The document discusses the scientific feasibility of integrating nuclear fusion into the energy grid by 2050. It outlines the key challenges facing magnetic confinement fusion, including achieving stable high-temperature plasma, developing materials to withstand neutron bombardment, and achieving tritium self-sufficiency. The EUROfusion roadmap is summarized, with ITER expected to demonstrate required technologies and DEMO to be the first fusion power plant producing electricity for the grid. However, overcoming challenges like plasma stability and heat exhaust will be required to realize this timeline.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013Lewis Larsen
The Future of Energy --- Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs:
- Represent a new type of paradigm-shifting nuclear technology.
- Differ greatly from present-day fission and fusion power generation technologies; LENRs are potentially much safer from environmental and biosafety perspectives.
- Embody a truly ‘green’ type of nuclear process: neither deadly hard neutron or gamma radiation emissions nor any measurable production of dangerous, long-lived radioactive wastes.
- Phenomena were hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation signatures and radioactive wastes are absent from LENR processes. With the benefit of today’s knowledge, examination of a large body of available published, peer-reviewed experimental literature shows that reliable reports of LENR effects, e.g. transmutation, date all the way back to the early 1900s.
- Lack of hard radiation emissions and long-lived radioactive wastes obviates need for shielding and containment subsystems; eliminates enormous amounts of weight and could reduce costs dramatically.
- Phenomena resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen theory integrated all the necessary conceptual pieces together into one coherent whole; W-L successfully explains all of the relevant experimental data.
- LENR device physics are now sufficiently well-understood to begin the commercialization process. Better understanding of the relevant physics creates major opportunities to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources. Much larger LENR-based systems utilizing dusty plasma embodiments could also potentially be developed and scaled-up output-wise to reach many megawatts akin to today’s grid-connected central station power plants.
- Large manufacturing companies in Japan now have ongoing LENR R&D programs; list of players presently includes Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motor Company, among others.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs Could Power Future Aircraft and Oth...Lewis Larsen
Technologists at NASA, Boeing, and California Polytechnic have been investigating alluring possibility of using ‘green’ low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) to power future aircraft.
Large Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Toyota, among others, have active R&D programs and patent filings in LENRs and are publishing some of their experimental results in peer-reviewed science and engineering journals. It appears likely that their ultimate goal is to replace the internal combustion engine.
After decades of inaction and benign neglect, incredibly cautious and conservative U.S. Dept. of Energy has belatedly recognized LENRs; it is now willing to entertain proposals for modest amounts of funding through its transformational technology breakthrough arm, ARPA-E.
LENRs could revolutionize the world as we know it today if the technology is successfully commercialized and scales-up to several hundred kWh from just Watts today in laboratory devices; megawatt power outputs are only required for a small percentage of applications
Widom-Larsen theory explains device physics behind LENRs; it is published and fully consistent with a large body of peer-reviewed, published experimental data. Altogether, this implies that commercialization of the technology is possible and in fact likely. That said, non-trivial engineering lies between small, unreliable milliwatt laboratory devices of today and scaled-up high performance multi-kilowatt commercial products of tomorrow. Somebody or somebodies, somewhere, will eventually succeed --- Lattice will play a role in this process.
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
The March 11, 2011 disaster created the need to review Japan’s energy architecture. We believe that it will take about 10 years for Japan to fully decide on a new energy and electricity architecture, and it will take about 3 years to reach decisions on the future of Japan’s nuclear power generation. Japan has taken a careful approach towards the development of renewable power, and renewable power - except for hydropower - is substantially lower than in most other advanced countries. Japan’s potential for renewable energy is very high, especially wind and geo-thermal power, and will required substantial changes in laws and regulations, and a decentralized and democratic approach to grid management. Necessary liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets is in preparation, and we will see a rapid development of renewable energy. This report reviews the current situation and the future potential of renewable electrical power in Japan.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Presentation prepared for "Alt Energy / Clean Tech" hedge fund; presented in early September 2009. Includes global energy overview, investment approach, and select long/short ideas (as of September 2009).
In this paper, we present the idea of sun based vitality satellites sun oriented cells in the satellite Convert daylight into power, which will transform into radio recurrence vitality, at that point a collector will achieve the site Earth was re jolted by utilizing the reception apparatus with the innovation of remote and accepting it Power transmission is transmitting power i.e., as microwave for lessening transmission and dispersion. In this paper we want to elaborate all the aspect related to the wireless power transmission using solar power satellite by which the overall efficiency, reliability will be increased. Karan Sharma | Prateeek Saini | Naveen Jangid | Dr. Himani Goyal Sharma ""Wireless Power Transmission using SPS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21719.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21719/wireless-power-transmission-using-sps/karan-sharma
Nuclear power potential as major energy sourceShri Vishnu
Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator
Photovoltaics constitutes a new form of producing electric energy that is environmentally clean and very modular. In stand-alone installations, it must use storage or another type of generator to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Photovoltaics is very suitable as the power supply for remote communication equipment. Its use is increasing rapidly to produce electricity in grid-connected houses and buildings in industrialized countries, despite a 5 to 10 times higher cost than conventional electricity. Crystalline Si technology, both monocrystalline and multicrystalline is today clearly dominant, with about 90% of the market.
Thin-film technology is one of the candidates to take over from Si technology. There are many technological options regarding thin-film materials and methods of deposition but their primary claim to the throne currently occupied by Si is that they can be ultimately produced at much lower cost.
Copper oxide is a good candidate for low cost photovoltaic element. It is non toxic and has high absobtion in visible spectra of light. In order to improve it performance doping methods and “partner” component for hetero- or homo –junction have to be studied.
In summary, it is very likely that photovoltaics will become in the next half century an important source of world electricity. Public support and global environmental concerns will keep photovoltaics viable, visible, and vigorous both in new technical developments and user applications. Nations which encourage photovoltaics will be leaders in this shining new technology, leading the way to a cleaner, more equitable twenty-first century, while those that ignore or suppress photovoltaics will be left behind in the green, economic energy revolution.
Tetsunari Iida: Can Japan Achieve a Sustainable Future without Nuclear Energy?
In the aftermath of the 3.11 Fukushima nuclear crisis, the long-term viability of the nuclear industry in Japan has been called into question, with a dynamic anti-nuclear social movement challenging the Japanese government's response to the crisis. While this movement initially enlisted tens of thousands of people, many of whom had not previously engaged in political activism, as time has passed, the anti-nuclear movement has failed to gain ground against the entrenched forces of conservative politics, even while anti-nuclear sentiment remains strong. A central moment in this process was the recent elections, which returned the Liberal Democratic party to power on a nationalist agenda that included plans to restart all of Japan's reactors, and even build new ones.
In contrast to the back-to-the-future politics of the LDP, the anti-nuclear candidate Tetsunari Iida, who ran for governor of Yamaguchi Prefecture, has called for a fundamental rethinking of Japan's energy policy away from nuclear energy to renewable forms that are more environmentally friendly. Although Mr. Iida experienced a setback in the 2012 elections, losing to a conservative candidate who was backed by the LDP, his campaign raised a number of issues for consideration that had not been previously addressed, invigorating the anti-nuclear movement throughout Japan.
For this presentation, Mr. Iida will discuss the political dysfunction that contributed to the nuclear crisis, and offer an alternate vision that has raised widespread support among a public alienated from mainstream politics, offering hope for a safer and more ecologically sustainable future.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction i...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges
The March 11, 2011 disaster created the need to review Japan’s energy architecture. We believe that it will take about 10 years for Japan to fully decide on a new energy and electricity architecture, and it will take about 3 years to reach decisions on the future of Japan’s nuclear power generation. Japan has taken a careful approach towards the development of renewable power, and renewable power - except for hydropower - is substantially lower than in most other advanced countries. Japan’s potential for renewable energy is very high, especially wind and geo-thermal power, and will required substantial changes in laws and regulations, and a decentralized and democratic approach to grid management. Necessary liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets is in preparation, and we will see a rapid development of renewable energy. This report reviews the current situation and the future potential of renewable electrical power in Japan.
Lattice Energy LLC - Radiation-free Nuclear Propulsion for Advanced Hypersoni...Lewis Larsen
Document outlines our speculative concepts about propulsion of hypersonic aircraft by the controlled triggering LENRs on nanoparticles in dusty plasmas
Lattice published document to stimulate interest in further developing this new approach to propulsion
Please note that this technical discussion presumes that further progress will be made on commercially fabricating and triggering μ-scale LENR-active sites on planar substrate surfaces and on non-planar surfaces of purpose-engineered nanoparticles comprised of multiple elements and varied isotopes
Unique properties of so called “dusty plasmas” are key to operation of this exciting application in LENR technology; these plasmas were appreciated only relatively recently, so the bulk of relevant literature about such plasmas is mostly less than 25 years old
Unlike hypersonic Lockheed Martin SR-72 UAV, Lattice would integrate an LENR dusty plasma scramjet engine with an LENR-powered 50+% efficient Brayton combined cycle turbine that generates DC electricity for power
Enormous flexibility in designing and engineering LENR nanoparticle target fuels; can choose among huge selection of different elements and materials
Could utilize optimized combinations of LENR nuclear and very energetic chemical reactions simultaneously inside the very same reaction chamber
Engine thrust control achieved by tightly regulating amounts of DC input current into dusty plasma and LENR target fuel injection rates
Incredibly high energy densities and low weight of LENR nanoparticulate target fuels might allow an LENR dusty plasma scramjet the luxury of carrying multiple fuel types that are optimized for different flight envelopes
Unlike fission or fusion technologies there would not be any radiation or radioactivity problems, even with a bad crash event in populated area
Please note that many key proprietary engineering-related details have been deliberately omitted from this presentation for obvious commercial reasons
Presentation prepared for "Alt Energy / Clean Tech" hedge fund; presented in early September 2009. Includes global energy overview, investment approach, and select long/short ideas (as of September 2009).
In this paper, we present the idea of sun based vitality satellites sun oriented cells in the satellite Convert daylight into power, which will transform into radio recurrence vitality, at that point a collector will achieve the site Earth was re jolted by utilizing the reception apparatus with the innovation of remote and accepting it Power transmission is transmitting power i.e., as microwave for lessening transmission and dispersion. In this paper we want to elaborate all the aspect related to the wireless power transmission using solar power satellite by which the overall efficiency, reliability will be increased. Karan Sharma | Prateeek Saini | Naveen Jangid | Dr. Himani Goyal Sharma ""Wireless Power Transmission using SPS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21719.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/21719/wireless-power-transmission-using-sps/karan-sharma
Nuclear power potential as major energy sourceShri Vishnu
Nuclear power plants are a type of power plant that use the process of nuclear fission in order to generate electricity. They do this by using nuclear reactors in combination with the Rankine cycle, where the heat generated by the reactor converts water into steam, which spins a turbine and a generator
Photovoltaics constitutes a new form of producing electric energy that is environmentally clean and very modular. In stand-alone installations, it must use storage or another type of generator to provide electricity when the sun is not shining.
Photovoltaics is very suitable as the power supply for remote communication equipment. Its use is increasing rapidly to produce electricity in grid-connected houses and buildings in industrialized countries, despite a 5 to 10 times higher cost than conventional electricity. Crystalline Si technology, both monocrystalline and multicrystalline is today clearly dominant, with about 90% of the market.
Thin-film technology is one of the candidates to take over from Si technology. There are many technological options regarding thin-film materials and methods of deposition but their primary claim to the throne currently occupied by Si is that they can be ultimately produced at much lower cost.
Copper oxide is a good candidate for low cost photovoltaic element. It is non toxic and has high absobtion in visible spectra of light. In order to improve it performance doping methods and “partner” component for hetero- or homo –junction have to be studied.
In summary, it is very likely that photovoltaics will become in the next half century an important source of world electricity. Public support and global environmental concerns will keep photovoltaics viable, visible, and vigorous both in new technical developments and user applications. Nations which encourage photovoltaics will be leaders in this shining new technology, leading the way to a cleaner, more equitable twenty-first century, while those that ignore or suppress photovoltaics will be left behind in the green, economic energy revolution.
Tetsunari Iida: Can Japan Achieve a Sustainable Future without Nuclear Energy?
In the aftermath of the 3.11 Fukushima nuclear crisis, the long-term viability of the nuclear industry in Japan has been called into question, with a dynamic anti-nuclear social movement challenging the Japanese government's response to the crisis. While this movement initially enlisted tens of thousands of people, many of whom had not previously engaged in political activism, as time has passed, the anti-nuclear movement has failed to gain ground against the entrenched forces of conservative politics, even while anti-nuclear sentiment remains strong. A central moment in this process was the recent elections, which returned the Liberal Democratic party to power on a nationalist agenda that included plans to restart all of Japan's reactors, and even build new ones.
In contrast to the back-to-the-future politics of the LDP, the anti-nuclear candidate Tetsunari Iida, who ran for governor of Yamaguchi Prefecture, has called for a fundamental rethinking of Japan's energy policy away from nuclear energy to renewable forms that are more environmentally friendly. Although Mr. Iida experienced a setback in the 2012 elections, losing to a conservative candidate who was backed by the LDP, his campaign raised a number of issues for consideration that had not been previously addressed, invigorating the anti-nuclear movement throughout Japan.
For this presentation, Mr. Iida will discuss the political dysfunction that contributed to the nuclear crisis, and offer an alternate vision that has raised widespread support among a public alienated from mainstream politics, offering hope for a safer and more ecologically sustainable future.
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction i...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges
Fusion Energy: When might it become economically feasible?Jeffrey Funk
These slides discuss the technological trends that might make fusion energy economically feasible in the future. Steady improvements in superconductors are improving the economic feasibility of magnetic confinement, which can be measured by the "triple product." this triple product includes temperature, plasma density, and controlled reaction time. these superconductors are currently being improved for other applications such as MRI and energy transmission. Improvements in inertial laser confinement are also occurring through improvements in lasers, which are also being used in other applications. What does this mean for policy?
A Technology Review of Electricity Generation from Nuclear Fusion Reaction in...IJMER
In this review paper, we have tried to revisit the basic concept of nuclear fusion and the recent
thrust that has been witnessed in the recent times towards power generation from it . In fusion we get the
energy when two atoms fused together to form one atoms. With current technology the reaction most
readily feasible is between the nuclei of the deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Each D-T releases 17.6 MeV of
energy. The use of nuclear fusion plant will substantially will reduce the environmental impacts of
increasing world electricity demands. Fusion power offers the prospect of an almost inexhaustible source of
energy for future generation but it also presents so far insurmountable scientific and engineering
challenges.
ITER (International thermonuclear experimental reactor)Kamran Iqbal
ITER (originally an acronym of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering project, which is currently building the world’s largest and most advanced experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor at Cadarache in the south of France. The ITER project aims to make the long-awaited transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power plants.
Sustainability of the Installed Battery-less PV Panel Systems at Two Governme...IJAEMSJORNAL
One of the most prominent energy alternatives available today is the solar energy. Innovation has made this more affordable and reachable to the public both in the resident and commercial areas. Solar energy was harnessed in two buildings from two different organizations through the installation of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in the two locales. However, these solar panel systems needed to be assessed empirically. Also, during the initial operation, several technical problems led the researcher to use the result of the assessment procedures as basis for a proposed operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting manual for the users. Engineering management intervened in the study through the tools which were helpful in organizing the activities done in the course of the research. The PV solar panels were assessed in a quantitative approach. The energy and cost generated after the installation of the systems were compared to the energy and cost prior to the installation through the analysis of percentage difference and t-test. The efficiency and return on investment (ROI) of the PV solar panels were also assessed. The contents of the manual was based on the survey checklist distributed among the four (4) respondents from the locales and the interview checklist conducted by the researcher on the installer of the panel systems. In summary, no significant difference was observed between the energy and cost generated before and after the installation of the PV solar panels using t-test. But the percentage difference assessment reflected a significant difference in the energy and cost generated before and after the installation. Specifically, there was a positive decrease in the energy cost of the electricity generation in the two locales. Furthermore, the return on investment of the PV systems were discovered to be less than the expected life span which means that the projected payback could be harvested within the utilization of the PV solar panels. Lastly, a manual was made at the end of the study addressing the common issues and problems encountered by the users and how to troubleshoot them and operate the system properly. This manual was made for the sole purposeof maximizing the utilization of the solar PV panels and promoting sustainability.
This paper aims to explode nuclear fusion reaction, the theory behind nuclear fusion reactors and countries with different types of fusion reactors along with their fusion theory involved. The energy generated from nuclear fusion reaction is much more huge as compared to nuclear fission reaction, so there have been many research going on this field to explode efficient way to extract this energy into electricity through fusion reactors. The advantages of nuclear fusion over fission is also been discussed and why do we need nuclear fusion energy. Nuclear fusion reactors are key to future energy. Avinash Kumar Mishra | Dr. Anitha G. S. "Nuclear Fusion Reactor – A Review Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30649.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/nuclear-engineering/30649/nuclear-fusion-reactor-%E2%80%93-a-review-study/avinash-kumar-mishra
All the energy that humans use comes directly or indirectly from the sun. In the
beginning, humans used their own strength, which came from their food. That was the
only energy source for hundreds of thousands of years, until fire was discovered
350,000 years ago, burning wood as fuel. They had discovered the biomass as energy
source.
A Systematic Review of Renewable Energy Trend.pdfssuser793b4e
This paper systematically and successfully reviewed the renewable energy trend from 2010 to 2023. This review
detailed the difference renewable energy and conclusion was drawn that solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has the
leading trend in power generation growth and innovation. This research work explained in detail the most recent
solar photovoltaic optimization techniques and it was observed from the review that hybridization of intelligent and
non-intelligent maximum power point tracking technique has the best tracking power conversion efficiency. The
advantages and disadvantage of solar PV together with the solar optimization and innovational growth trends were
examined. This research showed that clean and renewable energy sources will continue to grow and the solar energy
industry is expected to experience significant growth and rapid innovation in the next 10 years. From the observed
rapid growth and innovation trend in solar energy, the world will have a very cheap, abundant and clean energy
before 2050.
Using the electric apparatus to execute a series of tests with non destructive carriers immersed in sensitive solvable materials that will result into nuclear transmutations with simultaneous appearance of thermal energy exceeding the provided electric energy by the electric apparatus. The overall apparatus materials and procedures combined will form the GEOLENT TECHNOLOGY that can be used as an alternative tool in order to confront the urgent problem of clean energy generation and the climate change problem.
1. THE SCIENTIFIC FEASIBILITY OF
INTEGRATING NUCLEAR
FUSION INTO THE ENERGY
NETWORK BY THE
MID-CENTURY
By Abidul Hoque
DECEMBER 8, 2016
UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK
2. Abidul Hoque u1431184
1
Abstract
Climate change is a pressing issue in this generation, which needs an equally overwhelming
response to tackle it. The traditional methods that supply electricity such as fossil fuels, are
generating significant greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which is contributing to global
warming. An exciting alternative to non-renewables is nuclear fusion, and it has the potential
to produce a significant proportion of clean and safe power into the energy network. Current
research show that magnetic confinement fusion is the most popular and promising method
to realise fusion energy. EUROfusion have a framework to finally integrate fusion into the
energy network; they are currently building the International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor (ITER) which will experiment with the largest tokamak fusion reactor in the world, and
then build the DEMO which will be the first nuclear fusion demonstration power plant that will
produce commercial energy. However, there are many technical challenges that need to be
overcome such as plasma regimes of operation, heat exhaust systems, neutron resistant
materials and tritium self-sufficiency to name a few. Realistically, after overcoming these
technical challenges, commercial energy can be expected to be introduced by 2050.
Introduction
Currently, fossil fuels account for about 80% of the primary energy demand in the world but
their impacts on the environment is unacceptable. The energy demand will only increase, and
is expected to more than double by 2050, due to the combined effects of increasing population
and energy consumption per capita. The modern society requires environmentally friendly
solutions, which can prove their long-term sustainability for energy production. Nuclear fusion
has many advantages that ensure sustainability and security of supply. The fuels required for
fusion are readily available and are virtually ‘unlimited’. There are no greenhouse gases
produced, and reactions are intrinsically safe because there is no chain reaction. With suitable
materials for the reaction chamber, radioactivity can decay within a few decades and all the
materials can even be recycled in a new reactor. [1]
Fusion energy has been expected to arrive soon for the last 40 years, so the inevitable
question arises: why is it taking so long to integrate it with the grid? The reason for the delay
is that there are still many scientific and engineering challenges to overcome. If fusion
researchers can solve these technical challenges effectively, then fusion energy will be
commercially available by the mid-century. The success of integrating fusion energy into the
grid by 2050 relies on many external factors such as the political and economic climate to
support its developments. However, this analysis will focus on its feasibility from a scientific
and engineering perspective.
Nuclear fusion reactions typically use light nuclei such as tritium and deuterium as fuel. These
positively charged nuclei normally repel each other, but they fuse if they collide fast enough to
overcome the electrostatic Coulomb force and allow the strong force to supersede. The
required speeds are obtained at very high temperatures of about 200 million degrees Celsius.
At these temperatures atoms dissolve into a gaseous mixture of charged particles called a
plasma. This hot fusion plasma must not touch the walls of the reaction chamber, so it is
therefore confined by means of a magnetic field. This method is called magnetic confinement
fusion and the technology used for this process is called a tokamak- its chamber looks like a
doughnut ring as shown in figure 1. Another method currently being researched is inertial
confinement fusion. This involves compressing a small pellet containing fusion fuel to
extremely high densities using strong lasers [2]. However, magnetic confinement fusion is
most popular and it will probably make the most significant steps towards producing
commercial energy.
3. Abidul Hoque u1431184
2
Fusion reactions yields helium nuclei and neutrons, whose energy can be harvested for
production of electricity. The reaction chamber wall in a tokamak uses a ‘blanket technology’
to absorb the energy from the bombardment of neutrons (see figure 2). This energy heats up
fluid to drive turbines to generate electricity. Fuels for fusion like deuterium is widely available;
but tritium is only available in small amounts. However, fusion reactors can produce tritium via
a reaction between neutrons and lithium. Lithium is abundant in the crust of the earth and in
the ocean. In fact, the global deuterium and lithium resources can satisfy the worlds energy
demand for millions of years! [1]
Figure 1: A schematic of a tokamak design used for magnetic
confinement fusion reactions. [1]
Figure 2: Tritium breeding blanket technology: one of several designs
developed in Europe. [1]
4. Abidul Hoque u1431184
3
There is a lot of fusion research being conducted around the world particularly with magnetic
confinement. There have been several tokamaks built such as the Joint European Torus
(JET) and the Mega Amp Spherical Tokamak (MAST) in the UK. Others include the
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) in China. However, EUROfusion,
a consortium of national fusion research institutes in the European union and Switzerland, are
currently building, in southern France, the largest tokamak in the world which is due to be in
operation around 2020. It is called the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(ITER) and it aims to produce 10 times the energy required to run it. This will be the first major
experiment to produce a net energy gain while maintaining fusion for some prolonged time.
ITER has a goal to operate at 500MW (for at least 400 seconds continuously) from 50MW of
input power. However, no electricity will be produced from this experiment. ITER is merely just
a stepping stone for EUROfusion to introduce nuclear fusion into the energy market. The long-
term objective is to design and build a commercial fusion power plant called the DEMO. It will
mark the first step of fusion power in the energy market by supplying electricity to the grid.
However, DEMO will be built upon the ITER experience, and its expectations will largely be
dependent on the success of the goals of ITER. [1] [2]
Literature Review
The sources used in this essay, support the hypothesis that key scientific challenges must be
overcome to realise fusion energy. They provide concise and logical objectives related to the
progression of fusion energy. The information presented is clear and written from a scientific
outlook. These sources have been selected as they provide a good mixture of academic and
institutional perspectives of the scientific feasibility of fusion energy.
The report written in 2012 by EFDA, eventually succeeded by EUROfusion in 2014, provides
a clear roadmap of how fusion energy will be introduced to the market by 2050. It is a ‘living
document’ and it includes a comprehensive guide to progress fusion research, by identifying
key challenges and solutions for its mission. EUROfusion have made the most progress in
this field compared to competitors, and thus its report contains reliable conclusions for fusion
energy.
The article published by the World Nuclear Association (WNA) provides an over-arching
summary over all aspects concerned with the history and implementation of nuclear fusion. It
is a reliable source because it represents the global nuclear industry and it promotes the wider
understanding of nuclear energy.
The Magnetic-Confinement-Fusion paper provides a very detailed scientific view of fusion
energy. It goes into great detail of the physical processes that underpin fusion research. This
source is valuable to acknowledge the scientific challenges that fusion presents. It even
provides technical solutions to overcome these problems, but the implementation of these will
still need to be tested to confirm their efficiency.
These sources discussed above share a common theme: fusion energy is the long-term
solution for the grid- after 40 years of deliberation over the feasibility of fusion, the outlook is
promising, provided that some key challenges and milestones are achieved.
5. Abidul Hoque u1431184
4
Methods
EUROfusion have detailed a roadmap to the realisation of fusion electricity by 2050. This is
summarised into 3 stages of development described as below. [1]
1. Horizon 2020 (2014-2020)
Construct ITER within scope, schedule, and cost
Secure success of future ITER operation
Prepare the ITER generation of scientists, engineers and operators
Lay the foundation of the Fusion Power Plant (FPP)
2. Second period (2021-2030)
Exploit ITER up to its maximum performance and prepare DEMO construction
3. Third Period (2031-2050)
Complete the ITER exploitation, construct and operate DEMO
ITER is expected to complete historic milestones and demonstrate the main technologies
needed on the path to FPP. Notably, it will test robust burning plasma regimes, the test of the
conventional physics solutions for power exhaust and the validation of the breeding blanket
technology concepts.
In the European strategy, DEMO is the only step between ITER and a commercial power plant
like FPP. DEMO will benefit from the ITER experience and thus it will build upon it. The goals
of DEMO are summarised below:
Produce net electricity for the grid at the level of a few hundred MW of power
Breed the amount of tritium needed to close its fuel cycle
Demonstrate suitable materials for blanket technology required to absorb the
neutron flux efficiently
Demonstrate all technologies needed for the FPP
The roadmap described by EUROfusion provides realistic time-scales for each period of
development provided there is still the expected support and resources available. From a
purely scientific view, it will allow for sufficient research to take place, overcome any obstacles,
and allow steady progress to be made towards its goals. Nevertheless, the realisation of fusion
energy must face several technical challenges which will be discussed in some more detail.
Discussion
There are several scientific and engineering challenges that must be overcome to allow the
fruition of fusion energy by 2050. These challenges have been identified and possible
solutions have been made. [1][3]
1. Plasma must be adequately confined at very large temperatures over some space in
the tokamak. Such large temperature gradients, is precisely the main difficulty in fusion
research, because it induces some turbulence in the system [3]. This requires
minimisation of energy losses due to small-scale turbulence and the suppressing of
plasma instabilities. Plasma regimes of operation can achieve high fusion gain whilst
minimising energy losses. But, these regimes would need to be maintained in fully
steady state conditions (when the system remains unchanged even after some
transformation).
6. Abidul Hoque u1431184
5
2. The power necessary to maintain plasma at high temperatures is eventually exhausted
in some narrow region of the reaction chamber called the divertor. These Heat exhaust
systems must be able to resist large heat and particle fluxes. A solution to this consists
of reducing the heat load on the divertor targets by radiating away enough power from
the plasma, whilst minimising adverse impacts of the power output.
3. Neutron resistant materials need to be developed for the blanket to withstand the
bombardment of 14MeV neutron flux. This is because its structural and thermal
conduction properties need to be maintained properly to ensure efficient production of
electricity for DEMO. The high-speed neutrons from the fusion reactor can damage the
divertor and the blanket, so these components must be frequently replaced. To
improve efficiency of energy absorption and to reduce the frequency of replacements
it is important to develop neutron resistant materials in the future. Currently, Oxide
Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels and high-temperature Ferritic Martensitic (FM)
steels are under somewhat modest development.
4. Tritium is radioactive so it is best to ensure the tritium inventory is minimised as much
as possible. Tritium self-sufficiency can be achieved in a closed fuel cycle, which is a
mandatory goal for DEMO. Tritium self-sufficiency requires efficient breeding and
extraction systems to minimise its inventory. The choices of the materials and coolant
of the breeding blanket technology must be made consistently with the transformation
components of high-grade heat into electricity.
The 4 challenges presented above pose the greatest scientific and engineering challenges to
fusion researchers today. If and when these challenges are solved, and implemented, the path
to realising fusion energy is just on the horizon.
Conclusions
Magnetic confinement fusion is the most promising method that scientists have discovered
and are subsequently making united efforts to establish fusion energy into the grid by the mid-
century. EUROfusion have made the most significant progress in this field, and the upcoming
ITER, the world’s largest tokamak, will have substantial implications of the progress of fusion
energy. The operational success of ITER will determine much of the potential of later projects
like the DEMO and the final holy-grail FPP.
The technical challenges presented, pose the biggest obstacle to realising commercial fusion
energy by 2050. The destiny rests upon fusion researchers, scientists, and engineers to solve
these problems and challenges. If effective solutions are not found soon, then there will be a
probable delay in the time-scale set by EUROfusion. However, if these challenges are
overcome, and there is combined success with the operation of ITER, then access to fusion
power will be available from the grid by 2050.
References
[1] F. Romanelli et al, European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA), 2012, Fusion
Electricity: A roadmap to the realisation of fusion energy.
[2] World Nuclear Association (2016) Nuclear Fusion Power Available at: http://www.world-
nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-fusion-power.aspx
(Last Accessed: 30 November 2016).
[3] J. Ongena, R. Koch, R. Wolf & H. Zohm, Nature Physics, Magnetic-confinement fusion ,12,
398–410 (2016)