The document provides a comprehensive guide on essay and paragraph writing, highlighting their definitions, characteristics, structures, and types. It discusses the essential qualities of a good essay, such as unity, order, coherence, and correctness, along with steps to write an effective essay and paragraph. Additionally, it categorizes essays and paragraphs into various types, detailing their characteristics and purposes.

1. Starting With the Name of Allah

2. Ma’am Rozina Shamas
MPhil English Linguistics
rozina.shams77@gmail.com
Department of English
Queens College Gujrat, Shadiwal

3. Essay Writing
Contents :
• What is an Essay (Introduction)
• Characteristics of a good essay
• Structure of an Essay
• Hints of Writing Essay
• Outlines of an Essay
• Types of an Essay
• Steps of writing an Essay

4. Paragraph Writing
• What is a Paragraph
(Introduction)
• Characteristics of a good
Paragraph
• Types of a Paragraph
Contents :

5. Introduction of Essay:-
What is essay?
An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's
own argument . It is often considered synonymous with a story or a paper
or an article.
 Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and informal
 Formal essays are characterized by "serious purpose, dignity, logical
organization, length,“
 informal essay is characterized by "the personal element (self-revelation,
individual tastes and experiences, confidential manner), humor, graceful
style, rambling structure, unconventionality or novelty of theme," etc.

6. Difference between Essay and Story:
Essay
• essay writing is
descriptive.
• essay does not have a plot
• In the essay, there are no
characters
Story
• story is narrative
• story has a plot.
• in story there is a number
of characters revolve
around the main
character.

7. Characteristics/Qualities of Essay:-
Focus:-
An essay should have a single clear central idea. Each
paragraph should have a clear main point or topic sentence.
Development:-
Each paragraph should support or expand the central
idea of the paper. The idea of each paragraph should be
explained and illustrated through examples, details, and
descriptions.

8. Characteristics/Qualities of Essay:-
Unity:-
Every paragraph in an essay should be related to the
main idea. Each paragraph should stick to its main point.
Nothing that is not relevant to it should be admitted to the
essay.
Order:-
The essay should be written in a specific order. It should
not consist of haphazard reflections put down anyhow.

9. Characteristics/Qualities of Essay:-
Coherence:-
An essay or paper should be organized logically, flow
smoothly, and "stick" together. In other words, everything in
the writing should make sense to a reader.
Correctness:-
A paper should be written in generally correct standard
English, with complete sentences, and be relatively error-free.

10. An essay has three main parts:
• An introduction ( introductory paragraph )
• A body ( normally have 3 paragraphs )
• A conclusion ( concluding paragraph )
Structure of Essay:-

11. 1- Introduction of a Paragraph
 General statement :
 Introduce the general topic of
essay.
 Capture the reader’s interest.
 Thesis statement :
 States the specific topic
 May list subtopic or subdivision
 May indicate the pattern of organization
 Is normally the last sentence in
introductory paragraph
An introductory paragraphs has two parts:

12. 2- Body of a Paragraph
The body paragraphs are used to:
 Develop your topic
 Prove your points
The body paragraphs should have:
 Some sort of pattern(chronological order or comparison/contrast,or a
combination of both)
 A logical division of ideas(division into subtopics and discussion of
these subtopics in separate paragraph)

13. 3- Conclusion of a Paragraph
The conclusion is a final paragraph in an essay.it has three purposes:
 It signals the end of essay
 It reminds the reader of your main points you can do this in two ways:
 Summarize your subtopics
 Paraphrase your thesis
 It leaves the reader with your final thoughts on the topic.

14. Hints of an Essay
Hints of an essay includes :
 General Preparation
 Special Preparation
 General preparation
 Reading
 Observation
 Conversation

15. Hints of an Essay
 Special preparation
 Defining the subject
 Collecting materials
 Reading up the subject
 Collection
 Selection
 Logical arrangement
 Making the outline
 Filling the outline

16. Types of an Essay
01
Descriptive
Essay
02 Narrative
Essay
03
Expository
Essay
04
Argumentative
Essay

17. 1 – Descriptive Essay
Headlines to discuss
• Brainstroming
• Use clear Language
• Use certain vocabulary
• Coherence
• Use your senses
• What were you thinking ?
• Leave the reader with clear impression
• Be Organized

18. 2 - Narrative Essay
Headlines to discuss
• Written as a story
• Narrative essay not be written as a story
• Purpose
• Clear point of view
• Use clear language
• First person pronoun “I” is welcomed
• Be Organized

19. 3 - Expository Essay
Headlines to discuss
• Purpose Statement
• Logical Transitions
• Evidential Support
• Creativity
• Arguments

20. 4 –Argumentative Essay
Headlines to discuss
• Introduction
• Simply describe
• Body
• Give arguments
• Conclusion
• Prove

21. Steps to write an Essay
• Pick a type of essay to write
• Brainstorm your essay
• Research the Topic
• Develop a thesis
• Outline your essay
• Write your essay
• Check spelling and grammer in essay

22. Steps to write an Essay
1. Choose the Type of essay to write.
2. Brainstorm :
 Think of ideas
 Clustering or mind mapping
 Recognize connections
 Neither to broad nor too narrow

23. Steps to write an Essay
3. Research the Topic :
 Search online information
 Keep your research organized
4. Develop a thesis :
 Thesis in introductory paragraph
 Thesis Statement

24. Steps to write an Essay
5. Outlines for an Essay :
 Outline is a roadmap of your essay.
 An outline is an organizational tool.
Purpose of an Outlines :
 An outline will help make your
essay more organized
 An outline saves time for writers.

25. Main Components of an Outline
Parallelism
Coordination
Subordination
Division
All the headings should be of same structure (
i.e verb )
All the headings and subheadings should be of
same significance.
Headings should be general while subheadings
should be specific
Each heading should be divided into 2 or more
parts.

26. Steps to write an Essay
• 6. Writing an Essay :
• Write a skeleton based on outlines.
• Should have to follow the proper structure
• Support your thesis with information.
• Make sure everything flows together.
• Re-Read your introduction and Conclusion.

27. Steps to write an Essay
7. Check spelling and Grammar Mistakes :
 Check Grammar and spelling errors
 Check Punctuation errors
 Consider the difference between :
 Quoting
 Phasing
 Summarizing

28. What is a paragraph ?
The Group of sentences organized around a central topic is
called as Paragraph.
 Comprised of few sentences (but not
random)
 Focus on one idea ( Cardinal Rule )

29. Structure elements for a paragraph
A good paragraph Should be of following structure.
1. Topic sentence.
2. Three Supporting sentence.
3. Concluding sentence.

30. Characteristics of a good paragraph
There are four essential Elements which makes your
Paraghraph Great
1. Unity
2. Order
3. Cohenrence
4. Completeness

31. 1- Unity
 Controlling idea expressed in topic sentence( First sentence ).
 Paragraph Unity :
Topic sentence
Supporting Sentences
Details and discuss
 Thinking about theme for topic sentence

32. 2- Order
 Organize the details in to an order .
 Orders :
Chronological Order
Order of importance
Logical Presentation of Detail
 Helps to avoid confusion
 Grasp readers attention

33. 3- Coherence
 Coherence is connecting the sentence with each other in paragraph.
 Make the writing Understandable.
 Works as a bridge between sentences.
 Use transition words, relationships and logics.
 Consistent verb tenses and point of view.

34. 4- Completeness
 Completeness means well developed it means, all sentences should clearly
support the main idea.
 Enough information to prove your thesis
 All three elements of its structure should be complete.
 Summarizing the main theme in last sentences

35. Types of a Paragraph
01
Descriptive
Paragraph
02 Narrative
Paragraph
03
Expository
Paragraph
04
Persuasive
Paragraph

36. 1 – Descriptive Paragraph
Headlines to discuss
 The paragraph that Describes the clear picture of a person , event
place or thing.
 Provide detailed information about subject.
 Convey all senses and let the reader to:
 hear
 taste
 smell
 touch

37. 2 - Narrative Paragraph
Headlines to discuss
 Narrative paragraph tells a story or an event
 There's a sequence of action or there's a clear beginning
, middle , and end to the paragraph.

38. 3 - Expository Paragraph
Headlines to discuss
 In which the purpose of author is to inform , explain , describe or
define his subject to reader.
 Means “ to expose ” something to your reader.

39. 4 – Persuasive Paragraph
Headlines to discuss
 This type of paragraph tries to get the reader to accept a particular point
of view or understand the writer's position.
 Means “ to persuade ” your reader to your point of view.

40. Any Questions?

41. THANK YOU