An attempt has been made to join Duplex stainless steel and Mild steel (MS) using Linear Friction welding (LFW) process. In this investigation Finite element analysis (FEM) was carried on a square butt joint configuration for various conditions. The process parameters chosen are friction load, forging load, friction time, forging time and frequency. Among the above-mentioned process parameters, friction force alone was varied as it was found to be more significant to obtain a good bonding. The FEM analysis revealed that 500 N of friction load imparted minimum deformation and in real time experimentation a good bonding was established
1. The document analyzes the flow of molten metal in a die casting process for an aluminum housing component using ProCAST simulation software.
2. The analysis studied air vent placement, filling pressure, solidification times, and temperature distribution to optimize the die design and casting process.
3. The results showed uniform filling at 3 bar pressure, air being vented properly, and solidification occurring in 16 seconds with temperatures above 650°C, indicating good quality parts.
Fabrication of Surface MMC through Friction Stir Processing and Assessment of...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the fabrication of a surface metal matrix composite (SMMC) of aluminum alloy 7075 reinforced with aluminum oxide particles using friction stir processing (FSP). Electric discharge machining (EDM) was then used to machine samples of the SMMC to evaluate machinability characteristics. Taguchi optimization methods and analysis of variance were employed to determine optimal EDM process parameters that maximize material removal rate and tool wear rate while minimizing surface roughness.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys - A Reviewmsejjournal
The selection of proper material for each application is a critical part in every manufacturing industry.
In the field of aerospace and automobile the major requirement is light weight yet strong material which
can possess every aspect of design parameters. Magnesium alloy one of the major raw material used in
these industries due to its light weight, good thermal conductivity etc. Also Friction stir welding is the
joining process that is being used in these industries as it is a solid state joining process. This paper
gives a detailed review about Friction Stir welding of Mg alloys. The review period is considered from
2009 to 2015.A detailed review about Friction stir welding of Mg alloys has not been done before in this
manner. This review work may be a ready reference for subsequent researchers.
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
1) The document investigates the effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal of mild steel.
2) Testing was conducted on mild steel specimens welded with varying current from 80-100 amps using MMAW. Hardness was measured in the parent metal, HAZ and weld metal.
3) Results showed that as welding current increased, welding time decreased and welding speed increased due to a higher electrode melting rate. Hardness of the HAZ and weld metal decreased with increasing current due to higher heat input.
Ahmed ibrahim razooqi -- study the microstructure and mechanical properties ...ahmed Ibrahim
Ahmed Ibrahim Razooqi ---
Study the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir spot welding of carbon steel 1006 to aluminum alloy aa2024-t3.
Friction stir spot welding-FSSW has been suggested as effectual process to welding difficult materials such as dissimilar materials and
thin sheet of metal alloys. In this study, using dissimilar materials were welded carbon steel-1006 on upper plate and aluminum alloy
AA2024-T3 on lower plate. Macrostructure, micro-structural analysis and mechanical properties of the joints are done. The effect of
penetration depth, dwell time and spindle speed on tensile shear load are investigated with invariable of other parameter during welding
process. The maximum tensile shear load (3.31KN) was occurred when using 0.4mm of penetration depth, 10 sec of dwell time and 1400
rpm of spindle speed. Also, two type of failure shape was observed interfacial fracture of carbon steel sheet and pull -out fracture of
AA2024-T3 sheet.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
Optimization of friction stir welding process parameter using taguchi method ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is relatively new solid state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile. Welding is a multiinput-output process in which quality of welded joint is depends upon a input parameter. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. There are so many methods of optimization in which Taguchi method and Response surface methodology are selected for optimization of process parameter. In this review the effect of process parameter on welded joint studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and Response surface methodology. The study of Friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and High density polyethylene sheets shows the improvement in welded joint quality by optimization of process parameter. The main process parameters which affect the strength of welded joint is tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile. Keywords: Friction stir welding (FSW), Optimization, Taguchi Method Response surface Methodology Prediction models
1. The document analyzes the flow of molten metal in a die casting process for an aluminum housing component using ProCAST simulation software.
2. The analysis studied air vent placement, filling pressure, solidification times, and temperature distribution to optimize the die design and casting process.
3. The results showed uniform filling at 3 bar pressure, air being vented properly, and solidification occurring in 16 seconds with temperatures above 650°C, indicating good quality parts.
Fabrication of Surface MMC through Friction Stir Processing and Assessment of...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the fabrication of a surface metal matrix composite (SMMC) of aluminum alloy 7075 reinforced with aluminum oxide particles using friction stir processing (FSP). Electric discharge machining (EDM) was then used to machine samples of the SMMC to evaluate machinability characteristics. Taguchi optimization methods and analysis of variance were employed to determine optimal EDM process parameters that maximize material removal rate and tool wear rate while minimizing surface roughness.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys - A Reviewmsejjournal
The selection of proper material for each application is a critical part in every manufacturing industry.
In the field of aerospace and automobile the major requirement is light weight yet strong material which
can possess every aspect of design parameters. Magnesium alloy one of the major raw material used in
these industries due to its light weight, good thermal conductivity etc. Also Friction stir welding is the
joining process that is being used in these industries as it is a solid state joining process. This paper
gives a detailed review about Friction Stir welding of Mg alloys. The review period is considered from
2009 to 2015.A detailed review about Friction stir welding of Mg alloys has not been done before in this
manner. This review work may be a ready reference for subsequent researchers.
Investigation on effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of h...eSAT Journals
1) The document investigates the effect of welding current on welding speed and hardness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal of mild steel.
2) Testing was conducted on mild steel specimens welded with varying current from 80-100 amps using MMAW. Hardness was measured in the parent metal, HAZ and weld metal.
3) Results showed that as welding current increased, welding time decreased and welding speed increased due to a higher electrode melting rate. Hardness of the HAZ and weld metal decreased with increasing current due to higher heat input.
Ahmed ibrahim razooqi -- study the microstructure and mechanical properties ...ahmed Ibrahim
Ahmed Ibrahim Razooqi ---
Study the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir spot welding of carbon steel 1006 to aluminum alloy aa2024-t3.
Friction stir spot welding-FSSW has been suggested as effectual process to welding difficult materials such as dissimilar materials and
thin sheet of metal alloys. In this study, using dissimilar materials were welded carbon steel-1006 on upper plate and aluminum alloy
AA2024-T3 on lower plate. Macrostructure, micro-structural analysis and mechanical properties of the joints are done. The effect of
penetration depth, dwell time and spindle speed on tensile shear load are investigated with invariable of other parameter during welding
process. The maximum tensile shear load (3.31KN) was occurred when using 0.4mm of penetration depth, 10 sec of dwell time and 1400
rpm of spindle speed. Also, two type of failure shape was observed interfacial fracture of carbon steel sheet and pull -out fracture of
AA2024-T3 sheet.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
Optimization of friction stir welding process parameter using taguchi method ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is relatively new solid state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile. Welding is a multiinput-output process in which quality of welded joint is depends upon a input parameter. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. There are so many methods of optimization in which Taguchi method and Response surface methodology are selected for optimization of process parameter. In this review the effect of process parameter on welded joint studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and Response surface methodology. The study of Friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and High density polyethylene sheets shows the improvement in welded joint quality by optimization of process parameter. The main process parameters which affect the strength of welded joint is tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile. Keywords: Friction stir welding (FSW), Optimization, Taguchi Method Response surface Methodology Prediction models
Analysis of Machining Characteristics of Cryogenically Treated Die Steels Usi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Comparison of friction stirs welding technique with conventional welding methodseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
PAPER ON WELDABILITY OF H30 ALUMINIUM WITH BS970 MILD STEEL USING FRICTION WE...Journal For Research
Friction welding method is one of the most simple, economical and highly productive method in joining dissimilar materials. It is widely used in the automotive, medical and aerospace industrial applications. The purpose of this present work was to assess the development of solid state juncture of dissimilar materials of H30 aluminum and BS970 mild steel. The joints were obtained by Friction Welding (FW) process, which combines the heat generated from friction between two surfaces. The results were analyzed by means of tensile, Rockwell hardness test and metallographic tests. Solid state welding processes are characterized by the absence of melting and the formation of narrow heat affected zone (HAZ). The metallurgical properties are usually excellent and most of the processes can be mechanized or automated to be used as high production rate processes. The FW proves to be a great method for obtaining junctures between dissimilar materials which is not possible by fusion welding process.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
This document provides information on advanced manufacturing processes called micro machining processes. It discusses three specific processes: diamond micro machining (DMM), ultrasonic micro machining (USMM), and micro electro discharge machining (MEDM). The document provides details on each process, including principles of operation, applications in manufacturing small or precise components, and comparisons of the processes. It focuses on the use of these micro machining processes for cutting hard and brittle materials with high precision and minimal subsurface damage.
Evaluation of Hardness of Bimetallic Weld joint between SA-508Gr3 and SS-304LIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the hardness of a bimetallic weld joint between carbon steel SA 508 Gr3 and stainless steel SS 304L. The study involved welding the two metals with and without a buttering layer between them. Hardness and impact tests found that buttering improved the mechanical properties of the weld joint. Specifically, the maximum hardness was 37.5 for joints with buttering and 27.5 for joints without buttering. The buttering layer was stainless steel SS 309L deposited on the SA 508 Gr3 surface before welding.
This document summarizes research on the Activated MIG (A-MIG) welding process which involves applying a thin flux coating to the joint surface before welding to enhance penetration. The study examines the effect of a multi-component flux containing SiO2, TiO2, and CaO on weld bead shape and properties when welding AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel. Specimens were prepared and tested to analyze macrostructure using microscopy, and mechanical properties including hardness and tensile tests. Results showed the multi-component flux mixture of 20:5:5 SiO2:TiO2:CaO provided satisfactory welding results with increased penetration over no flux.
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM PLATES (5083) WELDED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING IAEME Publication
Using arc welding, gas welding and other welding process, it is very difficult to weld the aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding, on the other hand, can be used to join most Al alloys and
better surface finishing is achieved. Although the work piece does heat up during friction stir weld, the temperature does not reach the melting point.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of weld strength in friction stir welding of different grades of aluminum alloy using different tool geometries. Specifically, it analyzes welding 6061, 7005, and 8011 aluminum alloys with a cylindrical tool and tapered threaded tool. Tensile testing found that the tapered threaded tool produced stronger welds across all aluminum grades compared to the cylindrical tool, with strengths increasing up to 30%. This is because the threaded tool generates more friction and distributes the metal more evenly in the weld zone. Visual analysis also found the threaded tool produced better surface finish quality than the cylindrical tool.
This document summarizes a research article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology that studied the microstructure and mechanical properties of mild steel-copper joints created through friction welding. Key findings include:
1) Hardness tests found the weld interface had higher hardness than the base metals, with mild steel hardness increasing towards the heat affected zone and copper increasing slightly at the interface.
2) Tensile testing showed welded joints had lower strength than the base metals, failing in the reaction layer formed at the copper side near the interface.
3) Microstructural analysis found that at high rotational speeds, surface irregularities were smoothed and full bonding occurred at the interface, while low speeds allowed imp
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joining aluminum alloy 6...eSAT Journals
Abstract This investigation represents the effects of parameters of friction stir welding on tensile strength and hardness during welding of Aluminium Alloy 6105. A fabricated FSWM set up was used for welding. A high carbon steel tool having 18 mm shoulder diameter and 5.5 mm pin diameter has been used. It was noted that for the friction stir welding of aluminium alloy 6105, maximum tensile strength is 0.0912 KN/mm2, which is obtain at 1250 rpm tool rotation speed, 25 mm/min welding speed and 00 tilt angle. It was also noted that the maximum vicker hardness is 65.7 which is obtain at 1550 rpm rotational speed, 35 mm/min welding speed and 0.50 tilt angle. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Aluminium alloy 6105, tensile strength, hardness, Taguchi L9 orthogonal array
A Comparative Study on Linear Friction Welding for Dissimilar MetalsIJMER
Linear Friction welding (LFW) is a solid state joining process in which a joint between
two metals can be formed through the intimate contact of a plasticised layer at the interface of the
adjoining specimens. When a stationary workpiece is pushed against another workpiece which is moving
in a linear reciprocating manner, the plasticised layer is created through a combination of frictional
heating between these two metals. This paper will cover the basics of the process and the fundamental
aspects of operating a LFW machine using dissimilar metals
IRJET- Investigation on Dissimilar Metal Welding of Stainless Steel 316 L and...IRJET Journal
The document investigates dissimilar metal welding of stainless steel 316L and mild steel A-2062 using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Sixteen samples were prepared with variations in welding speed, current, and gas pressure based on a Taguchi experimental design. Tensile testing found ultimate tensile strengths ranging from 394 to 454 MPa. Microhardness was slightly higher than the base materials in the weld zone and heat-affected zone. Microstructure analysis was conducted on samples with the highest ultimate tensile strength, highest heat input, and lowest heat input. The depth of penetration averaged 5.8484 mm and bead width averaged 4.8243 mm across samples.
IRJET- Optimization on Friction Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel-S31803IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research optimizing friction welding parameters for joining duplex stainless steel S31803. 12 specimens were friction welded with varying friction load, friction time, forging load, and forging time. Microstructure analysis, hardness testing, tensile testing, bending testing, and impact testing were performed on the welded specimens. Hardness testing revealed the weld metal zone was softer than the base metal zone. Tensile testing showed ultimate strengths up to 574 MPa. Microstructure analysis showed a mixture of recrystallized grains in the weldment. Optimization of welding parameters is important for producing high quality welds of duplex stainless steel S31803.
This document summarizes research on the metallurgical behavior of AISI 304 steel butt welds under segregation. It discusses how solidification, microstructure development, and alloying element segregation influence properties. Rapid solidification during welding can result in fully austenitic or ferritic microstructures instead of duplex ones. Segregation of elements like chromium and molybdenum occurs due to the formation of dendrites and concentration gradients. This can lead to the precipitation of brittle intermetallic phases and cracking in the weld metal. The document analyzes the solidification modes, microstructures, segregation ratios, and mechanical effects for AISI 304 steel welds.
INVESTIGATION ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF SIMILAR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS (AA6061) ...RenukaReddyVudumula
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is the latest innovative and most complex process that is widely applied to the welding of lightweight alloys, such as aluminum alloys. this process provides the frictional heating and plastic deformation realized at the interaction between a non-consumable welding tool that rotates on the contact surfaces of the work-pieces. The welding tool is positioned vertically on the material and then moved at welding speed along the joint line.
The plasticized material is transferred behind the tool, forming a welded joint.
In this research, a new approach for friction-stir welding of similar alloys of aluminum alloy 6061 and using cerium particles. The weld mechanical properties of the welds were investigated in this research. The effects of friction-stir welding process parameters such as tool rotational and traverse speeds were also examined. Mechanical properties of the welded parts will be examined by using tensile test, Impact test, and Hardness test.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welding for Similar He-30...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of process parameters for friction stir welding of similar HE-30 aluminium alloy. It begins with an abstract that describes the friction stir welding process and the objectives of using Taguchi methods to optimize welding parameters to achieve high tensile strength. It then provides background on friction stir welding, describing how it is a solid-state welding process that uses a rotating tool to plasticize materials without melting. The document discusses how process parameters like rotational speed, travel speed, and tool geometry can affect joint quality and properties. It aims to use an experimental design and analysis approach to determine the optimum welding conditions for high tensile strength when joining HE-30 aluminium alloy.
EFFECT OF FORGE FORCE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR METAL FRICTION W...IAEME Publication
Several structural applications demand use of steels like low carbon steels and stainless steels because their sound weldability and ductility. Fusion welding of these steels especially in dissimilar metal combination attracts many problems such as cracking, porosity, low ductility etc. To overcome these problems, solid-state welding processes such as friction welding has to be employed as it can provide a solution to the recurrent problems arising in fusion welding. An attempt is made in this work to study the effect of forge force on mechanical properties such as tensile strength and impact toughness of the similar and dissimilar metal friction welds of stainless steel and low carbon steel. It is observed that tensile strength of dissimilar metal welds increased with increase in the forge force while the impact toughness decreased with increase in the forge force.
Analysis of Machining Characteristics of Cryogenically Treated Die Steels Usi...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Comparison of friction stirs welding technique with conventional welding methodseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
PAPER ON WELDABILITY OF H30 ALUMINIUM WITH BS970 MILD STEEL USING FRICTION WE...Journal For Research
Friction welding method is one of the most simple, economical and highly productive method in joining dissimilar materials. It is widely used in the automotive, medical and aerospace industrial applications. The purpose of this present work was to assess the development of solid state juncture of dissimilar materials of H30 aluminum and BS970 mild steel. The joints were obtained by Friction Welding (FW) process, which combines the heat generated from friction between two surfaces. The results were analyzed by means of tensile, Rockwell hardness test and metallographic tests. Solid state welding processes are characterized by the absence of melting and the formation of narrow heat affected zone (HAZ). The metallurgical properties are usually excellent and most of the processes can be mechanized or automated to be used as high production rate processes. The FW proves to be a great method for obtaining junctures between dissimilar materials which is not possible by fusion welding process.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
This document provides information on advanced manufacturing processes called micro machining processes. It discusses three specific processes: diamond micro machining (DMM), ultrasonic micro machining (USMM), and micro electro discharge machining (MEDM). The document provides details on each process, including principles of operation, applications in manufacturing small or precise components, and comparisons of the processes. It focuses on the use of these micro machining processes for cutting hard and brittle materials with high precision and minimal subsurface damage.
Evaluation of Hardness of Bimetallic Weld joint between SA-508Gr3 and SS-304LIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the hardness of a bimetallic weld joint between carbon steel SA 508 Gr3 and stainless steel SS 304L. The study involved welding the two metals with and without a buttering layer between them. Hardness and impact tests found that buttering improved the mechanical properties of the weld joint. Specifically, the maximum hardness was 37.5 for joints with buttering and 27.5 for joints without buttering. The buttering layer was stainless steel SS 309L deposited on the SA 508 Gr3 surface before welding.
This document summarizes research on the Activated MIG (A-MIG) welding process which involves applying a thin flux coating to the joint surface before welding to enhance penetration. The study examines the effect of a multi-component flux containing SiO2, TiO2, and CaO on weld bead shape and properties when welding AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel. Specimens were prepared and tested to analyze macrostructure using microscopy, and mechanical properties including hardness and tensile tests. Results showed the multi-component flux mixture of 20:5:5 SiO2:TiO2:CaO provided satisfactory welding results with increased penetration over no flux.
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIUM PLATES (5083) WELDED BY FRICTION STIR WELDING IAEME Publication
Using arc welding, gas welding and other welding process, it is very difficult to weld the aluminum alloys. Friction stir welding, on the other hand, can be used to join most Al alloys and
better surface finishing is achieved. Although the work piece does heat up during friction stir weld, the temperature does not reach the melting point.
Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on Maximum Temperature during F...IJSRD
In case of friction stir welding, the maximum temperature along the weld line within appropriate range at tool workpiece interface is responsible for quality of welded joint. Through this paper, an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the input process parameters and the maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075. The design of pre-experimental simulation has been performed in accordance with full factorial technique. The simulation of friction stir welding has been performed by varying input parameters, tool rotational speed and welding speed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to investigate the effect of input parameters on maximum temperature during friction stir welding. A correlation was established between input parameters and maximum temperature by multiple regression lines. This study indicates that the tool rotational speed is the main input parameter that has high statistical influence on maximum temperature along the weld line during friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-7075.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of weld strength in friction stir welding of different grades of aluminum alloy using different tool geometries. Specifically, it analyzes welding 6061, 7005, and 8011 aluminum alloys with a cylindrical tool and tapered threaded tool. Tensile testing found that the tapered threaded tool produced stronger welds across all aluminum grades compared to the cylindrical tool, with strengths increasing up to 30%. This is because the threaded tool generates more friction and distributes the metal more evenly in the weld zone. Visual analysis also found the threaded tool produced better surface finish quality than the cylindrical tool.
This document summarizes a research article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology that studied the microstructure and mechanical properties of mild steel-copper joints created through friction welding. Key findings include:
1) Hardness tests found the weld interface had higher hardness than the base metals, with mild steel hardness increasing towards the heat affected zone and copper increasing slightly at the interface.
2) Tensile testing showed welded joints had lower strength than the base metals, failing in the reaction layer formed at the copper side near the interface.
3) Microstructural analysis found that at high rotational speeds, surface irregularities were smoothed and full bonding occurred at the interface, while low speeds allowed imp
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
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Optimization of friction stir welding parameters for joining aluminum alloy 6...eSAT Journals
Abstract This investigation represents the effects of parameters of friction stir welding on tensile strength and hardness during welding of Aluminium Alloy 6105. A fabricated FSWM set up was used for welding. A high carbon steel tool having 18 mm shoulder diameter and 5.5 mm pin diameter has been used. It was noted that for the friction stir welding of aluminium alloy 6105, maximum tensile strength is 0.0912 KN/mm2, which is obtain at 1250 rpm tool rotation speed, 25 mm/min welding speed and 00 tilt angle. It was also noted that the maximum vicker hardness is 65.7 which is obtain at 1550 rpm rotational speed, 35 mm/min welding speed and 0.50 tilt angle. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Aluminium alloy 6105, tensile strength, hardness, Taguchi L9 orthogonal array
A Comparative Study on Linear Friction Welding for Dissimilar MetalsIJMER
Linear Friction welding (LFW) is a solid state joining process in which a joint between
two metals can be formed through the intimate contact of a plasticised layer at the interface of the
adjoining specimens. When a stationary workpiece is pushed against another workpiece which is moving
in a linear reciprocating manner, the plasticised layer is created through a combination of frictional
heating between these two metals. This paper will cover the basics of the process and the fundamental
aspects of operating a LFW machine using dissimilar metals
IRJET- Investigation on Dissimilar Metal Welding of Stainless Steel 316 L and...IRJET Journal
The document investigates dissimilar metal welding of stainless steel 316L and mild steel A-2062 using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Sixteen samples were prepared with variations in welding speed, current, and gas pressure based on a Taguchi experimental design. Tensile testing found ultimate tensile strengths ranging from 394 to 454 MPa. Microhardness was slightly higher than the base materials in the weld zone and heat-affected zone. Microstructure analysis was conducted on samples with the highest ultimate tensile strength, highest heat input, and lowest heat input. The depth of penetration averaged 5.8484 mm and bead width averaged 4.8243 mm across samples.
IRJET- Optimization on Friction Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel-S31803IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research optimizing friction welding parameters for joining duplex stainless steel S31803. 12 specimens were friction welded with varying friction load, friction time, forging load, and forging time. Microstructure analysis, hardness testing, tensile testing, bending testing, and impact testing were performed on the welded specimens. Hardness testing revealed the weld metal zone was softer than the base metal zone. Tensile testing showed ultimate strengths up to 574 MPa. Microstructure analysis showed a mixture of recrystallized grains in the weldment. Optimization of welding parameters is important for producing high quality welds of duplex stainless steel S31803.
This document summarizes research on the metallurgical behavior of AISI 304 steel butt welds under segregation. It discusses how solidification, microstructure development, and alloying element segregation influence properties. Rapid solidification during welding can result in fully austenitic or ferritic microstructures instead of duplex ones. Segregation of elements like chromium and molybdenum occurs due to the formation of dendrites and concentration gradients. This can lead to the precipitation of brittle intermetallic phases and cracking in the weld metal. The document analyzes the solidification modes, microstructures, segregation ratios, and mechanical effects for AISI 304 steel welds.
INVESTIGATION ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF SIMILAR ALUMINIUM ALLOYS (AA6061) ...RenukaReddyVudumula
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is the latest innovative and most complex process that is widely applied to the welding of lightweight alloys, such as aluminum alloys. this process provides the frictional heating and plastic deformation realized at the interaction between a non-consumable welding tool that rotates on the contact surfaces of the work-pieces. The welding tool is positioned vertically on the material and then moved at welding speed along the joint line.
The plasticized material is transferred behind the tool, forming a welded joint.
In this research, a new approach for friction-stir welding of similar alloys of aluminum alloy 6061 and using cerium particles. The weld mechanical properties of the welds were investigated in this research. The effects of friction-stir welding process parameters such as tool rotational and traverse speeds were also examined. Mechanical properties of the welded parts will be examined by using tensile test, Impact test, and Hardness test.
Optimization of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welding for Similar He-30...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of process parameters for friction stir welding of similar HE-30 aluminium alloy. It begins with an abstract that describes the friction stir welding process and the objectives of using Taguchi methods to optimize welding parameters to achieve high tensile strength. It then provides background on friction stir welding, describing how it is a solid-state welding process that uses a rotating tool to plasticize materials without melting. The document discusses how process parameters like rotational speed, travel speed, and tool geometry can affect joint quality and properties. It aims to use an experimental design and analysis approach to determine the optimum welding conditions for high tensile strength when joining HE-30 aluminium alloy.
EFFECT OF FORGE FORCE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR METAL FRICTION W...IAEME Publication
Several structural applications demand use of steels like low carbon steels and stainless steels because their sound weldability and ductility. Fusion welding of these steels especially in dissimilar metal combination attracts many problems such as cracking, porosity, low ductility etc. To overcome these problems, solid-state welding processes such as friction welding has to be employed as it can provide a solution to the recurrent problems arising in fusion welding. An attempt is made in this work to study the effect of forge force on mechanical properties such as tensile strength and impact toughness of the similar and dissimilar metal friction welds of stainless steel and low carbon steel. It is observed that tensile strength of dissimilar metal welds increased with increase in the forge force while the impact toughness decreased with increase in the forge force.
EFFECT OF TiO2 NANOPARTICLES ON FRICTION STIR WELDED JOINTS OF AA8011 ALUMINI...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study investigating the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on friction stir welded joints of AA8011 aluminum alloy. AA8011 aluminum alloy plates were friction stir welded with TiO2 nanoparticles added to the weld groove before welding. Various welding parameters were varied to evaluate their effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the welded joints. Tensile tests, impact tests, and microhardness tests were performed on the welded joints and results were compared to published data. The maximum tensile strength and impact value obtained were 52.98 MPa and 5.0 joules, respectively, at a rotational speed of 1400 RPM and welding speed of 25mm/min.
Review paper on friction stir welding of various materialIRJET Journal
The document reviews friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-state welding technique invented in 1991. It discusses how FSW works, common materials welded, key process parameters like rotational speed and welding speed, and their effects on weld strength and microstructure. Several case studies are presented that examined how varying process parameters impacted tensile strength when welding materials like aluminum alloys, steel, and polymers. The conclusion states that FSW is well-suited for welding aluminum alloys and efforts are ongoing to weld higher-temperature materials and dissimilar metals using this technique.
IRJET- Study of Loading Conditions for Three Plate Lap Welded Specimen us...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes several studies that used finite element analysis (FEA) tools like ANSYS to simulate welding processes. It discusses how researchers have used FEA to study the effects of different welding parameters, material properties, and loading conditions. Specifically, it describes studies that used FEA to analyze: (1) residual stresses in butt-welded steel plates and box sections; (2) temperature distribution during laser-arc hybrid welding of aluminum to steel; (3) microstructure formation during explosive welding of aluminum to iron.
Optimization on Spot Weld Parameters in Resistance Spot Welding Process on AI...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The spot welding procedure is used in a variety of industrial applications. The most critical elements influencing welding quality, productivity, and cost are the spot welding parameters. This research examines the effect of welding factors such as welding current and welding time on the strength of various welding joint designs. Resistance spot welding (RSW) is used in the automotive industry for manufacturing. This research focused on the optimization of process parameters for resistance spot welding (RSW), as well as the tensile testing and spot weld diameter. The goals of this analysis are to comprehend the physics of the process and to demonstrate the effect of electrical current, weld time, and material type on the resistance spot welding process.
Effect of various process parameters on friction stir welded jointeSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and ZnS added ADP (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) single crystals have been grown at room temperature by the free evaporation method. A total of six crystals have been grown and characterized structurally, chemically, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically by using the suitable standard methods. Results obtained indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the ADP crystal matrix. ZnS addition is found to increase the SHG efficiency significantly. All the grown crystals exhibit good optical transmission in the entire visible region. Results of AC and DC electrical measurements indicate a normal dielectric behaviour for all the six crystals grown. The electrical parameters, viz., DC electrical conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and AC electrical conductivity are found to increase with the increase in temperature. The optical, mechanical and electrical parameters are found to vary nonlinearly with the impurity (ZnS) concentration. Keywords: ADP crystal, Crystal growth, Doped crystals, Physical properties, X-ray diffraction.
This document provides a literature review of submerged arc welding (SAW) research. It discusses the history and process of SAW. Key points include:
- SAW involves an electric arc between a consumable electrode and the workpiece, with the arc surrounded by a bed of granular flux that prevents atmospheric contamination and increases weld pool size.
- Many studies have analyzed the effects of various SAW process parameters like current, voltage, and wire feed rate on weld properties and microstructure of steels. Properties examined include hardness, toughness, bead geometry, and heat-affected zone characteristics.
- Research has optimized SAW parameters using techniques like Taguchi methods and developed mathematical models relating inputs
Effect of Process Parameters and Nano particles on Friction Stir Welding of D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar aluminum alloys. It discusses how FSW is used to join materials like aluminum and challenges in joining dissimilar materials, such as formation of brittle intermetallic compounds with different properties. The document reviews studies on FSW of aluminum alloys with additions of nanoparticles like silicon carbide to improve mechanical properties. It also examines work on using probeless tools to repair defects in friction stir welds of aluminum and copper.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents an optimization study of friction stir welding process parameters for aluminum alloys to achieve maximum tensile strength. Experiments were conducted using Taguchi's design of experiments method to evaluate the effects of rotational speed, tool tilt angle, and travel speed on joint strength. Analysis of variance revealed that tool tilt angle was the most influential parameter, contributing 47.39% to tensile strength, followed by travel speed at 42.18%. The optimal parameters predicted were 1300 rpm rotational speed, 1° tool tilt angle, and 60 mm/min travel speed, which were expected to yield a maximum tensile strength of 285 MPa. Experimental validation of these optimal parameters produced a joint strength of 288 MPa, close to the predicted value.
EVALUATION OF PROCESSES PARAMETER AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN FRICTION STIR ...IAEME Publication
The present study focuses on Friction Stir Welding of steel being very popular due to the vast application in the fields of automotive and ship building industries. The main constrained of welding steel has considered due to severe loads and temperatures at the interface of FSW tool and parent materials. Ti and pcBN based alloys are suitable for joining steel alloys up to 15 mm thick was found during study. Many researchers carried out study on FSW of steel and found on weld process parameters, mechanical properties, microstructure and the tool employed to produce the weld. It was found that carbon content, welding speed as well as the rotational speed affects between the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the weld.
Friction stir welding process parameters forsabry said
1) Friction stir welding is a solid-state welding process that joins materials without melting them. In FSW, a non-consumable tool is used to generate frictional heat and plasticize the materials being joined.
2) The document focuses on evaluating the mechanical properties and predicting the process parameters of friction stir welding for joining dissimilar aluminum alloys, specifically a 6xxx alloy and 7xxx alloy.
3) Key factors that determine weld quality are welding parameters like rotational speed and welding speed, as well as tool geometry. Proper selection of parameters and tool design can improve weld quality.
This document discusses an experimental study that evaluated the electro-mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminum/copper bimetallic lap joints. Aluminum and copper plates were joined using friction stir welding and their mechanical and electrical properties were tested by varying parameters like rotational speed, welding speed, and tool tilting angle. Eight experiments were conducted according to a design matrix and the resulting joints were tested for tensile shear strength. The maximum tensile shear strength obtained was 70 MPa. Hardness was found to be uniform throughout the joints and electrical resistance was negligible under manufacturing conditions.
IRJET- Optimization and Characterization of Dissimilar Welding of AA5083 & AA...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experiment that optimized friction stir welding parameters for dissimilar aluminum alloys AA5083 and AA6082. Taguchi methods were used to design experiments varying tool rotation speed, travel speed, and tilt angle. Tensile tests on the welded joints found the highest strength of 217 MPa at 700 rpm, 110 mm/min travel speed, and 2 degree tilt angle. Microhardness tests and microscopic analysis of the welded joints' microstructure were also conducted to characterize the properties and quality of the dissimilar alloy welds under different welding parameters.
The study of microstructural and mechanical properties of butt-welded plates ...IRJET Journal
The document is a literature review that discusses how MIG welding parameters affect the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints. It summarizes several studies that investigated:
1) The effect of heat input on the microstructure and properties of aluminum-zinc coated steel lap joints welded using MIG welding.
2) How the heat affected zone and tensile strength are affected in hybrid laser-MIG welds of aluminum alloy compared to MIG welds.
3) The relationship between welding speed, heat input, and temperature distribution in welded steel plates.
The literature review concludes that welding parameters like heat input, welding speed, and power source can significantly impact the microstructure, mechanical properties
Similar to ESTABLISHING THE PROCESS PARAMETERS OF LINEAR FRICTION WELDING PROCESS FOR DISSIMILAR JOINTS (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
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Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
2. Establishing the Process Parameters of Linear Friction Welding Process for Dissimilar Joints
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devices, and many other manufacturing and industrial applications. However, dissimilar joining
is more complicated in alloys like stainless steel and it much more complicated in multi phased
stainless steels like Duplex stainless steel, super duplex stainless steel and high nitrogen alloyed
stainless steel. [1, 2]
1.2. Joining issues in DSS
Duplex stainless steel (DSS) consists of equal proportions of ferrite and austenite not stabilize
in arc welding process. During arc welding of DSS inter metallic components are formed and
they degrade the performance of the joints. Hence, welding consumables are selected to create
the proper phase balance in the weld deposit and provide corrosion resistance at least equal to
that the base metal. Nickel content is often boosted in nominally matching filler metals in order
to promote austenite formation during the rapid cooling associated with welding. One such filler
metals 2209 contains nominally used for base metal 2205 [3]. The joint integrity of the DSS
welds are defined by their respective heat input, cooling rate, weld oxide formation, sigma
phase formation in weld metal and base metal during the process of welding. All the above-
mentioned issues can be minimized by imparting solid state method for joining DSS instead of
fusion welding process. [4]
1.3. Dissimilar joining of DSS
The welding of dissimilar metals considered difficult, due to the differences in the physical
properties of the two metals. Dissimilar metal welding (DMW) is frequently used to join duplex
stainless steels together or to other materials in different situations such as, gas pipeline and
petrochemical industry. Reasons for these combinations may be economic, property
considerations, transition or cladding. Stainless steels may be involved in joints of varying
degrees of dissimilarity [5, 6]. It is especially important to make an appropriate selection of
filler metal to produce a sound joint that will give satisfactory service performance. Generally,
to use benefits of both alloys, filler metals and welding process should be chosen precisely.
Accompanied by a good control of welding parameters, making it practical for welding
dissimilar weld joints. [7, 8]. However, solid state welding techniques may be suited for joining
DSS with other steels like mild steel. Among the joint configurations butt joints are most
effectively used for various structural applications. Butt joining of Dissimilar DSS joints with
other carbon alloys like mild steel (MS) may be carried out by two welding process namely
friction stir welding and linear friction welding. Although Friction stir welding has many
advantages over linear friction welding, the tool making process for joining DSS with mild steel
is a hard task. Hence, the linear friction welding (LFW) can be used to fabricate dissimilar joints
of DSS and MS.
Thus, the main objective of this research work is to optimize the process parameters for
fabricating dissimilar joints of DSS and MS by Finite Element Analysis and real time
experimentation. A brief illustration of the LFW process is described in the subsequent section.
2. LINEAR FRICTION WELDING
2.1. Principle
Linear friction welding (LFW) is a solid state joining process in which a stationary part is forced
against a part that is reciprocating in a linear manner in order to generate frictional heat .The
heat. Along with the force applied perpendicular to the weld interface, causes material at the
interface to deform and plasticize. Much of this plasticized material is removed from the weld,
as flash, because of the combined action of the applied force and part movement. Surface-oxides
3. G. Magudeeswaran, P. Rajapandiyan, V. Balasubramanian and P. Sivaraj
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and other impurities are removed, along with the plasticized material, and this allows metal-to-
metal contact between parts and allows a joint to form. [11, 12]
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the linear friction welding process
2.2. Linear Friction Welding Process Phases
Close examination of the LFW process reveals four distinct phases [13, 14]
Figure 2 Linear Friction Welding Process Phases
2.2.1. The Initial Phase
From the beginning the two workpieces are moving under pressure in a linear reciprocating
manner. Heat is generated at the rubbing interface due to solid friction. True surface contact
area increases throughout this phase due to wear and the thermal softening effects of movement.
No axial shortening of the specimens is experienced at this stage. This phase is critical for the
rest of process to proceed, for if insufficient heat is generated the next phase will not follow.
2.2.2. Transition Phase
During this very short period, the heat affected zone expands from the asperities into the bulk
of the material until phase III is reached. The true contact area is considered to be 100% of the
cross-sectional area due to wear and localized yielding of the asperities. A plasticized layer is
formed between the two rubbing surfaces which cannot support the axial load, thus deforming
permanently.
2.2.3. Equilibrium Phase
Axial shortening begins to register as plasticized matter is expelled into an upset. Material in
the heat affected zone that has yielded moves out of the rubbing interface aided by oscillatory
movement. This forms a flash, which may take different shape and size depending on the
material extruded. Melting conditions at the interface are not reached as experimental data have
shown. The phase is termed “equilibrium” to reflect the fact that as long as oscillation occurs
axial shortening increases while not leading automatically to another phase.
4. Establishing the Process Parameters of Linear Friction Welding Process for Dissimilar Joints
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2.2.4. Deceleration/Forging Phase.
When the desired upset is reached the two materials are brought to rest very rapidly and a
forging pressure may be applied to consolidate the weld. The process is self-regulating as the
appropriate choice of process parameters (amplitude of oscillation, frequency of oscillation,
friction pressure) leads to phase III, which is necessary to be present to form sound welds.
Depending on the machine used the process is controlled by the length of axial shortening
achieved or process time, producing with excellent repeatability good joints. Joining may occur
at a different phase of the process (III or IV) depending on the material.
3. METHODOLOGY OF DISSIMILAR JOINING OF DSS AND MS
The plan of investigation for optimization of process parameters of Dissimilar joining of DSS
and MS is illustrated in the following stages:
Stage 1- Dissimilar Material selection based on need and applications
Stage 2 – Joint configuration
Stage 3 – Identifying the predominant process parameters in LFW
Stage 4 – Oscillating plate and stationary plate selection for process LFW of DSS and MS
Stage 5 – Assumptions in FEM analysis of dissimilar joining of DSS and MS
Stage 6 – Fixing the range of the process parameters to obtain good joint
Stage 7 – Analysis of good joint
Stage 8 – Results and Discussion
3.1. Dissimilar Material selection based on need and applications
3.1.1. Duplex stainless steel
DSS are made of austenite and ferrite microstructures. The structure of duplex stainless steels
has almost equal parts of these phases after proper heat treatment. There are several advantages
of this steel grade compare to general stainless steels. DSS also have twice of the yield strengths
compare to that of austenitic grades while holding worthy ductility and toughness. The thermal
expansion coefficient and the heat transfer properties of the DSS are intermediate between its
constituent. [18, 19]
3.1.2. Mild steel
Mild steel (MS) is a class of low carbon steel is very much suitable as structural steel. MS is
the only grade of steel which is very often used for conventional domestic application because
of properties and its low cost. Good machinability and excellent weldablity paves way for using
MS in various applications especially in automobile industries [21, 22]. The, mechanical,
physical properties and chemical composition of DSS and MS are illustrated in Tables 1, 2 and
3 respectively.
Table 1 Mechanical properties of DSS and MS
Description DSS MS
Tensile strength (MPa) 620 370
Yield strength (MPa) 450 247
Elongation (%) 25 15
Hardness (HRB) 106 120
5. G. Magudeeswaran, P. Rajapandiyan, V. Balasubramanian and P. Sivaraj
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Table 2 Physical properties of DSS and MS
Description DSS MILD STEEL
Density 7.805(g.cm³) 7.8-7.97g/cc
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 200 205
Electrical Resistivity 0.085x10-6(
𝛺. 𝑚) 0.0000159 Ω-cm
Thermal conductivity(W/m.K) 19 at 100ºC 46 at 25 ºC
Thermal Expansion(m/m.K) 13.7x10-6
to 100°C 11.7
Table 3 Chemical composition of DSS and MS
Material C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Fe
DSS 0.03 2.0 0.03 0.02 1.0 21-23 4.5-6.5 2.5-3.5 Bal
Mildsteel 0.16-0.18 0.70-0.90 0.04 0.04 0.40 - - - Bal
3.2. Joint configuration
Two plates of each DSS and MS of length: 55mm, width: 30mm and thickness: 6mm is used
for fabricating the dissimilar joints of the same. Square Butt joint configuration as illustrated in
Fig.3
Figure 3 Joint configuration
3.3. Identifying the predominant process parameters in LFW
The important predominant process parameters of LFW are listed as follows:
1. Oscillation frequency
2. Frictional load
3. Forging load
4. Friction time
5. Forging time
Of all the above process parameters Friction force (the force used to help consolidate the
weld post-oscillatory motion) is very much significance for bonding characteristics of LFW
[24].
3.4. Oscillating plate and stationary plate selection for process LFW of DSS and
MS
In linear friction welding process one end to be fixed and another end to movable it’s also
connected with cam. If DSS plate is made to oscillate over the MS plate, and when the forging
and the frictional force are applied, it will cause buckling and will cause breaking of MS plate.
6. Establishing the Process Parameters of Linear Friction Welding Process for Dissimilar Joints
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Hence, the high strength DSS plate is to be fixed and the low strength MS plate is be oscillated
over the DSS to cause frictional force which will lead to bonding of the two plates [26].
3.5. Assumptions in FEM analysis of dissimilar joining of DSS and MS
For precise simulation of LFW, a 3D model was developed using software. Since LFW process
involves friction and sliding forces and it’s necessary to carryout structural analysis for various
conditions using different parameters. Finite element analysis in its broadest sense is a method
of analysis that can be applied to solving differential equations, heat transfer problems, and
structural analysis problems. However, in this study, only structural analysis was carried out by
creating a model for the joint configuration as show in the Fig.3.The basic assumption to be
incorporated in analyzing the dissimilar joints in this investigation is that a good is obtained
when the total deformation in both the plates are to be minimum when the process parameters
are used [25]. The basic aim of this investigation is to obtain the best optimal process parameters
to impart the minimum deformation to get a good joint.
3.6. Range of the process parameters to obtain good joint
The process parameters for joining DSS and MS by using LFW process is presented in Table
4. In this investigation Friction load, which is the predominant process parameter of LFW
process and responsible factor for bonding is alone varied. All other parameters are maintained
constant as their combined influence was not much significant factor for bonding. However,
the parameters like frequency, forging time, friction time and forging load have their individual
effect on the performance of the joints fabricated by LFW.
Table 4 Range of the process parameters selected
Parameters Unit Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Friction load N 300 400 500 600 800
Friction time Sec 30 30 30 30 30
Forging load N 200 200 200 200 200
Forging time Sec 3 3 3 3 3
Frequency Hz 30 30 30 30 30
3.7. Analysis of good joint
3.7.1. FEM analysis
Catia v5 software was used to carry out a 3D modeling of LFW joint configuration as shown in
Fig 3 with 255 nodes and 736 elements. Structural analysis was carried out by choosing applied
frictional force and forging force as required by the LFW process by varying the friction load
for each trials as detailed in Table 4. A set of 5 trails was conducted by FEM analysis and the
deformation characteristics of each trail is displayed in Figs. 4-8. The estimated strain for each
trail is presented in Table 5 and the minimum deformation is obtained in trial and is expected
to have a good bonding when compared to other trails [27].
7. G. Magudeeswaran, P. Rajapandiyan, V. Balasubramanian and P. Sivaraj
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Figure 4 Trial-1 Applied friction load at 300N Figure 5 Trial-2 Applied friction load at 400N
Figure 6 Trial-3 Applied friction load at 500N Figure 7 Trial-4 Applied friction load at 600N
Figure 8 Trial-4 Applied friction load at 800N
Table 5 Deformation (Strain) value of joints
Parameters Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Deformation 9.6 x10-5
1.2 x10-4
8.0x10-5
1.9 x10-4
2.5 x10-4
3.7.2. Experimental analysis
LFW involves joining of materials through the relative motion of two components undergoing
an axial force. The friction between the rubbing surfaces coupled with the strong applied
pressure heats up the materials and creates the necessary conditions in the contact zone to soften
the individual components and to form metallic bonds. When welding is obtained by forcing a
stationary part against a part that is reciprocating in a linear manner. A real time LFW was
carried out to fabricate dissimilar joints of DSS and MS by using indigenously built LFW
machine for all the five trails for which FEM analysis was done. The observations of all five
trails are presented in Table 6. It is evident that Trail 3 is proven to impart a good bonding of
DSS and MS.
8. Establishing the Process Parameters of Linear Friction Welding Process for Dissimilar Joints
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Table 6 LFW process of DSS and MS joints
Trials Side 1 Side 2 Observation
Trial 1 No fusion on both sides
Trial 2
Flash formation is more and
incomplete fusion
Trial 3
Good Fusion without flash and
buckling
Trial 4
Flash formation is less partly
incomplete fusion
Trial 5
Buckling with flash formation
and no fusion of the joint
3.8. Results and Discussion
LFW offers many advantages over traditional fusion welding methods, including excellent
mechanical properties avoidance of melting, allowing for a range of dissimilar materials to be
joined. The two plates DSS and Mild steel are initially positioned adjacent, in contact at the
intended weld interface. During the process, the MS oscillates against DSS and no buckling is
observed during the real time experimentation. A static forging load is applied on the DSS and
frictional force is exerted by the oscillation of MS plate over the DSS plate. It is evident that
all the other parameters in this investigation are maintained constant expect friction load. In this
investigation good bonding is obtained in Trail 3 where the frictional force is 500 N which is
neither too high nor too low. If the frictional force is too low no bonding is established and if
the friction force is too high flash formation along with incomplete fusion occurs. Thus, a
balance nominal friction force along with other established parameters aid in good bonding due
to minimum deformation and is evident in Trial 3.
Hence, it is proved that LFW process can also be used for fabricating the dissimilar butt
joint of DSS and MS. However, the structural integrity of the bonding have to be investigated
mechanically and metallurgical to apply LFW for fabrication of Dissimilar joints comprising
of DSS and MS.
4. CONCLUSION
1. LFW offers many advantages over traditional fusion welding methods, including
excellent mechanical properties avoidance of melting, allowing for a range of dissimilar
materials to be joined.
2. LFW is a very better process for fabricating Dissimilar butt joints of DSS and MS
3. A balance nominal friction force along with other established parameters aid in good
bonding of the dissimilar joint of DSS and MS due to minimum deformation.
9. G. Magudeeswaran, P. Rajapandiyan, V. Balasubramanian and P. Sivaraj
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are Thankful to Centre for Materials Joining & Research, Department of
Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002 Tamil Nadu,
India for providing welding facilty to carryout real time experimentation.
REFERENCES
[1] Abdul wahab H. Khuder and Esam J. Ebraheam, Study the factors effecting on welding
joint of dissimilar metals‖, Al-Khwarizmi engineering journal, April (2011), Vol 7, No. 1,
pp.-76-81.
[2] Brijesh Kumar Maurya, Balwant Pratap, Avaneesh Kumar, Gopal Rana, study Experimental
analysis of dissimilar metal welds of mild steel and stainless steel International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 05
| May -2017
[3] Okiemute Grace Erhimona, in Influence of welding processes on the exposure of duplex
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