, from my point of view a great innovation for athletes' safety.
More we study also pitches to create innovation of product on this topic in order to increase also in this area the safety for the player we follow.
Natural Vibration Analysis of Femur Bone Using HyperworksIJERA Editor
The main objective of the femur bone analysis is to know the natural frequencies and identify the fracture location of the bone through simulation based on the HYPERWORKS. The femur bone analysis is subjected to free-free and fixed-fixed boundary conditions. The mode shape shows that the natural frequency of free-free boundary condition varies from 0 Hz to 57 Hz and for fixed-fixed boundary condition 11 Hz to 171 Hz. On the bases of these two boundary conditions mode shape is determined and fracture location can be easily notified.
The importance of biomechanics in sport flooringMauro Testa
The document discusses the importance of biomechanics in sports flooring for safety and performance. It provides data from studies analyzing injuries on artificial turf versus natural grass, showing lower injury risks on artificial turf. It also details biomechanical analysis of change of direction movements using sensors to measure ground reaction forces, body motion, and spectral components. Data from a shuttle test on professional soccer players is presented, comparing biomechanical parameters between phases of acceleration, deceleration, cutting, and post-change of direction acceleration. The importance of considering pelvis motion during biomechanical analysis is emphasized.
Human Factor Affects Eye Movement Pattern During Riding Motorcycle on the Mou...toukaigi
This document analyzes eye movement patterns during motorcycle riding on mountains using an eye tracking system. The system recorded eye movements and front views of subjects riding on a mountain route. Analysis found that human factors like traffic, vehicles, and roadside objects influenced fixation points and eye tracking. Specifically, subjects' eyes tracked opposite lane vehicles more when climbing than descending, and fixated mainly at traffic signals, stopped vehicles, close objects, roadside buildings, and vehicles in front. The study aims to understand how human factors impact eye movements during motorcycle riding.
This document summarizes research on human motion tracking techniques using skeleton models. It discusses how model-based approaches use a predefined human skeleton model to represent joints and segments. Video-based approaches can infer physical attributes and daily actions without sensors. The document reviews several papers on reconstructing 3D human pose from video, using reduced joint sets and shape models to filter noise and track landmarks, and developing multi-view pose tracking using generative sampling and physical constraints. It also discusses challenges like high degrees of freedom and self-occlusion, and the need for efficient algorithms to enable real-time 3D full-body motion tracking from multiple cameras.
Real-time Estimation of Human’s Intended Walking Speed for Treadmill-style Lo...toukaigi
This document discusses estimating a human's intended walking speed using force plates under a treadmill. It first introduces the problem and experimental setup using two force plates under a treadmill. It then describes Experiment 1 which found that a proposed force index, defined as the minimum value of the ratio of forward ground reaction force to total ground reaction force during one gait cycle, has a strong linear correlation with intended walking speed. Experiment 2 showed the coefficients of this linear relationship vary little, ensuring tolerance of individual variations. Finally, a treadmill-style locomotion interface is presented that allows a user to actively control the treadmill speed with their feet based on intended walking speed estimation, providing a promising human-machine interface.
Functional calibration is a technique to determine joint centers and axes by using marker trajectory data from movement trials rather than assumptions. For the hip, validation studies have found functional calibration performs about as well as regression equations in adults but regression equations outperform it in children with cerebral palsy. For the knee, functional calibration may be more repeatable than relying on marker placement since knee joint centers are difficult to identify visually. Overall, functional calibration of the knee is preferable to assumptions but it has not been easily implemented in commercial motion analysis software.
This study developed a vibrotactile device to train lower-limb amputees' ability to respond to perturbations and conducted a pilot study to test its effectiveness. Two subjects performed standing and walking tasks with and without the device at baseline and after training. In standing tasks, both subjects improved their response times, with the subject receiving external focus training instructions improving more. In walking tasks, both subjects increased their rate of making correct movements in response to stimuli. While preliminary, the results suggest vibrotactile training may improve proprioceptive abilities and that external focus instructions may further enhance motor learning. The study also identified areas for improving the device design and protocols.
Dr jehad al sukhun gives modelling of orbital deformationjehadsukhun
The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the human orbit, containing the globe, to predict orbital deformation in subjects following a blunt injury
This study examined how the choice of Cardan sequence affects 3D kinematic measurements of the lower extremities during cycling. The researchers found that the YXZ and ZXY sequences produced significantly greater peak angle and range of motion measurements in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes compared to other sequences. These sequences also exhibited the strongest correlations between the sagittal plane and other planes, indicating crosstalk. The researchers concluded that the XYZ sequence should continue to be used for cycling analysis to avoid inaccuracies from the YXZ and ZXY sequences.
This document summarizes a study that examined how electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles in rats affects ankle joint impedance. The study found that:
1) Ankle joint impedance and net torque at a given velocity were linearly related to the stimulation amplitude and frequency delivered to the two muscles.
2) Ankle net torque depended on the difference between tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius stimulation, while ankle impedance depended on the sum of their stimulation.
3) Ankle net torque and impedance increased linearly with increased velocity of ankle joint movement.
Design and control of an exoskeleton based device for hand rehabilitationHossein Hajiyan, Ph.D.
In this paper, a new exoskeleton-based design is proposed that imitates natural hand movements for rehabilitation purposes. For controlling the motion of the proposed design, we subsequently designed five different controllers computed torque control (CTC), PD, PID, and two sliding mode controllers
(SMC). It was shown that the second sliding mode controller resulted in improved trajectories that were chosen based on the natural hand movements. The proposed design along with the sliding mode controller has the potential to be used as a continues passive machine (CPM) resulting in an improved recovery of injured hand for patients after stroke or post-surgical training.
This document examines how experience level of experimenters placing markers for multi-segment foot kinematic analysis affects the reliability of the results. Three experimenters with different levels of experience (experienced, intermediate, novice) placed markers on 12 participants on two occasions. Kinematic data of the foot segments during walking were analyzed within and between experimenters. The results showed significant differences between experimenters and within the novice experimenter for several discrete kinematic parameters. Reliability as measured by ICCs was highest for the experienced experimenter and lowest or absent for the novice experimenter, suggesting experimenter experience impacts reliability of multi-segment foot kinematic data.
Terahertz dynamic scanning reflectometry (TDSR) was used for measuring layered materials’ deformation kinetics
spectra. Multi-layered materials are used for protective devices such as helmet and body armor. An in-situ measurement of deformation profile and other dynamic characteristics is important when such material is subjected to ballistic impacts. Current instrumentation is limited in their abilities to provide sub-surface information in a non-destructive fashion. A high sensitivity TDSR has been used to measure dynamic surface deformation characteristics in real-time (in-situ) and also at post deformation (ex-situ). Real-time ballistic deformation kinetics was captured with a high speed measurement system. The kinetics spectra was used to compute a number of crucial parameters such as deformation
length and its propagation profile, the relaxation position, and the macroscopic vibration profile. In addition, the loss of mass due to impact was quantified for accurate determination of the trauma causing energy. For non-metallic substrates, a transmitted beam was used to calibrate mass loss, a priori, of the laminate layers due to impact. Deformation kinetics information may then be used to formulate trauma diagnosis conditions from blunt hit via the Sturdivan criterion [1].
The basic difference in the proposed approach is that here diagnostic criteria are inferred by measuring the helmet itself; no need to draw blood or any biopsy from the patient.
This document presents a new non-contact method called Laser Doppler Myography (LDMi) for measuring muscle activity and contraction. LDMi uses laser Doppler vibrometry to detect vibrations on the skin surface caused by muscle movement, as an alternative to electromyography (EMG) which requires electrodes. The document reports on a study comparing LDMi to surface EMG (sEMG) on the flexor carpi ulnaris and tibialis anterior muscles of 20 subjects. The timing of muscle activation and relaxation were similar between the two methods. Signal amplitudes from LDMi and sEMG also showed high correlation. LDMi could provide a non-contact alternative to sEMG for evaluating muscle activity
Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletesSports Journal
This study analyzed the kinematic parameters of two shot put athletes from an intercollegiate athletics championship. Video data was collected and analyzed using motion capture software. Key parameters measured included release velocity, angle, height, and horizontal distance as well as trunk angle, shoulder-hip separation, and angular velocities of the shoulder and pelvis. The results showed Athlete I had a higher release velocity, lower release angle, and greater trunk angle compared to Athlete II. Athlete I also showed less negative shoulder-hip separation. In general, Athlete I's technique resulted in a higher release point and more horizontal force application, leading to a greater throwing distance. The study provides coaches and athletes information to help improve shot put techniques.
Internal and external load in biomechanicsMauro Testa
In this presentation we can see how we can link external to internal load during training. One of the major problem for injuries is overload during training session, to have the possibility to analyze training load with these two different possibility is, from my point of view a great innovation for athletes' safety.
More we study also pitches to create innovation of product on this topic in order to increase also in this area the safety for the player we follow.
Natural Vibration Analysis of Femur Bone Using HyperworksIJERA Editor
The main objective of the femur bone analysis is to know the natural frequencies and identify the fracture location of the bone through simulation based on the HYPERWORKS. The femur bone analysis is subjected to free-free and fixed-fixed boundary conditions. The mode shape shows that the natural frequency of free-free boundary condition varies from 0 Hz to 57 Hz and for fixed-fixed boundary condition 11 Hz to 171 Hz. On the bases of these two boundary conditions mode shape is determined and fracture location can be easily notified.
The importance of biomechanics in sport flooringMauro Testa
The document discusses the importance of biomechanics in sports flooring for safety and performance. It provides data from studies analyzing injuries on artificial turf versus natural grass, showing lower injury risks on artificial turf. It also details biomechanical analysis of change of direction movements using sensors to measure ground reaction forces, body motion, and spectral components. Data from a shuttle test on professional soccer players is presented, comparing biomechanical parameters between phases of acceleration, deceleration, cutting, and post-change of direction acceleration. The importance of considering pelvis motion during biomechanical analysis is emphasized.
Human Factor Affects Eye Movement Pattern During Riding Motorcycle on the Mou...toukaigi
This document analyzes eye movement patterns during motorcycle riding on mountains using an eye tracking system. The system recorded eye movements and front views of subjects riding on a mountain route. Analysis found that human factors like traffic, vehicles, and roadside objects influenced fixation points and eye tracking. Specifically, subjects' eyes tracked opposite lane vehicles more when climbing than descending, and fixated mainly at traffic signals, stopped vehicles, close objects, roadside buildings, and vehicles in front. The study aims to understand how human factors impact eye movements during motorcycle riding.
This document summarizes research on human motion tracking techniques using skeleton models. It discusses how model-based approaches use a predefined human skeleton model to represent joints and segments. Video-based approaches can infer physical attributes and daily actions without sensors. The document reviews several papers on reconstructing 3D human pose from video, using reduced joint sets and shape models to filter noise and track landmarks, and developing multi-view pose tracking using generative sampling and physical constraints. It also discusses challenges like high degrees of freedom and self-occlusion, and the need for efficient algorithms to enable real-time 3D full-body motion tracking from multiple cameras.
Real-time Estimation of Human’s Intended Walking Speed for Treadmill-style Lo...toukaigi
This document discusses estimating a human's intended walking speed using force plates under a treadmill. It first introduces the problem and experimental setup using two force plates under a treadmill. It then describes Experiment 1 which found that a proposed force index, defined as the minimum value of the ratio of forward ground reaction force to total ground reaction force during one gait cycle, has a strong linear correlation with intended walking speed. Experiment 2 showed the coefficients of this linear relationship vary little, ensuring tolerance of individual variations. Finally, a treadmill-style locomotion interface is presented that allows a user to actively control the treadmill speed with their feet based on intended walking speed estimation, providing a promising human-machine interface.
Functional calibration is a technique to determine joint centers and axes by using marker trajectory data from movement trials rather than assumptions. For the hip, validation studies have found functional calibration performs about as well as regression equations in adults but regression equations outperform it in children with cerebral palsy. For the knee, functional calibration may be more repeatable than relying on marker placement since knee joint centers are difficult to identify visually. Overall, functional calibration of the knee is preferable to assumptions but it has not been easily implemented in commercial motion analysis software.
This study developed a vibrotactile device to train lower-limb amputees' ability to respond to perturbations and conducted a pilot study to test its effectiveness. Two subjects performed standing and walking tasks with and without the device at baseline and after training. In standing tasks, both subjects improved their response times, with the subject receiving external focus training instructions improving more. In walking tasks, both subjects increased their rate of making correct movements in response to stimuli. While preliminary, the results suggest vibrotactile training may improve proprioceptive abilities and that external focus instructions may further enhance motor learning. The study also identified areas for improving the device design and protocols.
Dr jehad al sukhun gives modelling of orbital deformationjehadsukhun
The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the human orbit, containing the globe, to predict orbital deformation in subjects following a blunt injury
This study examined how the choice of Cardan sequence affects 3D kinematic measurements of the lower extremities during cycling. The researchers found that the YXZ and ZXY sequences produced significantly greater peak angle and range of motion measurements in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes compared to other sequences. These sequences also exhibited the strongest correlations between the sagittal plane and other planes, indicating crosstalk. The researchers concluded that the XYZ sequence should continue to be used for cycling analysis to avoid inaccuracies from the YXZ and ZXY sequences.
This document summarizes a study that examined how electrical stimulation of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles in rats affects ankle joint impedance. The study found that:
1) Ankle joint impedance and net torque at a given velocity were linearly related to the stimulation amplitude and frequency delivered to the two muscles.
2) Ankle net torque depended on the difference between tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius stimulation, while ankle impedance depended on the sum of their stimulation.
3) Ankle net torque and impedance increased linearly with increased velocity of ankle joint movement.
Design and control of an exoskeleton based device for hand rehabilitationHossein Hajiyan, Ph.D.
In this paper, a new exoskeleton-based design is proposed that imitates natural hand movements for rehabilitation purposes. For controlling the motion of the proposed design, we subsequently designed five different controllers computed torque control (CTC), PD, PID, and two sliding mode controllers
(SMC). It was shown that the second sliding mode controller resulted in improved trajectories that were chosen based on the natural hand movements. The proposed design along with the sliding mode controller has the potential to be used as a continues passive machine (CPM) resulting in an improved recovery of injured hand for patients after stroke or post-surgical training.
This document examines how experience level of experimenters placing markers for multi-segment foot kinematic analysis affects the reliability of the results. Three experimenters with different levels of experience (experienced, intermediate, novice) placed markers on 12 participants on two occasions. Kinematic data of the foot segments during walking were analyzed within and between experimenters. The results showed significant differences between experimenters and within the novice experimenter for several discrete kinematic parameters. Reliability as measured by ICCs was highest for the experienced experimenter and lowest or absent for the novice experimenter, suggesting experimenter experience impacts reliability of multi-segment foot kinematic data.
Terahertz dynamic scanning reflectometry (TDSR) was used for measuring layered materials’ deformation kinetics
spectra. Multi-layered materials are used for protective devices such as helmet and body armor. An in-situ measurement of deformation profile and other dynamic characteristics is important when such material is subjected to ballistic impacts. Current instrumentation is limited in their abilities to provide sub-surface information in a non-destructive fashion. A high sensitivity TDSR has been used to measure dynamic surface deformation characteristics in real-time (in-situ) and also at post deformation (ex-situ). Real-time ballistic deformation kinetics was captured with a high speed measurement system. The kinetics spectra was used to compute a number of crucial parameters such as deformation
length and its propagation profile, the relaxation position, and the macroscopic vibration profile. In addition, the loss of mass due to impact was quantified for accurate determination of the trauma causing energy. For non-metallic substrates, a transmitted beam was used to calibrate mass loss, a priori, of the laminate layers due to impact. Deformation kinetics information may then be used to formulate trauma diagnosis conditions from blunt hit via the Sturdivan criterion [1].
The basic difference in the proposed approach is that here diagnostic criteria are inferred by measuring the helmet itself; no need to draw blood or any biopsy from the patient.
This document presents a new non-contact method called Laser Doppler Myography (LDMi) for measuring muscle activity and contraction. LDMi uses laser Doppler vibrometry to detect vibrations on the skin surface caused by muscle movement, as an alternative to electromyography (EMG) which requires electrodes. The document reports on a study comparing LDMi to surface EMG (sEMG) on the flexor carpi ulnaris and tibialis anterior muscles of 20 subjects. The timing of muscle activation and relaxation were similar between the two methods. Signal amplitudes from LDMi and sEMG also showed high correlation. LDMi could provide a non-contact alternative to sEMG for evaluating muscle activity
Kinematic analysis of shot release of intercollegiate athletesSports Journal
This study analyzed the kinematic parameters of two shot put athletes from an intercollegiate athletics championship. Video data was collected and analyzed using motion capture software. Key parameters measured included release velocity, angle, height, and horizontal distance as well as trunk angle, shoulder-hip separation, and angular velocities of the shoulder and pelvis. The results showed Athlete I had a higher release velocity, lower release angle, and greater trunk angle compared to Athlete II. Athlete I also showed less negative shoulder-hip separation. In general, Athlete I's technique resulted in a higher release point and more horizontal force application, leading to a greater throwing distance. The study provides coaches and athletes information to help improve shot put techniques.
Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athlete...Ciro Winckler
CHOW, J. W.; MINDOCK, L. A. Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, v. 31, n. 9, p. 1272-1279, 1999.
Ik analysis for the hip simulator using the open sim simulatorEditorIJAERD
The model of the project to create a detailed assembly of muscles spotting the hip joint. Additional muscles
and combinations were added to the baseline lower extremity assemblies currently available in OpenSim. The geometry
of the muscles was adjusted to pair moment arms reported here. The slack moment and the isometric were added to the
arithmetic value of the tanquntial assembly of joints
11.[6 12]assessing the relationship of kinematics with dribbling performance ...Alexander Decker
The document assessed the relationship between kinematics and dribbling performance in basketball at different phases. Twenty male basketball players aged 18-28 participated. Motion capture data of high dribbles were collected and correlations with performance scores were calculated. Results showed insignificant relationships between dribbling performance and angles of joints like the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist at both the preparation and execution phases of high dribbles. This suggests that joint angles may not be primary determinants of high dribble performance in basketball.
This study analyzed the biomechanics of different throwing techniques in cricket. Sixty elite cricket players performed underarm, sidearm, and overhead throws at distances of 30 meters with a 45 degree approach angle. Their motions were recorded with high-speed video cameras. Joint angles, velocities, and ball velocity/accuracy were analyzed across the different techniques and throwing angles. Results showed significant differences in the kinematic measures between techniques, with overhead throws generally demonstrating higher ball velocities. A positive correlation was found between ball velocity and accuracy for some underarm and overhead throws, but not consistently across all conditions. The study provides insight into how biomechanics influence throwing performance in cricket.
Presentation t the variability in swing kinematics and carry in a longitudin...James Parker
This study explored the relationship between peak speeds of the pelvis, thorax, lead upper arm, and carry distance over multiple sessions in elite male golfers. Hierarchical multilevel modeling found that 32.5% of carry distance variation was within sessions, 38% was between sessions, and 28.5% was between golfers. Peak lead arm speed predicted carry distance within sessions, partially supporting previous research. However, relationships between thorax speed and performance found previously were not replicated in this longitudinal study design.
This study investigated the preparation phase of the seated double poling cycle in sledge hockey through biomechanical analysis. A solid-static prototype representing an adult male was used with motion capture and force plates to measure kinematics and kinetics. Results showed peak impact forces occurred before 5 milliseconds post contact. Forces were greatest when preparation began slightly below the horizon. Data provides baseline measures to understand preparation phase importance and insights to improve sledge hockey performance and shoulder joint health.
This document summarizes the results of physiological and anthropometric tests conducted on a male collegiate volleyball player. Testing included measures of height, weight, body composition, vertical jump height, drop jump height, 5m and 10m sprint times, and performance on a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. The athlete's results were generally higher or better than values reported for elite national volleyball teams, despite the athlete being shorter than average for the sport. This suggests that the athlete's extensive strength and conditioning program, with a focus on lower body power and plyometrics, has allowed him to outperform taller athletes. While genetics may play a role in his height, training appears to be a major factor in his physical capabilities. Further improvements could
Reliability of Three-dimensional Photonic Scanner Anthropometry Performed by ...CSCJournals
This work explored the relative and absolute reliability of three-dimensional (3D) anthropometry performed by skilled and naïve operators using a fast, pose tolerant whole-body 3D scanner device. Upon skin landmarking by an experienced operator (skilled anthropometrist, SA), twelve subjects (six males and six females) underwent a thorough 3D anthropometric evaluation by the SA and two naïve operators (NA). Using the same landmarks, the SA also performed traditional anthropometry measurements. All measurements were taken twice. Relative reliability was tested with the Pearson’s correlation coefficient r and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC); absolute reliability was tested calculating the percentage coefficient of variation (%CV), the standard error of measurement (SEM), the percentage technical error of measurement (%TEM), and paired Student’s t test. Results showed that intra-operator relative and absolute reliability was excellent for all and most 3D measurement items, respectively, independently of the operator’s skill. Inter-operator (SA vs. individual NA) relative reliability was excellent as well; inter-operator absolute reliability was not acceptable for about only 30% of measurement items. Results of this work show that 3D anthropometry has strong potential in anthropometry due to high intrinsic reliability and less need for operator training vs. traditional anthropometry.
Semi-Automated Control System for Reaching Movements in EMG ShoulderIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed semi-automated control system for reaching movements in an electromyography (EMG) shoulder disarticulation prosthesis. The system uses a mixed reality device to obtain visual information on the target object and plans reaching trajectories. It detects the user's intended motions from EMG signals and controls a robotic arm accordingly. This provides voluntary control while automating parts of the motion. The system aims to perform reaching movements more quickly and precisely than traditional methods, reducing user effort and operational failures.
To identify the person using gait knn based approacheSAT Journals
Abstract In human identification, the process of identifying the person by their gait is an emerging research trend in the field of visual surveillance. Gait is a new biometrics, has been recently used to recognize a person via style of his walking. While person walking variation becomes take place in different parts of body. On the basis of these variations, proposed method is evaluated on CASIA gait database by using K-nearest Neighbor classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has an encouraging recognition performance also the results indicate that the classification ability of KNN with correlation measure perform better than with other type of distance measure functions. Keywords: Gait biometrics, KNN, visual surveillance, CASIA, silhouette.
Using skeleton model to recognize human gait genderIAESIJAI
Biometrics became fairly important to help people identifications persons by their individualities or features. In this paper, gait recognition has been based on a skeleton model as an important indicator in prevalent activities. Using the reliable dataset for the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA) of silhouettes class C database. Each video has been discredited to 75 frames for each (20 persons (10 males and 10 females)) as (1.0), the result will be 1,500 frames. After Pre-processing the images, many features are extracted from human silhouette images. For gender classification, the human walking skeleton used in this study. The model proposed is based on morphological processes on the silhouette images. The common angle has been computed for the two legs. Later, principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce data using feature selection technology to get the most useful information in gait analysis. Applying two classifiers artificial neural network (ANN) and Gaussian Bayes to distinguish male or female for each classifier. The experimental results for the suggested method provided significant accomplishing about (95.5%), and accuracy of (75%). Gender classification using ANN is more efficient from the Gaussian Bayes technique by (20%), where ANN technique has given a superior performance in recognition.
Recognition of anaerobic based on machine learning using smart watch sensor dataSuhyun Cho
This document discusses a study that used machine learning to recognize three types of anaerobic exercises (pull-ups, side pulls, and concentration curls) performed with dumbbells, based on sensor data from smartwatches. The researchers collected acceleration and gyroscope sensor data from smartwatches worn by subjects performing the exercises. They extracted features from the sensor data and used a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify the exercises. Their best performing model used principal component analysis to reduce the features to two dimensions and a linear kernel, achieving a mean recognition rate of 97.7% for the three exercises.
This document describes a study that designed and validated a solid-static prototype model of the male upper body to analyze the preparation phase of seated locomotion produced by shoulder movement. The prototype mimicked average male anthropometrics and was tasked to perform a downward poling motion from various starting shoulder angles. Motion capture and force plate data validated that the prototype reliably produced consistent trajectory curves and similar reaction forces across trials, demonstrating its mechanical validity. The study concludes that the prototype provides a means to establish baseline measures of forces on the shoulder during the preparation phase, which can inform assumptions about internal forces during human movement.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
SATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSS
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
Top 10 Free Accounting and Bookkeeping Apps for Small BusinessesYourLegal Accounting
Maintaining a proper record of your money is important for any business whether it is small or large. It helps you stay one step ahead in the financial race and be aware of your earnings and any tax obligations.
However, managing finances without an entire accounting staff can be challenging for small businesses.
Accounting apps can help with that! They resemble your private money manager.
They organize all of your transactions automatically as soon as you link them to your corporate bank account. Additionally, they are compatible with your phone, allowing you to monitor your finances from anywhere. Cool, right?
Thus, we’ll be looking at several fantastic accounting apps in this blog that will help you develop your business and save time.
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024SEOSMMEARTH
Buy Verified Payoneer Account: Quick and Secure Way to Receive Payments
Buy Verified Payoneer Account With 100% secure documents, [ USA, UK, CA ]. Are you looking for a reliable and safe way to receive payments online? Then you need buy verified Payoneer account ! Payoneer is a global payment platform that allows businesses and individuals to send and receive money in over 200 countries.
If You Want To More Information just Contact Now:
Skype: SEOSMMEARTH
Telegram: @seosmmearth
Gmail: seosmmearth@gmail.com
❼❷⓿❺❻❷❽❷❼❽ Dpboss Matka Result Satta Matka Guessing Satta Fix jodi Kalyan Final ank Satta Matka Dpbos Final ank Satta Matta Matka 143 Kalyan Matka Guessing Final Matka Final ank Today Matka 420 Satta Batta Satta 143 Kalyan Chart Main Bazar Chart vip Matka Guessing Dpboss 143 Guessing Kalyan night
Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdfTTop Threads
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing➑➌➋➑➒➎➑➑➊➍
Satta Matka Kalyan Main Mumbai Fastest Results
Satta Matka ❋ Sattamatka ❋ New Mumbai Ratan Satta Matka ❋ Fast Matka ❋ Milan Market ❋ Kalyan Matka Results ❋ Satta Game ❋ Matka Game ❋ Satta Matka ❋ Kalyan Satta Matka ❋ Mumbai Main ❋ Online Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Tips ❋ Milan Chart ❋ Satta Matka Boss❋ New Star Day ❋ Satta King ❋ Live Satta Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Company ❋ Indian Matka ❋ Satta Matka 143❋ Kalyan Night Matka..
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
11.javelin throwing technique a biomechanical study
1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2012
Javelin Throwing Technique: A Biomechanical Study
IKRAM HUSSAIN
Department of Physical Health and Sports Education,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, (U.P.), India.
E-mail: ikram.husain@gmail.com
MOHD. ARSHAD BARI
(Corresponding Author)
Department of Physical Health and Sports Education,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, (U.P.), India.
E-mail: arshnz@yahoo.co.in
The authors would like to acknowledge the cooperation of UGC-SAP (DRS-I) Programme,
Department of Physical Health and Sports Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to analyze by correlational methods the biomechanical factors involved in
achieving the maximal distance thrown in the javelin event. Six athlete from Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh India were filmed by a two high speed Canon Legaria SF-10, 8.1 Mp cameras in a field setting
with (1/2000 shutter speed and at 30-60fps). The cameras were set-up on a rigid tripod and secured to
the floor in the location. First camera was located to obtain maximum accuracy and second camera located
to view the throwing performances, at given specified distance in the reconstruction of the two dimensional
co-ordinate. The locations of camera were chosen so that the optical axes of camera intersected
perpendicularly to the designated plane. Results of this study shows positive significant correlation
was found between the throwing distance and the initial velocity, insignificant correlations were found
between the throw distance and the release angle, attitude angle, attack angle and release height of javelin at
the moment of javelin release. The results suggest that in order to attain maximal distance thrown the
javelin thrower should achieve positive acceleration during the running approach, effective thrusting with
the right leg on the penultimate stride and carry the javelin during the last strides at the optimal angle of
release.
Keywords: Javelin, Mechanics, Trajectory, Kinematics,body segment
1. Introduction:
20
2. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2012
The throwing techniques in javelin, the velocity at which the thrower releases the implement isby far the
most important factor (Morris and Baruev., 1996). This high percentage shows just howimportant the
movements of the smaller body segments are to the acceleration ofthe implement. Because the movements
of the athlete are so fast during thedelivery action, biomechanical analysis equipment (normally high
speedcameras) is often used to provide an objective measure of the throwingtechniques of elite athletes.
Biomechanical Analysis of javelin throw has been carried out maximum on the basis of release parameters
such as the initial velocity, release angle, attitude angle, attack angle and release height of javelin ( Bartlett
R. et al., 1988;). These papers have argued that the most important factor necessary for achieving a
performance was a high initial velocity at the moment of javelin release. However, the papers did not
clarify the throwing movement in detail. Mero et al.(1994) have investigated the body segment contribution
to javelin throwing of male and female finalists in the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. They compared
the mean values of many kinematic parameters between male and female finalists and find out the
differences of both groups. However, relationships between the javelin throw movements and throw
distance were not clarified. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between
the throw distance and the kinematic parameters of javelin throw to clarify the characteristics of the
throwing movement of A.M.U, Aligarh Javelin throwers.
2.Methodology:
2.1Materials and Methods:
2.2 Subjects:
The six male javelin throwers analyzed in this study were representative Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh in All- India Athletic meets from 2008 to 2010. All javelin throwers were randomly selected for the
purpose of the study. The entire selected thrower have readily agreed and volunteered to act as subject for
the study during practice session at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Athletic ground. Their age, height,
and body mass were 21.87±1.64 yrs., 1.69±0.35 m, and 67.33±6.21 kg, respectively.
2.3 Videography Techniques
The video graphic technique was further organized into two sections. These are:
(i) Video Graphic Equipments and Location
(ii) Subject and Trail Identification
(i)VediographicEquipments and Location
21
3. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2012
The subject’s throwing motion were recorded using Legaria Canon SF-10, 8.1 Mp video camera in a field
setting operating at a nominal frame rate of 50 Hz and with a shutter speed of 1/2000 s and at 60fps
camera were set up 08 m away from the subject in a field setting. The camera was set-up on a rigid tripod
and secured to the floor in the location. The camera was positioned perpendicular to the sagittal plane and
parallel to the mediolateral axis (camera optical axes perpendicular on the sigittal plane) as their thrower’s
arm giving approximately a 90o between their respective optical axes. The camera was also elevated to 95
cms and tilted down in order to get the image of the subject as large as possible while that all points of
interested remained totally within.
(ii) Subject and trail Identifications
To identification the subject in the video graph, each subject was given a number as to separate in the data
recorded. For identification purposes of a best performance, the trails were viewed on the computer system
and exarter on the subject (thrower) demarketed the trail for the data acquisition.
2.4 Data reduction:
After video recording sessions were over, the video recording was loaded into the researcher’s personal
computer (PC) for trail identification. The identified trails were played with the help of Silicon Coach Pro-7
software to make separate clips of each badminton player. The separate clips were then opened on to the
Silicon Coach Pro-7 software. We calculated the release parameters (velocity, release angle, attitude angle
and attack angle), the approach run velocity calculated from the body center of gravity (B.C.G)
immediately before the rear foot contact in the final phase of javelin throwing, the pull distance and pull
time (distance and time of javelin movement from the rear foot contact to javelin release, respectively), the
joint and segment angles at the instant of javelin release. Further, the theoretical distance was calculated by
the following estimate equation.
D= v cos {v sin + 2 2 }---- (1)
x= (u cos ). T ----
(2)
y= (tan θ)x - 1/2. g/ u2 cos2 X2 ---- (3)
WhereD; the theoretical distance
Y;displacement into vertical direction
X; displacement into horizontal direction after time t
v; the initial velocity at the moment of javelin release
θ; the release angle
g; the acceleration due to gravity
h; the release height
22
4. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2012
This equation is quadric in X and linear in y.
Significance level was set at 5% (Peason’s product-moment correlationcoefficient) in this study.
3. Results:
Consequence of the study shows,although a convinced significant correlation was determined between the
initial velocity of javelin throughout throws and the throwing distance (r= 0.764 p< 0.05 as well as 0.01),
insignificant correlation were findbetween the javelin throw distance and the different release angle,
position angle, attack angle, and release height of javelin during performance. A significant direct
correlation was obtain between the throwing distance and the calculated theoretical distance of the javelin
throwing performance (r = 0.879, p < 0.01as well as 0.05). The pull distance was positively correlated and
significant with the throw distance (r = 0.415, p < 0.01as well as 0.05), but the pull time was negatively
correlated (r = –0.401, p < 0.01 as well as 0.05). The significant direct correlationamong the throwing
distance and the approach run velocity was mentioned (r = 0.722, p < 0.01as well 0.05).
Segment angles of the throwing arm at the moment of javelin release, although the negatively significant
correlations were determined between thethrow distance and the elbow joint angle (r = –0.451, p < 0.01 as
well as 0.05) andadduction/abduction angle of the shoulder joint (r = –0.458, p < 0.01 as well as 0.05),
thehorizontal adduction/abduction angle of the shoulder joint observedainsignificantcorrelation with the
throw distance.
Trunk angle and fore leg knee joint at the time of moment of javelin release, although a throw
distancepositively significant correlatedwith forward trunk rotation angle (r = 0.457, p < 0.01 as well as
0.05), insignificant positive correlation was found between the throw distance and the lateralrotation angle
of the trunk during javelin throwing. The throw distance and the fore leg knee jointangle depicted the
significant positive correlation (r = 0.279, p < 0.05)
4. Discussion
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the kinematic features of the javelinthrowing movements of
Aligarh Muslim University (A.M.U), Aligarh Javelin throwers and following findings were foundthe
evaluatesof release parameters of A.M.U, Athlete were mechanically consistent not in performance
aspecton those of males athlete reported by Mero et al. (1994). The pattern of motion used in the javelin
throw is similar to other movements used when striking or throwing an object (Atwater, 1979; Menzel,
1987).Although a positive significant correlation wasfound between the throwing distance and the initial
velocity, insignificantcorrelations were found between the throw distance and the release angle,
attitudeangle, attack angle and release height of javelin at the moment of javelin release.These results were
logical with other studies that point the initial velocity ofjavelin release is the most significant factor for
accomplishing a high performance (GregorR.J., 1985; Bartlett R. et al., 1988).
A positive significant correlation was foundbetween the throwing distance and the theoretical distance.
And almost all throwdistances of others were let down than their theoretical distances. The results
proposethat the environmental factors interfered with the trajectory of javelin; e.g. atmospheric pressure,
weather, atmospheric temperature, wind speed and direction, and so on.However, the athlete represent
A.M.U, Aligarh in All- India Athletic meet did almost same or mostly even higher throw distance than
thetheoretical. The resultssuggest that the A.M.U representative in All- India Athletic meet had no ability to
receive the environmental informationand react efficiently to it due to non-professional attitude of the
athlete. The results suggest that performer performed the large and fastthrowing motion during the final
phase, and the motion is crucial to the javelin throw. The finalists had a tendency towards a decreased
elbow joint angle at themoment of javelin release of which value was similar to that reported by Mero et
al.(1994). The internal rotation velocity of the shoulder joint can be transferred to thegrip velocity most
effectively when the elbow joint is right angle, theoretically. Further, the finalists had a course towards an
23
5. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 3, No.1, 2012
increased forward rotationangle of the trunk and an extension of the front knee angle at the moment of
javelinrelease. The present results very essential, for the enhancement and betterment of their performance.
5. Conclusion.
The leadcomponent for accomplishinganeminent performance was the initial velocity ofjavelin during the
throwing performance. And the features of throwing movement of representative A.M.U, Aligarh in
All-India Athletic Meet to findquicker initial velocity of javelin were as follows.They approach with faster
velocity and keep the fore knee angle in theextended position throughout the final phase of throwing to
change the approach velocity intothe forward rotation of trunk.
References;
AnttiMero, Paavo V. Komi, TapioKorjus, Enrique Navarro, and Robert J. Gregor(1994): Body segment
contributions to javelin throwing during final thrustphases. J. Appl. Biomech.10: 166-177.
Bartlett R., Best R.J. (1988): The biomechanics of javelin throwing: a review. Journalof Sports Sciences. 6:
1–38.
Bartlett R., Müller E., Lindinger S., Brunner F., and Morriss C. (1996):Three-dimensional evaluation of the
kinematic release parameters for javelinthrowers of different skill levels. J. Appl. Biomech. 12: 58–71.
Gregor R.J., Pink M., (1985): Biomechanical analysis of a world record javelin throw: acase study. Int. J.
Sport Biomech.1: 73–77.
Hubbard M., Alaways L.W. (1987): Optimum release conditions for the new rulesjavelin. Int. J. Sport
Biomech. 3: 207–221.
Yokoi T., McNitty-Gray J.L. (1990): A threshold to determine optimum cutoff frequencyin automatic data
smoothing using digital filter. Proceedings of the AmericanSociety of Biomechanics (14th Annual
Meeting): 209–210.
Atwater, E. A. (1979).Biomechanics of over arm throwing movement and of throwing injuries. Exercise
and Sport Science Review ,7,43-85 .
Menzel, H.-J. (1987) Transmission of partial momenta in javelin throw. In Johnsson, B.(Ed
) BiomechaniesX-8 , Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign , pp. 643-647 .
24
6. International Journals Call for Paper
The IISTE, a U.S. publisher, is currently hosting the academic journals listed below. The peer review process of the following journals
usually takes LESS THAN 14 business days and IISTE usually publishes a qualified article within 30 days. Authors should
send their full paper to the following email address. More information can be found in the IISTE website : www.iiste.org
Business, Economics, Finance and Management PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org Global knowledge sharing:
New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld
Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate,
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library ,
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org NewJour, Google Scholar.
Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org IISTE is member of CrossRef. All journals
Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org have high IC Impact Factor Values (ICV).