Students presentation

1. Nuclear Energy In
China: From importing to
exporting technology
Wu Guikai | JIN Xin

2. Nuclear Energy In China
´ 1. Introduction
´ 2. Investment and Income
´ 3. policies
´ 4. Main groups in nuclear field
´ 5. technologies
´ 6. regulation and safety
´ 7. Grid system
´ 8. some problems
´ 9. conclusion

3. 1. Introduction
´ 1.1 The brief history of China’s Nuclear Energy
´ 1.2 The number of China’s NPPs
´ 1.3 The objective demand for nuclear power
1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and energy resource
distribution
1.3.2 Carbon emission and environmental protection

4. 1.1 The brief history of China’s Nuclear Energy
Ø In 1955, Foundation of the Ministry of
Nuclear Industry indicated the start of
China atomic era.
Ø In 1958, the first research reactor （101
heavy water reactor) completed.
Ø In 1978, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping
decided to buy two nuclear power plants
from France.
Ø In 1991, China's first nuclear power
reactor, a 288 MWe PWR at the Qinshan
Nuclear Power Plant, was connected to
the grid.

5. 1.2 The Number of China’s NPPs
••••
••
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•••
••••••
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•••••••••
••
•
•
•••••••••
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Ø Key Figure
Operating:
32 reactors,
29 GW capacity
Under
construction:
22 reactors,
22 GW capacity
Electricity
production
share in
2015:
3.3%
(“•” operating;
“•” under construction)

6. 1.2 The Number of China’s NPPs

7. 1.2 The Number of China’s NPPs

8. 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and
energy resource distribution
Ø Key Figure
8 coastal
province-
level regions
11.3％
total land area
35％
total population
34％
electricity
consumption
48％
GDP in 2014

10. 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and
energy resource distribution
Ø More than 80％ of coal
distributes in the
Northwest 7 province-
level region.
Ø Nearly half the
country's rail capacity
is used in transporting
coal.

12. 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and
energy resource distribution
Ø More than 80％ of
hydropower resource
distributes in the west
region.

14. 1.3.1 The imbalance of energy demand and
energy resource distribution
Ø 57％ of exploitable
wind energy potential
distributes in the
northwest region.

16. 1.3.2 Carbon emission and environmental protection
Total CO2 emissions of major emitters in 1970-2012.
source: China’s Carbon Emissions Report 2015, Zhu Liu
In order to control the carbon emission, In August 2013
the State Council said that China should reduce its
carbon emissions by 40-45% by 2020 from 2005 levels.

17. 1.3.2 Carbon emission and environmental protection
Ø Particular Matter with diameter smaller than 2.5µm (PM 2.5)
Shanghai

18. 1.3.2 Carbon emission and environmental protection
Ø According to the air quality guidelines published by
WHO in 2005. An annual average concentration of 10
µg/m3 was chosen as the long-term guideline value
for PM 2.5.

19. 2. Investment and Income
´ 2.1 Investment
´ 2.2 Income

20. 2.1 Investment

21. 2.2 Income

22. 3.The policies for developing
nuclear energy
Moderate
development
Positive
development
Steady
development
with safety
´ before Fukushima accident
70-80 GWe by 2020, 200 GWe by 2030 and 400-500
GWe by 2050.
´ Post Fukushima view
Under the latest Five-Year Plan, 58 GWe of nuclear
generating capacity in operation，30 GWe of under
construction by 2020.

23. 3.The policies for developing
nuclear energy
´ Complete four AP1000 units at Sanmen and Haiyang.
´ Build demonstration Hualong One reactors at Fuqing and
Fangchenggang.
´ Start building the demonstration CAP1400 reactor at Rongcheng
(Shidaowan).
´ Accelerate building Tianwan Phase III (units 5&6).
´ Start building a new coastal power plant.
´ Active preparatory work for inland nuclear power plants.
´ Reach target of 58 GWe nuclear operational by end of 2020, plus 30
GWe under construction then.
´ Accelerate and push for building demonstration and large commercial
reprocessing plants.
´ Strengthen the fuel security system.
The 13th Five-Year Plan formalized in March 2016 included the following
nuclear projects and aims:

24. 4.The main groups in
Chinese nuclear energy field
There are three companies that have the
qualification to develop nuclear power:
CNNC, CGN and SPI.
However, there is a tendency that more and more
enterprises will obtain the qualification for entering
nuclear field which means there will be more
competition in the future.

25. China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)
´ CNNC is the major investor in all nuclear plants in China
and controls most nuclear sector business
Major
investor
reprocessing
and waste
disposal.
fuel
fabrication
enrichment
uranium
exploration
and mining
engineering
design
R&D,

26. China General Nuclear Power Group （CGN）
´ plays a leading role in the south of China
´ More than 20 subcompanies
´ gross assets of CNY 269 billion ($43.7 billion)
（2013）
´ Generating capacity of 7200 MWe.
´ 45% owned by the provincial government,
45% by CNNC and 10% by CPI.

27. State Power Investment Corporation (SPI)
´ launched in July 2015 as a merger of China Power
Investment Corporation (CPI) and State Nuclear
Power Technology Corporation (SNPTC).
´ total assets of CNY 722 billion ($116.3 billion) and
almost 14 million employees.
´ The business encompasses hydro, thermal and nuclear
power, as well as new energy sources.
´ SPI has an installed generating capacity of 98 GWe.

28. Units Province
Net capacity
(each)
Type Operator
Commercial
operation
Daya Bay 1&2 Guangdong 944 MWe French M310 CGN 1994
Qinshan Phase
I
Zhejiang 298 MWe CNP-300 CNNC Apr-94
Qinshan Phase
II, 1&2
Zhejiang 610 MWe CNP-600 CNNC 2002, 2004
Qinshan Phase
II, 3&4
Zhejiang 619, 610 MWe CNP-600 CNNC 2010, 2012
Qinshan Phase
III, 1&2
Zhejiang 677 MWe Candu 6 PHWR CNNC 2002, 2003
Fangjiashan
1&2
Zhejiang 1020 MWe*
CPR-1000
(M310+)
CNNC
Dec 2014, Feb
2015
Ling Ao Phase
I, 1&2
Guangdong 950 MWe French M310 CGN 2002, 2003
Ling Dong/Ling
Ao Phase II,
1&2
Guangdong 1007 MWe
CPR-1000
(M310)
CGN
Sept 2010, Aug
2011
Tianwan 1&2 Jiangsu 990 MWe VVER-1000 CNNC 2007, 2007
Ningde 1&2 Fujian 1018 MWe CPR-1000 CGN & Datang
April 2013,
May 2014
Ningde 3 Fujian 1018 MWe CPR-1000 CGN & Datang Jun-15
Hongyanhe 1&2 Liaoning 1061 MWe CPR-1000 CGN & SPI
June 2013, May
2014
Hongyanhe 3 Liaoning 1060 MWe* CPR-1000 CGN & SPI Aug-15
Yangjiang 1&2 Guangdong 1020 MWe* CPR-1000 CGN
March 2014,
June 2015
Yangjiang 3 Guangdong 1020 MWe* CPR-1000+ CGN Jan-16
Fuqing 1&2 Fujian 1020 MWe*
CPR-1000
(M310+)
CNNC & Huadian
Nov 2014, Oct
2015
Fangchenggang
1
Guanxi 1020 MWe* CPR-1000 CGN Jan-16
Changjiang 1 Hainan 610 MWe CNP-600 CNNC & Huaneng Dec-15
Total: 30 26,889 MWe
Reactors in operation of the main groups

29. 5.The main technologies
´ Technology has been drawn from France, Canada
and Russia, with local development based largely on
the French element.
´ The latest technology acquisition has been from the
USA (via Westinghouse) and France.
´ There is a determined policy of exporting nuclear
technology based on CAP1400 and the Hualong One
with Chinese intellectual property rights

30. The main reactor types in
China
´ AP1000
´ EPR
´ CAP1000
´ CAP1400
´ CNP-1000, also CNP-600, CNP-300 (ACP 300, ACP600, ACP1000)
´ CPR-1000, M310+
´ ACPR1000
´ Hualong One – HPR1000
´ VVER
´ Candu
´ HTR
´ Fast neutron reactor
´ Floating nuclear power plants

31. The prograssive locallization
of CPR-1000

32. Nuclear technology exports´ China has a determined policy at NDRC level of
exporting nuclear technology. The following form is the
export sales for Chinese nuclear energy.
Country Plant Type Est. cost Company
Pakistan Chasma 3&4 CNP-300 $2.37 billion CNNC
Karachi Coastal
1&2
Hualong One $9.6 billion CNNC
Romania Cernavoda 3&4 Candu 6 €7.7 billion CGN
Argentina Atucha 3 Candu 6 $5.8 billion CNNC
Atucha 4 or
other site
Hualong One $7 billion CNNC
UK Bradwell Hualong One CGN
Iran Makran coast 2 x 100 MWe CNNC
Turkey Igneada
AP1000 and
CAP1400
SNPTC
South Africa Thyspunt CAP1400 SNPTC
Kenya Hualong 1 CGN
Egypt Hualong 1 CNNC
Armenia Metsamor 1 reactor CNNC
HTR600 CNEC
Kazakhstan Fuel plant JV CGN

33. 6.Regulation and safety
´ China has shown unprecedented eagerness to achieve
world's best standards in nuclear safety (as also in civil
aviation).
´ Each plant generally has one external safety review
each year, either OSART, WANO peer review, or CNEA
peer review .

34. 6.Regulation and safety
´ Nuclear power plant licences step issued by NNSA.
siting
approval
construction
permit
fuel loading
permit
operation
licence
´ The National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA) is
responsible for licensing all nuclear reactors and
other facilities, safety inspections and reviews of
them, operational regulations, licensing transport of
nuclear materials, waste management, and
radiation protection.

35. 7.Grid system
´ At the beginning, the Chinese electricity system was
almost controlled by China State Power Corporation
(CSPC). To end its monopoly, and separate generation
from transmission, CSPC broken up into some small
companies.
CSPC
generators
Datang Guodian Huadian Huaneng CPI
Grid
Companies
State Grid
corporation
China South
Power Grid
Corporation

36. 7.Grid system
´ The world’s largest
scale.
´ CNY 500 billion ($75.5
billion) was invested to
extend the UHV grid to
40,000 km
´ started building 13,000
km of DC lines in 2015
´ the capacity of the
UHV network is
expected to be some
300 GW by 2020

37. Nuclear power in Grid system
´ A policy to encourage the developing of nuclear
power
Chinese nuclear power use the same Grid System as
other kinds of power, but it has the priority that it
dosent need to adjuste peak load.

38. 8.the problems in the development
of Chinese nuclear power
´ Nuclear power in China has a low Competitiveness
because it cost more compared with coal power.
´ Lack of a standard system. There are too many
types of the reactors which leads to the disoder of
the management and higher costs in training,
operation and construction.
´ Lack of Technology and manufacturing's
independent design and localization. Some
important facilities rely on importing.
´ Poor management of radioactive waste.
´ Some local people don’t trust the safety of nuclear
plants.

39. 9.Conclusion
the Chinese nuclear power will keep developing
´ The increasing need of energy
´ The policy of limiting CO2 emission
´ The rapid technology development
´ The encouragement from the goverment

40. Thank You!